COMPARING MENTAL HEALTH OF THE PARENTS OF DEAF CHILDREN AND MENTAL RETARDATION IN BABOL

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1 COMPARING MENTAL HEALTH OF THE PARENTS OF DEAF CHILDREN AND MENTAL RETARDATION IN BABOL Alireza Islami 1,*, Mohsen Kavyani 2, Daniel Yarai 3, Maryam Sharifinik 4, Azin AzimiAshrafi, Alame EbadiJamkhane 6 1 Department of Educational technology, sari branch, Islamic azad University, Sari, Iran. *corresponding author. alireza.islami@yahoo.com 2 Department of Educational Psychology, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran. Alasht22@gmail.com 3 Department of Educational Psychology, Payame-Noor University of Mazandaran, Sari Branch Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran. daniel.yarai@yahoo.com. 4 Department of Educational Technology, Sari Branch Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran. Maryam_sharifinik@yahoo.com 1 Department of Educational Technology, Sari Branch Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran azin.azimi64@gmail.com 61 Department of Educational Technology, Sari Branch Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran Alame_ebadi1390@yahoo.com ABSTRACT The aim of present study is to compare mental health of parents of mental retardation and children in Babol. Parents of 80 mental retardation children and 60 children are selected with random sampling as the sample of present study. The 12-items general health questionnaires GHQ form the present research tools. The results of hypotheses reveal that also in range of mental health, parents of mental retardation children have more mental disorders than parents of children. Interaction of two factors of education and disability type is effective on parent s mental health. KEYWORDS: mental health, mental retardation, children, GHQ INTRODUCTION In the present era the problem of diseases and disabilities including mental retardation is the most acute problems of human societies. Many families suffer a lot because of having such children. High costs of medical, education, cultural, exacerbate marital discord, the fear of having child again, feeling of guilt and isolation are among the problems parents encounter. their families need help and consultation to reduce emotional stresses. Since these children differ from normal children, their interaction with their family is different from the interaction of a normal child with their family. Due to the fact that the parents of mentally children because of effects caused by the presence of mentally child suffer from different psychological, physical and social problems (Shaghaghi et al., 2010) so these parents need approaches for coping with mental problems. Health care to all individuals is of the most fundamental issues in each country. This important issue takes into consideration in three aspects of physical psychological and social. If mental health dimension does not take into consideration enough, the prevalence of psychiatric and behavioral disorders will increase. So that complications caused by the ignorance to the aspects leave the ill-individual, social, familial humanities, politics, economic and cultural irrecoverable effects (Navabinejad, 1997). Research tell us that some families cannot be compatible well. Divorce and suicide rate in families of exceptional children is higher than other families. However, researchers have identified forces determining how a family can cope with a disabled child or the stressful situation well (Sanchuli, 2008). Mental health takes place within the overall concept of health and health means the complete ability to play physical, psychological and community roles. So health doesn't mean lack of disease or retardation (Sanchuli, 2008). Emotional and mental disorders are serious and common problems seen all over the world. The percent of all disabilities have been due to nervous and social and mental disorders and this forms 20 percent of total client to health centers (Yaghoubi and Shah Mohammadi, 1997). The world health organization believes content of mental and behavioral problems are increasing in developing countries and the increase depends largely to population growth and rapid environmental changes. Adaptation behavior means satisfaction feelings, psychological recovery and adequate Volume- 4 Issue- 2 (201) ISSN: (p); (e) 201 DAMA International. All rights reserved. 486

2 social compromise (Sanchuli, 2008). In the above definition individual standard, social standard and person interaction concepts with society are important. Individual standard is the inner feeling and having evolution character along with happiness, vitality and exuberance. Social standard is taking an active social role, so that finally leads to forming behavior in life (Sharifidaramadi, 2002). The basis of adaptation behavior is adoptive behavior and skills. According to National Institute of adaptive behavior, adoptive behavior is a way one can handle his/her problems and adoptive behavioral injury is imperfect and unsuccessful handling of person against problems. Adoptive behavior has three components:1) Independent action. 2) Responsibility as a member of society at conformity and participation levels, adaptation to social and social creativity. 