The Time Scale of Perceptual Expertise

Transcription

1 The Time Scale of Perceptual Expertise 1.) Introduction: What is an expert? (Jim Tanaka, UVic) 2.) Becoming an expert... one day at a time (Jim) 3.) Expertise: Millisecond by millisecond (Tim Curran, Colorado) 4.) What is perceptual expertise, anyway? (Iris Gordon UVic) 1

2 Are you an expert? 2

3 Take the expertise test! Fender Stratocaster Les Paul Special Sparrow Twangmaster 3

4 Take the expertise test! Fender Stratocaster Les Paul Special Sparrow Twangmaster 4

5 Take the expertise test! Series 3 BMW Fender Stratocaster Les Paul Special Series 5 BMW Series 7 BMW Sparrow Twangmaster 5

6 Take the expertise test! Series 3 BMW Fender Stratocaster Les Paul Special Series 5 BMW Series 7 BMW Sparrow Twangmaster 6

7 Take the expertise test! Series 3 BMW Fender Stratocaster Les Paul Special Sparrow Twangmaster Series 5 BMW Series 7 BMW Song Sparrow Bachman Warbler Tennessee Warble 7

8 Take the expertise test! Series 3 BMW Fender Stratocaster Les Paul Special Sparrow Twangmaster Series 5 BMW Series 7 BMW Song Sparrow Bachman Warbler Tennessee Warble 8

9 How is an object to be named? Animal Superordinate Level Bird Basic Level (Rosch et al., 1976) Song Sparrow Subordinate Species Level 9

10 Entry Point Recognition Animal Semantic analysis Entry Point Bird Visual analysis Downward shi1 with expertise Song Sparrow Fine grain visual analysis Word Label = Perceptual representation 10

11 Testing real-world bird and dog experts Each expert had a least 10 years experience in their respective domain of expertise. None of the participants were experts in both dogs and birds. Participants provided their own controls. 11 Mervis & Johnson 1997, Tanaka & Taylor, 1991

12 Category Verification Task Superordinate Basic Animal Bird Plant Dog Subordinate Robin Sparrow YES NO YES NO 12

13 900 Results Novice Domain (e.g., bird experts identifying dogs) Mean Reaction Time (msec) 800 Expert Domain (e.g., bird experts identifying birds) Entry Point Downward Shi1 Superordinate Basic Subordinate Animal Bird/Dog Robin/Beagle 13

14 Becoming an Expert... One Day at a Time Jim Tanaka Dept. of Psychology University of Victoria 14

15 Visual perceptual expertise is critically important for a variety of professionals and has been investigated across a variety of domains. Ornithologists Baggage Screeners Military specialists Radiologists 15

16 Can we train perceptual expertise in the laboratory? 16

17 What are the active ingredients of perceptual expertise? Quick and accurate recognition at the subordinate level of abstraction Multiple training sessions over an extended period of time Test of expertise: Transfer to new instances (i.e., exemplars) of learned categories 17

18 The Owls and Wading Birds Study (Tanaka et al., 2005, Scott et al. 2006) Half of the participants were trained as owl experts ; that is, trained to identify owls at the subordinate, species level and wading bird novices where categorization was at the basic, family level. The other half were trained as wading bird experts and owl novices. Training trials were equivalent for species and family conditions. 18

19 Real-world Expertise Owl and Wading Bird Training Study Within-subject design where participants (n = 21) were trained to identify ten owls (or wading birds) at the subordinate species level AND ten wading birds (or owls) at the basic, family level. The number of exposures were the same for family and subordinate species level training. Perceptual expertise was tested for familiar training exemplars and transfer conditions: new exemplars and exemplars from novel categories. 19

20 Expert Training Timeline Pre-Test Training #1 Training #2 Training #3 Training #4 Training #5 Same/Different Discrimination 20

21 Same/Different Discrimination Sequential Species Matching Task (Gauthier, Skudlarski, Gore, Anderson, 2000) 150 ms (STUDY) 300 ms 150 ms (PROBE) Same Species Different Species 21

22 d prime measure Hits Study & Probe birds are same False Alarms Study & Probe birds are different Same Species d prime Pre-Training Test Sequential Matching Task Results owls wading birds 22

23 Expert Training Timeline Pre-Test Training #1 Training #2 Training #3 Training #4 Training #5 Post-Test Same/Different Discrimination Same/Different Discrimination Subordinate level, species training of owls (wading birds) Basic level, family categorization of wading birds (owls) 23

24 Phase II. Training Owl Expertise Labeling Task (with feedback) Bird A Family W A B C... W 24

25 Phase II. Training Category Verification Task Species Level Family Level Bird A Family W YES NO YES NO 25

26 Category Verification Reaction Times Reaction Time (ms) Family Categorization Subordinate Categorization Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Training Session Downward Shi1 26

27 Phase III. Post-Training Test Sequential Species Matching Task (Gauthier, Skudlarski, Gore, Anderson, 2000) 150 ms 300 ms 150 ms Same Species Different Species 27

