Behavior and Policy Behavior and Policy: Connections in Transportation Department of Urban Studies and Planning, MIT, Spring 2015

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1 Behavior and Policy: Connections in Transportation Department of Urban Studies and Planning, MIT, Spring 2015 Full Reading List Part I: Behavior and Policy in a Nutshell Class 1. Cafeteria Trays and Multiple Frameworks Etheredge (1976) The case of the unreturned cafeteria trays: An Investigation based upon theories of motivation and human behavior Class 2. Ten Instruments for Behavioral Change Miller and Prentice (2013) Psychological Levers of Behavior Change, Chapter 17 in Eldar Shafir, The Behavioral Foundations of Public Policy Richard Thaler, Cass R. Sunstein: Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness, Introduction Daniel Kahneman: Thinking, Fast and Slow, Introduction Class 3. Measurement, Tools and Technology (Emile Bruneau) Emile Bruneau 2015 "Putting Neuroscience to Work for Peace, Working Paper Duflo, E., Glennerster, R., & Kremer, M. (2007). Using randomization in development economics research: A toolkit. Handbook of development economics, 4, Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the implicit association test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of personality and social psychology, 85(2), 197. You may try the Implicit Association Test here Winter Mason and Siddharth Suri (2012) Conducting Behavioural Research on Amazon s Mech Turk, Behavior Research Method 44(1) Class 4. My Brain at the Bus Stop: EEG & Waiting Dan Ariely and Gregory S. Berns (2010), Neuromarketing: The Hope and Hype of Neuroimaging in Business. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. Li, Zelin, F. Duarte, J. Zhao, Z. Zhao (2015) My brain at the bus stop: an exploratory framework for applying EEG-based emotion detection techniques in transportation study, working paper Class 5. Behavioral Foundation of Public Policy (Madrian) Madrian, B. C. (2014). Applying Insights From Behavioral Economics To Policy Design. Annual review of economics, 6, 663. Eldar Shafir (2013) The Behavioral Foundations of Public Policy, Chapter 26. Behaviorally Informed Regulation Eldar Shafir (2013) The Behavioral Foundations of Public Policy, Forward, Introduction 1

2 Part II: Behavioral Theory: Simon, Thaler, Kahneman Class 6. Choice Architecture: Nudges and Nudging Thaler, Richard H. "From Homo Economicus to Homo Sapiens." Journal of Economics Perspectives 14, (2000): Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein (2008) Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness, Chapter 4 When do We Need a Nudge, Chapter 5 Choice Architecture Jinhua Zhao and Tim Baird (2013) Nudging Active Travel: A Framework For Behavioral Interventions Using Mobile Technology Class 7. Bounded Rationality Amos Tversky; Daniel Kahneman (1974) Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases, Science, Vol. 185, No Simon (1955). "A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice." Quarterly Journal of Economics, 69(1) Simon, H. A. (1956). Rational choice and the structure of the environment. Psychological review, 63(2), 129 Class 8. Prospect Theory Kahneman, Daniel, and Amos Tversky. Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk". Econometrica. XLVII (1979): Kahneman, Daniel; Tversky, Amos (1984) Choices, values, and frames, American Psychologist, Vol 39(4) Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1992). Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty. Journal of Risk and uncertainty, 5(4), Kahneman (2003) Maps of Bounded Rationality: Psychology for Behavioral Economics, American Economic Review 93(5) Part III: Time, Space and Information Class 9. Reinterpreting Time: Dali and Einstein Raghubir et al (2011) Spatial categorization and time perception: Why does it take less time to get home? Journal of Consumer Psychology 21 Schiffman, H. R. (1990). Sensation and perception: An integrated approach. John Wiley & Sons. Chapter 19: The Perception of Time Allman, M. J., Teki, S., Griffiths, T. D., & Meck, W. H. (2014). Properties of the internal clock: first-and second-order principles of subjective time. Annual review of psychology, 65, Einstein, A. (1905). On the electrodynamics of moving bodies. Annalen der Physik, 17(891), 50. Class 10. Is Travel Time Wasted? ICT, Transit and Driverless Cars 2

