VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF INSTRUMENT FOR PRACTICE AND AWARENESS OF SEXUAL MISBEHAVIOUR ACCORDING TO ISLAM. Roslee Ahmad, Ph.D

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1 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF INSTRUMENT FOR PRACTICE AND AWARENESS OF SEXUAL MISBEHAVIOUR ACCORDING TO ISLAM Roslee Ahmad, Ph.D Mohamed Sharif Mustaffa, Ph.D Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Ahmad Jazimin Jusoh, Ph.D Mohammad Aziz Shah Mohamed Arip, Ph.D Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Salleh Amat, Ph.D Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Abstract This study aims to test the reliability of the instrument in testing the students s practice and awareness of sexual misbehavior according to Islam which is designed by the researcher himself as adapted from the Manual Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Text Revision DSM-IV-TR (2000), Child Sexual Behaviour Inventory (Friedrich, 1997), Al-Ghazali Model (Yatimah, 2005) and the fatwa muzakarah 39 th (religious ruling consensus) JAKIM (1995). According to the Committee of the National Islamic Affairs Council discussion that outlined that the whole body, eye, ear, mouth and heart that encourage the sexual misbehaviour act is considered as medium for sinful act as it affects one s aqidah, syariat and akhlak. To measure the practice of the sexual misbehaviour, 5 subcontructs had been built which consist of 27 items representing subconstructs of touching, watching, communicating in obscene ways, exposing aurat and dating to discuss sexual practise. Whereas instrument for the students awareness of the sexual misbehaviour had been built with 41 items representing 8 subconstructs. The 8 subconstructs measure the almightiness of Allah s.w.t, the punishment in hell, self reflection, limitation in intermingling, limitation in senses, aurat limitation, choosing friends and self-accountability. After obtaining the expert panel s validity, the study instrument has been administered to a group of students consisting of 40 form four students, from 20 male and 20 female students who just completed the Group Guidance Al-Ghazali Approach (GGGA). The pilot study was implemented in a school in the area of Johor Bahru. Results showed that the Questionnaire for Practice of Sexual Misbehaviour according to Islam obtains the alpha Cronbach value of and the Questionnaire for Awareness of Sexual Misbehaviour according to Islam has attained the alpha Cronbach value of According to Kerlinger (1979) and Mohd. Majid (2005), an instrument achieving more than 0.6 is an instrument with high reliability. Keywords - (sexual misbehaviour, Group Guidance Using Al-Ghazali Approach, students) 1.0 INTRODUCTION This paper has been presented at International Conference On Islamic Education (ICIED) 2011 in Putrajaya on 19 th to 21th December This conference organized by Association of Malaysian Muslim Intelectual (PIMM) and International Islamic University Colleger Selangor (KUIS).

2 2 There are so many cases happening recently that indicates how serious the need for an Islamic Counseling Approach to be implemented in schools. According to Siti Hairaney (2002), the Malaysian school students discipline (2002) in the year 1991 reported types of school students misbehaviour as follows, namely 14.98% students were involved in crimes, 2.12% student making obscene signals, 16.6% acted in rude manners whereas 28.41% were involved with school truancy. On the other hand, around 3827 students were involved in gambling, 297 students involved with intimate foreplay, 236 students were caught in intimacy, 1428 using obscene remarks whereas 653 drew obscene pictures. Such info indicates that these young adolescent students are not only involved with misbehaviour crime discipline but also involved in other misconducts which contradicts the norms and religious rulings of the local community culture which is rich with the good eastern manners. The shocking study discovery by Khaidzir Ismail (2007), on the female adolescents profile with high risk towards high risk female adolescents discovered that around 887 female students in a secondary school in Selangor, except for one, admitted to have had experienced sexual intercourse. Female students at the range of 15 to 16 years of age are engaged with disciplinary problems such as involvement in drug abuse (98%), underground group (98%), obscene materials (97.3%), gambling (96.8%), vandalism (85.4%) and school truancy (77.2%). The study clearly shows that female students are not alienated from these misbehaviours relating to sexual acts which contradict the religion and eastern values. Hence, they need to go back to the right path related to the religious matter through the Islamic Counseling Approach. 1.0 BACKGROUND OF INSTRUMENT Validity refers to the measurement and evaluation process which are always assumed as the degree of the test s accuracy to measure an item which should be measured by the test instrument (Anastasi, 1990). Abd. Rashid Johar (1980) instead clarified validity as the extent of how a test measure what it actually wishes to measure. To obtain an instrument that meet the required standard, this module will also go through the validity process. The questionnaires for the sexual misbehaviour practice and awareness have been invented by the researcher based on the instrument adapted from the Child Sexual Behaviour Inventory (Friedrich, 1997). The researcher also discovered that until now, the development of the instrument meant for measuring sexual behaviour in relation to adultery is lacking and had rarely been improvised or developed by any local researchers. The instrument developed by the western researcher only touched on the sexual behaviour part where it was not considered as wrong in terms of religious values and culture. Based on that, the Al-Ghazali Model (Yatimah, 2005) and the 39 th JAKIM Muzakarah Fatwa (religious ruling consensus) has developed several subconstructs based on the practice and awareness of the sexual misbehaviour. Development of the items constructed refers to the terms and