28 Training Exemplars New Exemplars of Trained Species (e.g., new pictures of Great Grey owls) New Exemplars of New Species (e.g., Northern Hawk, pygmy owl) Transfer Conditions 28

29 Post-Training Species Discrimination Test * Basic Family Training Subordinate Species Training d prime Pre- Training * * Old Exemplars of Trained Species New Exemplars of Trained Species New Exemplars of New Species (Transfer Conditions) Test Conditions 29

30 How long does training last? Long-term retention of car expertise

31 Training car expertise (Scott et al. 2008) SUVs Antiques Trained Models/Trained Exemplars Trained Models/Untrained Exemplars Untrained Models Sedans

32 2.5 Mere Exposure Pre- Test Post- Test One-Week Later D-Prime Subordinate Training * * Pre- Test Post- Test One-Week Later Trained Exemplars Untrained Exemplars/ Trained Models Untrained Exemplars 32

33 While relatively few people are object experts, everyone is a face expert. 33

34 Take the face expertise test! Jeremy Renner Robert Downey Jr. Christian Bale 34

35 How is an object to be named? Animal Superordinate Level Human Face Basic Level Robert Downey Subordinate Unique Identity 35

36 900 Results Objects Mean Reaction Time (msec) 800 Familiar Faces Entry Point Downward Shi1 Superordinate Basic Subordinate Animal Bird/Human Robin/Robert Downey 36

37 For some faces, we are more expert than others... 37

38 Other-Race Face Effect (ORE) People show a recognition disadvantage for faces from another race relative to own race faces (Allport, 1954; Brigham & Malpass, 1989; Chiroro & Valentine, 1995; Meissner & Brigham, 2001) 38

39 Reduction in the Other-Race Effect by contact: Caucasian individuals who live in multi-racial neighborhoods (Chiroro & Valentine, 1995). Caucasian individuals who frequently watch sporting events played by African American athletes (MacLin, Van Sickler, MacLin, 39 & Li, 2004)

40 On the other hand... Substantial inter-racial experience does not diminish the ORE of Caucasian participants for African faces (Malpass & Brigham, 1969), Asian faces (Ng & Lindsay, 1994) or for African American children living in a multi-cultural environment (Cross, Cross, & Daly, 1971). Meta-analysis of the ORE studies revealed that self-report measures of other-race contact accounted for less than 3% of the total variance found in the ORE (Meissner and Brigham, 2001). Conclusion: Contact is not enough to reverse other-race effect. 40

41 Beyond the Contact Hypothesis... Levin s Race Specific Hypothesis (1996, 2000): Whereas own-race faces are perceived and encoded at the level of the individual, other-race faces are categorized as members of their racial group. 41

42 Perceptual Expertise Hypothesis: Other-Race Effect is a difference in expert versus novice categorization (Tanaka & Pierce, 2009) Own Race Other Race Tom African American Hispanic Individual Categorization 42

43 Pre- and Post Training Old/New RecogniBon Test w/ Non- trained Faces Test Phase 25 old and 25 new Hispanic faces 25 old and 25 new African American faces Study Phase 25 Hispanic faces 25 African American faces 43

44 Pre-Training Face Memory Measure 44

45 Training Participants: Caucasian UVic undergrads, other-race novices Five sessions in which subjects learned to individuate 8 novel African American (or Hispanic) faces & categorize 8 novel Hispanic (or African American) faces for each session. African American and Hispanic faces were presented an equal number of times. 45 Tanaka & Pierce, 2009

46 Pre- and Post-Training Face Memory Measure Individuation Categorization D Prime Score Pre-Training Test Time Post-Training 46

47 Limitations of studying own- and otherrace recognition People have extensive exposure to other-race faces through the media and internet. Lab training occurs against a context of realworld experience The diagnostic features of own- and other-race are not well identified and controlled. 47

48 Training expert recognition of novel race faces Thutmosian: Vary in eye region Guanshian: Vary in nose/mouth region Thutmosians (Individuation Training) A B C D E F G O O O H Guanshians (Categorization Training) O O O O O Tanaka, Gordon & Meixner,

49 Old-New Recognition Task with Untrained Faces Study Phase Upright Test Phase Inverted 49

50 Results Categorization Individuation Mean d Pre- Training Post- Training Immediate Upright Inverted Post- Training One Week Mean d Pre- Training Post- Training Immediate Upright Inverted Holistic Gist Post- Training One Week 50

51 Summary Perceptual expertise is define by: a) quick and accurate recognition at subordinate levels of abstraction b) transfer to new exemplars within the expert domain Expertise for objects and faces can be acquired in the lab through subordinate level training Expertise is long-lived, robust one week a1er training. Over time, the holistic gist of expertise is retained. 51

52 Acknowledgements Perceptual Expertise Network (PI: Isabel Gauthier) National Science Foundation and the UCSD Temporal Dynamics Learning Center (PI: Gary Cottrell) VizCogLab, University of Victoria National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada 52