The e#ect of temporal uncertainty on measurements: The case of priming e#ects. Rika MIZUNO and Takao MATSUI (Chubu University)

Transcription

1 ) The e#ect of temporal uncertainty on measurements: The case of priming e#ects Rika MIZUNO and Takao MATSUI (Chubu University) Previous studies have found that, in experiments that present two stimuli at relatively short interstimulus intervals (ISIs)/stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs), temporal uncertainties tend to be greater as the ISIs/SOAs becomes shorter when using a within-block design, and that temporal uncertainties influence various measurements. The present study aims to show that the temporaluncertainty bias elicits priming experiment results that are inconsistent with spreading activation theory. We manipulate SOAs in a within-block design in Experiment 1 and in a between-block design in Experiment 2. We first measure simple reaction times reflecting temporal uncertainty at each SOA condition, and also lexical decision times for each experiment. The results reveal that, in the within-block design, simple reaction times were longer at shorter SOAs, which suggests that temporal uncertainties are larger at shorter SOAs, and that priming e#ect changes according to the SOAs were inconsistent with spreading activation theory. Rather, the results indicate that simple reaction times were equal at all SOAs in the between-block designs, which suggests that temporal uncertainties are constant, and that priming e#ect changes were consistent with spreading activation theory. Finally, the necessity of considering temporal uncertainty is discussed. Key words : temporal uncertainty, priming e#ects, experimental designs 2 ISI SOA ISI SOA SOA 1 2 SOA SOA SOA Bellezza (2007) ISI (inter-stimulus interval) ISI ms 2 1 ISI Mizuno, Matsui, Harman, & Bellezza (2008) 1) 21, 22 (C) No ms ISI 1 ISI 2 Mizuno 1 2 SOA (stimulus-onset-asynchrony) 2 Posner, Snyder, & Davidson (1980) 2 SOA 33

2 ms 1 ISI/SOA (e.g., Kellas, Baumeister, & Wilcox, 1969; Reynolds, 1966) ISI/SOA (temporal uncertainty) (e.g., Klemmer, 1956, 1957) SOA 1 SOA SOA 1 SOA SOA Klemmer (1957) SOA SOA SOA (2007) ISI ISI (2006) ISI (2009) lag (SOA) (rapid serial visual presentation: RSVP) lag lag lag 2 lag 2 Lag 2 2 ISI/SOA (spreading activation theory) (Collins & Loftus, 1975) 34

3 (verification model) (e.g., Becker, 1976) (distributed network model) (e.g., Hebb, 1949 / 2002) (interactive- activation model) (e.g., McClelland & Rumelhart, 1981) (compound-cue model) (Ratcli# & McKoon, 1988) Ratcli# and McKoon (1981) SOA SOA SOA SOA SOA Ratcli# & McKoon (1988) (e.g., McNamara, 1992a, 1992b, 1994) 2007 Ratcli# & McKoon (1981) (Cantor & Engle, 1993) SOA SOA Ratcli# & McKoon (1981) Ratcli# & McKoon (1981) 1 2 SOA (Fujitsu FMV ESPRIMO D5350) SuperLab 2.0 (Cedrus Co.) SuperLab RB730 (Cedrus Co.) 17 inch (EIZO FlexScan S1731) 3 SOA Ratcli# & McKoon (1981) , 100, 200, 300 ms , Web

4 SOA 4 SOA SOA SOA ms 1,000 ms 1 50 ms SOA 50, 100, 200, 300 ms 0, 50, 150, 250 ms 2 2 3,000 ms Figure 1. Mean simple RTs as a function of SOA in the within-block design in Experiment 1. Error bars represent standard deviations. 4 SOA ,000 ms ms SOA Figure 1 SOA 1 SOA (F (3, 69) 23.79, p. 001, MSE ) SOA 100 ms 200 ms, 200 ms 300 ms 50 ms 100 ms, 200 ms, 300 ms 100 ms 300 ms (p.01, HSD 41.96) SOA 1,000 ms (Near) (Far) (No Relation) SOA Figure 2 SOA 2 (F(2, 546) 28.71, p.001, MSE ), SOA (F(3, 69) 14.62, p.001, MSE ) (F(6, 138) 1.89, ns, MSE ) (ps.01, 36

5 Figure 2. Mean lexical decision times in each condition as a function of SOA in the within-block design in Experiment 1. HSD 17.96) SOA 50 ms 200 ms 300 ms, 100 ms 200 ms 300 ms 50 ms 100 ms 200 ms 300 ms (ps.01, HSD 18.56) SOA SOA 2 (F(1, 23) 0.43, ns, MSE ), SOA (F(3, 69) 1.52, ns, MSE ), (F(3, 69) 2.21, ns, MSE ) SOA Mizuno et al. (2008) SOA SOA SOA 2 SOA SOA Ratcli# & McKoon (1981) 2 1 SOA Ratcli# & McKoon (1981) SOA 2 (2006) SOA SOA SOA 1 2 SOA SOA SOA SOA ,000 ms ms 1.69 SOA Figure 3 SOA 1 SOA (F(3, 69) 2.18, ns, MSE ), SOA 1,000 ms SOA Figure 4 SOA 2 (F(2, 46) 43.74, p 37

6 8 1 Figure 3. Figure 4. Mean simple RTs as a function of SOA in the between-block design in Experiment 2. Error bars represent standard deviations. Mean lexical decision times in each condition as a function of SOA in the between-block design in Experiment , MSE ), SOA (F(3, 69) 4.21, p.001, MSE ) (F(6, 138) 2.45, p.05, MSE ) SOA 50 ms F(2, 184) 10.83, 8.11, 25.56, 18.17, ps.001, MSEpool SOA 50 ms p.05, HSD 26.23; p.01, HSD ms (p.01) SOA F(3, 207) 4.53, p.01; 5.01, p.01; 0.89, ns, MSEpool ms 200 ms (p.01, HSD 42.50), 100 ms 300 ms (p.05, HSD 34.67) 100 ms 200 ms 300 ms 50 ms 300 ms (p.01), 100 ms 300 ms (p.05) 200 ms 300 ms (p.10, HSD 30.74) 300 ms SOA SOA 2 (F(1, 24) 4.85, p.05, MSE ), SOA (F(3, 72) 1.75, ns, MSE ) (F(3, 72) 3.06, p.05, MSE ) SOA 200 ms 50 ms F(1, 96) 3.73, ns; 0.03,ns; 9.86, p.01; 0.34, ns, MSEpool SOA F(3, 144) 2.73, p.05; 1.49, ns, MSEpool ms 100 ms (p.05, HSD 36.98) SOA SOA SOA SOA 100 ms 200 ms SOA 200 ms 300 ms SOA 200 ms SOA 100 ms SOA 100 ms SOA 200 SOA 200 ms 300 ms SOA SOA 38

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