3) Emotional maturity (Sharifidaramadi, 2002). Several explanations have been offered for health, some place adaptation behavior against mental illness, so if someone doesn't feel sad, he/she will be healthy, mentally, but the explanation isn't acceptable too much because there is a case that a person feel sad but he doesn't count psychopath. World health organization experts define mental health in this way: In rhythmic and consistent ability with others, change and reform of social individual environment, contrast resolution and personal desires logically, justly and reasonable (Milanifar, 1997). Ismaili (2004) explained mental health: mental health is the fact that one has what feeling towards self, the world around oneself, place of living and friends specially responsibility has for others, how he/she compromise to his/her own, recognition of location and time situations is important. Milanifar (1997) s explanation about adaptation behavior is: dominance and skill in correct relationship with specific environment in three living area "love, work and recreation" in other words, the talent of finding and continue to have a family, create a nice family environment, enjoying life and advantage of opportunities are the criterion of balance and adaptation behavior. In Navabinejad s view point (1993) health and mental healthis" individual adaptation with themselves and environment and successful benefit of all abilities and capabilities of themselves in life". Health psychology distinguishes great importance for the role of contrastive approaches at the quality of mental and physical health. Contrastive analysis are known as intermediate between stress and illness. Contrastive is one of the variables has been studied widely. Generally most of the researches introduced mental confrontation as the most effective intermediate between stress and illness. Stress diseases and worsening general health are observed in those who use continuously from mental confrontation. Avoidance contrastive known efficient as short term approaches but it prevents psychological adaptation in long term and increase signs of distress like depression (Bryant, et al., 199). According the above matters, the researcher is seeking to answer these questions whether mental health is different between two groups of parents of mentally children and or not? In this regard researches have done in country and abroad such as: Narimani and RafighIrani (2007) compared mental health of mothers of exceptional children with mental health of mothers of normal children. Results of statistical findings indicated that generally there is a meaningful difference between mental health of mothers of exceptional children and the normal ones. Also in terms of signs of mental health like depression, anxiety, psychosis, aggression and phobia, is a meaningful difference but is does not gain meaningful difference between groups in terms of somatization obsession, constraint, sensitivity in interrelationship and paranoid thoughts. Comparing groups showed that a mentally child has more effect on the health of mothers than a blind or child. Padrisani (2011) by comparing contrastive analysis, mental health and thought control between parents of normal children and children reached the conclusion that using approaches of social control with anxiety, cognitive annoying thoughts and depression scales is reversely. Ramzi (2007)in a research with comparing mental health of parents of mentally disabled below 16 living in boarding centers and those who are not admitted in these centers yet, reached the conclusion that between mothers of children living in these centers and those who aren't admitted yet, is a meaningful difference at the categories of depression, signs of psychosomatic, anxiety, phobia, obsessive-compulsive and sensitivity in social relationship while it doesn't obtain meaningful difference at the categories of aggression, paranoid thoughts and psychosis. Also there were meaningful difference between fathers of children living in these centers and those who weren't admitted at the categories of depression, anxiety and sensitivity in social relationship while there wasn't any difference at the categories of signs of psychosomatic, anxiety. Phobia, obsessive-compulsive paranoid thoughts and psychosis. Ismaili et al. (2003) studied mental health of mothers of students with behavioral disorders. Statistical results indicated that 1) The 61 percent of mothers of children with mental-behavioral disorders are suspected to mental health disorders that this amount in terms of behavioral disorders of children is as follows: 69% hyperactivity disorder-attention deficit, 60% depression disorder, 72% confrontation curiosity disorder, 4% anxiety disorder, 44% separation anxiety, 72% Tic disorder and also among four subtests (physical symptoms, anxiety, social Volume- 4 Issue- 2 (201) ISSN: (p); (e) 201 DAMA International. All rights reserved. 487