3 3 meanings which is in line with the aqidah, syariat and akhlak aspects to measure the accuracy and suitability in measuring the sexual act related to adultery. In this study, the reliability of the sexual misbehaviour practice and awareness questionnaire has obtained the reliability value of more than 0.6. As such, it is important to achieve it to enable it featuring the character of consistency and able to be used by other researchers in the future. 2.0 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The study has been implemented in the aim to test the validity and reliability of the measuring instrument for the students practice and awareness of sexual misbehaviour according to Islam. Abd. Rashid Johar (1980) stated that the researcher must consider the assessment of a certain test by using a suitable instrument to obtain a high degree of reliability in the study. 4.0 RESEARCH QUESTIONS The study questions aim to evaluate these matters :- i ii Does the instrument to measure the students sexual misbehaviour practice has a high reliability value? Does the instrument to measure the students sexual misbehaviour awareness has a high reliability value? 5.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This research is a study to test the reliability of the instrument to measure the practice and awareness of students sexual misbehaviour. To achieve the objectives, a combination of descriptive and experimental study has been conducted. Since the study requires a sampling which is involved with the sexual misbehaviour practice, the administration for the instrument was given to 410 Malay muslim samples where 40 students were selected for obtaining high practice score and low level of sexual misbehaviour awareness. According to the experimental study, the sampling was divided into treated and controlled groups (Campbell and Stanley, 1963). The treated group has gone through the GGGA programme whereas the controlled group did not receive any such treatment. The researcher distributed the sexual misbehaviour practice and awareness instrument after the sample has gone through the GGGA programme module. 5.1 Research Sample

4 4 The study was done in two schools which were SMK Bandar Baru Uda, Johor has been selected as the school for experimental study whereas the SM Batu Pahat Secondary School, Johor was chosen with its students as controlled sample.selection of experimental subject was made using two methods, namely the first method involving references from the school administrator and counselor. The researcher tried to obtain information and views from the school management. Based on the disciplinary report and counseling record, the school recommended certain classes to be screened for consideration as study samples. The second method used the Questionnaire of Practice and Awareness of Sexual Misbehaviour according to Islam (Roslee, 2011). The questionnaire was used to identify students engaged in the sexual misbehaviour act. The administrator and counselor have advised for the questionnaire to be distributed to all students in the form four where the procedure for the selection of sample are as follows :- i. Explanation on the nature of sexual misconduct act/behaviour to the Principal, senior teachers, discipline teacher and the counselor ii. iii. iv. Discussion with the senior teacher, discipline teacher and the counselor All the form four students completing the sexual misbehaviour questionnaires Shortlisting the names of selected students with sexual behaviour tendency The sample involves Muslim students only. The samples were amongst the students engaged in sexual misbehaviour. Form four students have been selected as they are not sitting for any important examination and easy to cooperate during the group training conducted. This also allows the students to give more commitment and concentration to the facilitator s guidance and module conducted during the training in groups. Based on the selection in school involving experiments, amongst the 410 students who responded to the sexual misbehaviour, it is found that 108 students have obtained quite a high sexual misbehaviour score. From the figure, 40 students had been selected as study respondents. Parental agreement was seeked and attained to allow their children under their care to join the group guidance session. Whereas for the sample selection for the controlled group, from the 360 students, 80 students displayed sexual misbehaviour. From the total, 40 students have been selected as the controlled group. Table 1: Subject Distribution According to Form Four Group Gender Total