3 Mokhtarian and Salomon 2001, How derived is the demand for travel? Some conceptual and measurement considerations, Transportation Research Part A: 35 (8) RAND 2014 Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers Guo, Z, A. Derian, and J. Zhao (2014) Smart Devices and Travel Time Use by Bus Passengers in Vancouver, International Journal of Sustainable Transportation Aliaksandr Malokin, Giovanni Circella, and Patricia L. Mokhtarian 2015 How Do Activities Conducted while Commuting Influence Mode Choice? Testing Transit- Advantage and Autonomous-Vehicle Scenarios, working paper Class 11. Power of Information and Nudging with Maps Guo 2011 Mind the Map! Impact of Transit Maps on Travel Decisions in Public Transit Systems, Transportation Research Part A 45(7) Eran Ben-Elia & Erel Avineri (2015): Response to Travel Information: A Behavioural Review, Transport Reviews Dziekan and Kottenhoff 2007 Dynamic at-stop real-time information displays for public transport: effects on customers, Transportation Research Part A 41 Watkins, F. et al 2011 Where Is My Bus? Impact of mobile real-time information on the perceived and actual wait time of transit riders, Transportation Research Part A 45 Part IV: Policy Design I Class 12. Salience in Transportation Pricing Finkelstein, A. (2009) E-ztax: Tax salience and tax rates. Quarterly Journal of Economics 124 (3): doi: /qjec Michel, A., & Zhao, J. (2015). Modeling Saliency in Transportation Pricing: Optimal Mixture of Automobile Management Policies. In Transportation Research Board 94th Annual Meeting (No ). Kristina Shampanier, Nina Mazar, and Dan Ariely (2007), Zero as a Special Price: The True Value of Free Products. Marketing Science. Vol. 26, No. 6: Class 13. Decision by Default: Active Choosing or Default Rules Sunstein, Cass (2014) Active Choosing or Default Rules? The Policymaker's Dilemma Johnson, E. J., & Goldstein, D. G. (2003). Do defaults save lives?. Science, 302, Cass R. Sunstein, Deciding By Default, UPenn Law Review (2013) Class 14. Reference Class Forecasting and Transportation Planning as Preference Shaping Flyvbjerg, B. (2008). Curbing optimism bias and strategic misrepresentation in planning: Reference class forecasting in practice. European Planning Studies, 16(1),

4 Buehler, R., Griffin, D., & Peetz, J. (2010). Chapter 1: the planning fallacy: cognitive, motivational, and social origins. Advances in experimental social psychology, 43, Siemiatycki, M. (2009). Academics and Auditors Comparing Perspectives on Transportation Project Cost Overruns. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 29(2), Zhao, J. (2009). Preference accommodating and preference shaping: incorporating traveler preferences into transportation planning (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Part V: Emotion and Transport Policy Class 15. Happiness: Experience or Memory Daniel Kahneman: Thinking, Fast and Slow, Part V. Two Selves Kahneman, D. (2000). Experienced utility and objective happiness: A moment-based approach. Choices, values, and frames, Lazarus, R. S. (1996). Passion and reason: Making sense of our emotions. Oxford University Press. Diener, E., Scollon, C. N., & Lucas, R. E. (2003). The evolving concept of subjective well-being: The multifaceted nature of happiness. Advances in cell aging and gerontology, 15, Kringelbach, M. L., & Berridge, K. C. (2009). Towards a functional neuroanatomy of pleasure and happiness. Trends in cognitive sciences, 13(11), Abou-Zeid et al 2012 Happiness and travel mode switching: Findings from a Swiss public transportation experiment, Transport Policy 19 (1) Class 16. Emotion and Urban Planning (Thompson) Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational, Chapter 6 The Influence of Arousal Welch, D. D. (1997). Ruling with the heart: Emotion-based public policy. S. Cal. Interdisc. LJ, 6, 55. Barbalet, J. M. (2001). Chatper 2, Emotion and Rationality, in Emotion, social theory, and social structure: A macrosociological approach. Cambridge University Press. Barbalet, J. M. (2001). Chatper 4, Action and confidence, in Emotion, social theory, and social structure: A macrosociological approach. Cambridge University Press. Class 17. Car Pride, Bicycle Decline and Failure of Life Zhao and Zhao (2015) Understanding Car Pride: Psychological Structure and Behavioral Implications, Working Paper Ming Yang, Maggie Wang, Jinhua Zhao and John Zacharias 2015 The Rise and Decline of the Bicycle in Beijing, Transport Reviews, Under Review Part VI: Is Travel Social Class 18. Social Influencing System (Stibe) 4