3 compatibility and depression) general health of mothers of children with hyperactivity-attention deficit, depression, anxiety disorders, confrontation incuriosity mental-practical obsession and enuresis disorder are meaningful difference. Sanchuli (2008) reached a conclusion in the study of spiritual experience relationship with mental health in parents having exceptional child and parents of normal children that there isn't any relation between spiritual experience and mental health in parents of exceptional children but there was a meaningful relation between the two in parents of normal children and there wasn't meaningful difference between spiritual experience and mental health of the two groups. Afshari et al. (2006) in a research as the study of contrastive analysis and mental health in mothers of autistic children obtained the results: present research was done for the study of contrastive analysis and mental health in mothers of autistic children. Subjects included mothers of autistic children selected by sampling method of organizing center, treatment and rehabilitation of autism children. Results showed that 27. % of mothers of sample group based on criteria had psychological symptoms. Moreover, it was determined that between contrastive analysis focused on solving problem and emotional with mental health wasn't any meaningful relationship but there was a meaningful relationship between less useful and non-effective contrastive analysis with mental health. Narimani and RafighIrani (2007) studied relationship between confrontation ways and mental health in patients under treatment with hemodialysis. This study was done on 3 in-patient in Bu Ali hospital in Ardebil. Results showed that there is a positive meaningful correlation among mental health and face to face confrontation ways, self-restraint, social support, problem solving and reassessment. Also between choosing detachment and escape-avoidance is a negative meaningful correlation and choosing detachment confrontation ways, escape avoidance and reassessment could predict mental health. Mousavinasab and Taghavi (2007) in the study of the impact of stress assessment and face to face approaches with mental health on 3 pre-university students in Shiraz reached to the conclusion that the firs assessment of stress explains some of mental health variance. Goudarzi and Roudbali (2006) studied the confrontation styles relationship and mental health at high school students. Results showed that logical and problem orientation confrontation styles could predict health indicators and emotional confrontation styles and inefficient or avoidance of disease indicators. On the other hand, boys had more mental health than girls but at all confrontation styles, the average scores of girls was more than boys. These results show that taking avoidance and inefficient styles may endanger mental health of adolescents and taking logical and problem orientation confrontation styles may have positive effect on their mental health Ghazanfari and Ghadampour (2008) studied contrastive analysis relationship and mental health on the residents of Khoram Abad. In this research 383 people of the residents of 2 to 3 years of Khoram Abad were selected by random cluster sampling. Results showed that there is a meaningful relationship between mental health and contrast approach. It was not found meaningful relationship between using problem orientation approaches and subscales of Gold berg tests. It shows that the more use of problem orientation contrastive approach, the more having health and vice versa emotion orientation approach causes increase of physical symptoms, anxiety, social dysfunction and depression. Also results showed that emotion orientation and problem orientation contrastive approaches differently explains variance of anxiety variables, physical harm, depression and social dysfunction that are of components of mental health in a meaningful way. Hajebi, et. al. (2006) in a research of the study of confront ways and its relationship with mental health in new entrant students of Tehran University obtained the following results: in this study that was of descriptive type, 2916 new coming students to Tehran University were examined, results showed that the relationship scores of all confrontation subscales with mental health is meaningful. Also findings showed between the two genders in terms of using contrastive analysis is meaningful difference and girls more used emotion orientation approaches while boys more used orientation problem approaches. Elfstrom et al. (200) in the study of the relationship between contrastive analysis with mental health having myeloid impairment reached these conclusions: in this study 26 people of Sweden residents having the problem of myeloid impairment had been studied. The results of the research showed contrastive analysis had direct and meaningful relationship with mental health and satisfaction with life in these people. Yamauchi and Sudi (2009) studied paranoid thoughts and thought control approaches on the parents of mentally children. This research was done on 179 parents of the Tokyo city, it was used TCQ for the evaluation of thoughts control approaches. The internal correlation of variables showed that there is a meaningful relationship between paranoid thoughts and worry subscales, punishment and review. Moreover, correlation between thoughts control subscales was slight. Also for the study of thought control to have correlation with paranoid thoughts, regression analysis of multiway was performed questionnaire scores of paranoid thoughts and thought control subscales. Independent variable in Volume- 4 Issue- 2 (201) ISSN: (p); (e) 201 DAMA International. All rights reserved. 488

