System Approach. Jurusan Teknik Industri ITS Surabaya

Transcription

1 System Thinking, System Approach Pengantar Teknik & Sistem Industri Jurusan Teknik Industri ITS Surabaya

2 Introduction Read the cases in Week 4 Study Guide! Discuss with your friend, and tell theclass what do all these problem situations have in common?

3 Common Things in the Cases (1) There is somebody who is dissatisfied with the current situation or mode of operation & sees scope for doing something better or more effectively, or sees new opportunities or new options There is somebody who would like to achieve one or several goals The answer to the problem or the solution is not obvious.

4 Common Things in the Cases (2) The interactions between various elements or aspects have a degree of complexity that the limited computational capacity of the human mind cannot evaluate in thedetail necessary to make an informed decision The setting within these problems is called system

5 Basic Definition of System System is a collection of things, entities, or people p that relate to each other in specific ways and follow specific rules of interaction System has elements, goal/goals, interactions, and a degree of complexity

6 What is Complexity? W.R. Ashby defined complextity as the quantity of information required to describe something Complexity is subjective depending on the eye of the beholder brain case the most we know about something, the more complex we see it

7 Activity 1 For each of the cases, list three aspects that contribute to the complexity of the situation

8 Efficiency & Effectiveness Efficiency looks at how well resources are used in a given activity (doing the thing right) There are 2 types of efficiency, which are technical & economic efficiency Effectiveness looks at how well the goals or objectives of the entity or activity (doing the right thing) Versus or complementary?!?!?!

9 Unplanned & Counterintuitive Outcomes Action A will cause the desired outcome B to be realized, but in addition to B the decision also causes C, D, and E. Some of these outcomes are unintended and unpredicted Counterintuitive what happens appears at first glance to contradict what common sense and intuition tell us should occur

10 Activity 2 Analyze the third & fourth cases, explain the counterintuitive that may occur! Analyze the first & second cases, list the planned desirable and undesirable outcomes, the unplanned desirable and undesirable outcomes, counterintuitive outcomes!

11 Reductionist & Cause and Effect Thinking (1) Everything in the world and every experience of it can be reduced, decomposed, or disassembled into ultimately simple indivisible parts Explaining the behaviour of these parts & then aggregating g g these partial explanations is assumed to be sufficient to allow us to understand & explain the behaviour of the system as a whole

12 Reductionist & Cause and Effect Thinking (2) All phenomena are explainable by using cause and effect relationship Sometimes it is not adequate to examine the causal relationship one by one, new relationship may emerge through the interaction between the various parts or aspects called emergent properties mutual casuality or feedback

13 System Thinking Tk Take a more comprehensive view, focusing on the whole and trying to explain the role or behavious of the parts in terms of the whole, rather than the way around Something to be explained as part of a larger whole, a system, and is explained li din terms of its role in that t system In order to get a true picture, it is essential to study their systemic role in the system This does not imply pythat we should discard reductionist & cause and effect thinking in favour of systems thinking complementary approach