5 Agnis Stibe 2014 Socially Influencing Systems: Persuading People To Engage With Publicly Displayed Twitter-Based Systems, Doctoral Dissertation Ariely, D., Bracha, A., & Meier, S. (2009). Doing good or doing well? Image motivation and monetary incentives in behaving prosocially. The American Economic Review, Eldar Shafir (2013) The Behavioral Foundations of Public Policy, Chapter 4. The Psychology of Cooperation Tom Vanderbilt (2008). Traffic, Chapter 4 Why Ants Don t Get into Traffic Jams (and Humans Do) Becker, G. S. (1993). Nobel lecture: The economic way of looking at behavior. Journal of political economy, Class 19. E-hailing, Humanizing Travel and Shared Mobilty Eldar Shafir (2013) The Behavioral Foundations of Public Policy, Chapter 4. The Psychology of Cooperation Li, C., & Zhao, J. (2015). Humanizing Travel: How E-hail Apps Transform Stakeholder Relationships in the US Taxi Industry. In Transportation Research Board 94th Annual Meeting (No ). Tom Vanderbilt (2008). Traffic, Chapter 4 Why Ants Don t Get into Traffic Jams (and Humans Do) Class 20. Help People Help Themselves Loewenstein, John and Volpp (2013) Using Decision Errors to Help People Help themselves in Eldar Shafir Chapter 21 Dan Ariely and Klaus Wertenbroch (2002), Procrastination, Deadlines, and Performance: Self-control by Precommitment. Psychological Science, Vol. 13, No. 3 Dan Ariely and Michael Norton (2007), How Actions Create Not Just Reveal Preferences. TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences. Vol. 12, No. 1 Michael I. Norton, Dan Ariely, and Daniel Mochon (2012), The IKEA effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology. v22 Part VII: Policy Design 2: Market Failure and Governing the COmmons Class 21. Market Failure and Governing the Common Ostrom, "A Behavioral Approach to the Rational Choice Theory of Collective Action," Presidential Address, American Political Science Association, American Political Science Review, 92(1) Ostrom "Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems," American Economic Review, 100(3) Nudge, Chapter 12 Saving the Planet Richard Larrick and Jack Soll (2008). The MPG Illusion. Science, 320(5883) 5

6 Shahzeen Attari, Michael DeKay, Cliff Davison and Wandi Bruine de Bruine (2010). Public Perceptions of Energy Consumption and Savings, PNAS 107(37) Class 22. Game Theory and Mechanism Design Roth, Alvin E. "The economist as engineer: Game theory, experimentation, and computation as tools for design economics." Econometrica 70.4 (2002): Roth, Alvin E. "What Have We Learned from Market Design?." Innovation Policy and the Economy, Volume 9. University of Chicago Press, McFadden, D. (2009). The human side of mechanism design: a tribute to Leo Hurwicz and Jean-Jacque Laffont. Review of Economic Design, 13(1-2), Maskin, E. S. (2008). Mechanism design: How to implement social goals. The American Economic Review, Class 23. Auction or Lottery: Reference and Perceived Fairness Jinhua Zhao, Shenhao Wang, Tracy Chen and David Block-Schachter (2015) Superficial Fairness of Beijing's Vehicle License Lottery Policy Chen, T. and J. Zhao (2012) Bidding to Drive: Car License Auction Policy in Shanghai and Its Public Acceptance, Transport Policy 27 Class 24. Impossible Elasticity! Policy Examples in Guangzhou, Beijing and Shanghai Zhao, J. and S. Wang (2015). Impossible Elasticity! Behavioral Perspective of Guangzhou's Hybrid License Policy Class 25. Clearinghouse for Urban Mobility Service Zhao, J (2015). Clearinghouse for Urban Mobility Service, NSF Proposal: NSF Partnerships for Innovation: Building Innovation Capacity Reading for PS5 Literature Review Cronin Jr, J. J., & Taylor, S. A. (1992). Measuring service quality: a reexamination and extension. The journal of marketing, Brady, M. K., Cronin, J. J., & Brand, R. R. (2002). Performance-only measurement of service quality: a replication and extension. Journal of business research, 55(1), Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, L. L. (1985). A conceptual model of service quality and its implications for future research. the Journal of Marketing, Zeithaml, V. A., Berry, L. L., & Parasuraman, A. (1996). The behavioral consequences of service quality. the Journal of Marketing, Zeithaml, V. A. (1988). Consumer perceptions of price, quality, and value: a meansend model and synthesis of evidence. The Journal of marketing, Miller, R. B. (1967). Task taxonomy: Science or technology? Ergonomics, 10(2),