4 the first step was considered sex and at the second stage subscales. Results of analysis showed worry approach in average had correlation with paranoid thoughts and social control approach showed a slight correlation with paranoid thoughts and review and punishment approaches did not show meaningful correlation with paranoid thoughts, also it was observed meaningful difference in using thought control approaches between the two gender. Abramowitz et al. (2003) studied thought control approaches in practical and intellectual obsession disorder. Participants in research were 28 adults with obsession, 12 with fear and 2 normal people. Analysis of results showed patients having obsession disorder and anxiety control group had higher scores than non-anxiety control in depression and anxiety in negative. Correlation analysis showed that among all participants, high scores in beck depression questionnaire in a meaningful way had correlation with increased use of punishment and worry but had no correlation with any other approaches. Also findings showed that high scores in trait anxiety had correlation with increased use of punishment and worry and reassessment but it doesn't have relationship with the other two approaches. Warda and Bryant (1998) studied thought control approaches in acute stress disorder. Research subjects included 20people having acute stress disorder (6 male, 14 female), and 20 people from healthy people. Results showed that participants having acute stress disorder use worry and punishment more than normal people. Also it was determined that normal people used distraction, more than social control and reassessment. Also correlation between subscales showed that using worry and punishment has correlation with the questionnaire scores of beck depression, anxiety and the scale of the effect of the event in a positive and meaningful way. Interestingly, using social control approaches has inverse relationship with anxiety, cognitive annoying thoughts and depression scales. According to the studies, present research is seeking answer to this question that, Are contrastive analysis and mental health different between two groups of parents of and mentally children? MATERIALS AND METHODS It was used the after event or causal-comparison method at the present study. The causal comparison method (method for understanding cause through caused) is used in researches in which there isn't the ability to direct manipulation and definition of independent variable. The after event research is a method in which the possible causes of phenomena and events are studied and identified retrospectively. Since ness and mental retardation already created and the researcher doesn't play a role in its creation, it is used from this method. Statistical populations in this research are all parents having and mentally children one of educational assembled of Babol the number of 220 people. Statistical sample of 1 people (80 people as the parents of mentally children and 60 people the parents of children) from the total number of 220 people were selected in the random sampling method on the basis of table set of sample content from the content of population or Morgan s table. In this research to gather data from general health questionnaire GHQ-12; the 12-question of general health questionnaire is provide with the aim of sieving patient and healthy people. So the goal of the questionnaire is not obtaining a psychological diagnosis. There are the forms of ,, 60-questions in this questionnaire. The form of 12-question has this feature that can sieve healthy people from the patients with the leas time. The original form was made by Gold berg and Hiller (1970) and has four subsidiary scales including the scales of physical symptoms, anxiety symptoms, sleep disorder, social functioning and symptoms of depression. Justifiability studies are indicative of high validity coefficient and the credit of this questionnaire. Brief form of general health questionnaire GHQ-12 is used and justified in many countries of the world. In Iran, the brief form of 12-question has been justified by research center of health sciences of Iranian Jihad, studied result shows that this questionnaire has been justified on 748 people of the 18 to 2 years students after translation to Persian. It was obtained the internal consistency reliability of the questionnaire with Cronbach's alpha r=0.87. Justifiability of the questionnaire was obtained through convergent justifiability with the life quality questionnaire. To analyses data at the descriptive statistical section, it was used from average, standard deviation, frequency percent, and in deductive section it was used from independent t-test. RESULTS Table 1 shows that the number of sample group, totally were 1 people that 60 people were parents of and 80 people were parents of. Also it is considered that most of them were diploma holder and below. As it is considered, the average age of father is more than the average age of mother 37.. Volume- 4 Issue- 2 (201) ISSN: (p); (e) 201 DAMA International. All rights reserved. 489

5 Table 1: Frequency distribution of parents sample group on the basis of age Kind of Parents' Kind of variable Mentally disability gender Number of father parents mother Average age of father parents mother Parents' father lower education level Course of studies for association of arts diploma 3 undergraduate 6 mother lower 3 2 Course of studies for association of arts diploma 0 0 undergraduate Table 2 shows descriptive statistics of general health variable. Based on data on table, parents of children have more stress because of having disabled children. In continue, it has been used t-test to study the difference between mental health of parents of and mentally children. Table 2: Descriptive statistical variable of general health on the basis of disability and parents group Kind disability of parents father mother Father mother Frequency Maximum Minimum Average Standard Deviation Table 3 shows the results of the study of difference of average mental health on the basis of kind of disability. The average rates imply that at both fathers and mothers, the average score of mental health of parents of children is more than the parents of children that means lower health in parents of than parents of children. Studies showed fathers of children (18.76) have lower health than fathers of children(13.87) that this difference based on t-test with the amount of and significance level of P=0.000 imply that the observed difference between two groups is meaningful. The study of difference of average among mothers showed that mothers of children (17.9) have lower health than mothers of children (13.93) that this difference based on t-test with the amount of and significance level of P=0.004 imply that the observed difference between two groups is meaningful. To study the difference of mental health of parents of and mentally children according to different education level, it is used independent t-test. Table 3: Test of average difference of mental health among parents based on kind of disability Parents father mother Kind of disability Frequency Average Standard Deviation Level Test T P Table 4 shows study results of the difference of the average of mental health on the basis of respondents education divided the kind of disability and of the parents. Average rates suggest graduate and below graduate mothers of mentally children (p<0.01 and t=-7.070) and graduate and below graduate fathers of children (p<0.0 and Volume- 4 Issue- 2 (201) ISSN: (p); (e) 201 DAMA International. All rights reserved. 490

6 t=-2.26) meaningfully have higher mental health. But there is no meaningful difference among fathers of children and mothers of children. Table 4: Test of difference of average of mental health on the basis of education of parents Kind of Disability Parents fathers mothers fathers mothers Education Freque ncy Averag e Standard Deviation Loon Test t Signific ance level CONCLUSION Hypothesis showed that there is meaningful difference between mental health of parents of and mentally children. Obtaining higher score of mental health of parents of children is representative of more disorders in these parents than parents of children. These findings show parents having severe problems, experience more mental disorders, parents of mentally children experience have more stress comparing control group and also using contrastive analysis has meaningful relationship. And also, in another research, Ghazanfari and Ghadampour (2008) studied contrastive analysis relationship and mental health in residents of Khoram Abad. Results showed more using problem orientation contrastive analysis, more, having health and visa-versa, emotion orientation approach causes increase in physical symptoms, anxiety, social dysfunction and depression. Studies showed that diploma holder mothers of mentally children and diploma holder fathers of children, meaningfully have higher mental health but there wasn't any meaningful difference among fathers of mentally children and mothers of children. As related literature, behavior parents with child disability, kind and severity of disability have a direct relationship with mental health level. It can be said that this matter in parents is in a direct and mutual relationship to each other that increase or decrease of one causes increase or decrease in the other. so in offering services provided with the aim of welfare and increasing the quality of life for mentally and generally people with specific needs, it shouldn't be considered only the person itself separately from the system but it should be seen to the as part of family system and in offering services related to family and be considered as a basic component. Level of families excess to services and support sources having social supports, education services for increasing the level of insight and awareness of the disabled and their family from problems related to disability and welfare services play a significant role for the disabled and their family, in promoting health level. So with providing opportune and accurate related to these people and their family, can help them in the right way of compatibility and adaptation with the problems related to disability. Generally it can be said that If needs be identified opportune and offering services be done to resolve needs, compatibility will be done before mentally students and their family in a positive and correct way and this problem itself increases parents power in dealing with the disability and vice versa. REFERENCES Abramowitz J.S. Whiteside S. and Tolin D.F. (2003). Thought control strategies in parent of down syndrome children's behavior. Res. The. 41:29-. Afshari R., Khoshabi K., Pour Etemad H.R., Moradi SH. (2006). The study of contrastive approaches and mental health in mothers of autistic children. Fam. Res. Quart Period. 2(7): Bryant R.A. and Harvey A.G. (199). Avoidant coping style and post- traumatic stressfollowing motor vehicle accidents. Behav Res. Ther. 33: Volume- 4 Issue- 2 (201) ISSN: (p); (e) 201 DAMA International. All rights reserved. 491

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