5 5 Male Female Category Experimental Group (X1) Controlled Group (X2) Total Distribution for the study subjects involve 80 students displaying and engaging in sexual misbehaviour amongst the form four students. Treated group is represented by 20 male and 20 female subjects whereas the controlled group is represented by 20 male and 20 female subjects. This means that the treated group has 40 subjects whereas the controlled group has also 40 subjects (Refer Table 1). 5.2 Research Instrument The instrument used to determine the reliability coefficient for the GGGA programme module is a set of questionnaire built by the researcher himself. Every questionnaire consists of eight sections which contain items built based on every activity stages found in every GGGA programme sub module. The findings involved quantitative study where the data was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 15. The module finding was analysed using the descriptive analisis to obtain the alpha Cronbach value of the reliability coefficient. 6.0 FINDING 6.1 QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PRACTICE OF SEXUAL MISBEHAVIOUR ACCORDING TO ISLAM The questionnaire for Practice Sexual Misbehaviour according to Islam contains 27 items which was designed by the researcher himself as adapted from the Manual Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Text Revision DSM-IV-TR (2000), Child Sexual Behaviour Inventory (Friedrich, 1997), Al-Ghazali Model (Yatimah and Mohd Tajudin, 2008) and the fatwa muzakarah 39 th (religious ruling consensus) JAKIM (1995). Based on the Child Sexual Behaviour InventoryChecklist, the researcher took 12 items from the 6 subconstructs, namely the boundary problems, exhibitionism, selfstimulation, sexual interest, sexual knowledge and voyeuristic behavior. For the Al-Ghazali Model, the subconstructs used are the association boundary, aurat limitation and senses limitation. The fatwa muzakarah 39 th (religious rulings concensus) JAKIM (1995) outlined the whole body parts, eye, ear, mouth and heart that stimulates the sexual act as sinful acts as it affects one s aqidah, syariat and akhlak. As the research is focused on helping students experiencing inappropriate sexual misbehaviour based on Islamic principle, the items construction has taken into account the sexual misbehaviour done by students in the context of Islamic teachings.

6 6 Table 2 : Item for Questionnaire Practice of Sexual MisBehaviour according to Islam Subscontruct Positive Item No of Items Subconstruct 1: 1,2,3,4,5,6 6 Touching Act Subconstruct 2: 7,8,9,10,11,12,13 7 Watching Act Subconstruct 3: 14,15,16,17,18 5 Communicating in obscene Act Subconstruct 4: 19,20,21,22,23,24 6 Exposing aurat Act Subconstruct 5: Dating to discuss sexual Act 25,26,27 3 The table above shows division of items according to subconstructs in order to identify the level of students sexual misbehaviour according to Islam. The whole of this section contains 27 items which represent 5 subconstructs. The 5 subsconstructs are the act of touching which has 6 items, the act of watching consist of 7 items, the act of communicating in obscene ways has 5 items, the act of exposing aurat has 6 items and dating to discuss sexual practice has 3 items. The researcher uses 5 point Likert Scale for each item that focus from the level of agree to disagree answer. Respondents are required to give their own evaluation as regard to the sexual misbehaviour that have been engaged with. The maximum score is 135 points and the minimum score is 27 points. (Refer Table 2) 6.2 QUESTIONNAIRE FOR AWARENESS OF SEXUAL MISBEHAVIOUR ACCORDING TO ISLAM The questionnaire for Awareness of Sexual Misbehaviour according to Islam contains 41 items which was designed by the researcher himself based on the Al-Ghazali Model (Yatimah, 2006) and intervention strategy to overcome the concern of sexual misbehaviour (Roslee et al, 2009). The researcher built 8 subscontructs, namely the almightiness of Allah s.w.t,, the punishment in hell, self reflection, limitation in intermingling, limitation in senses, aurat limitation, choosing friends and self accountability. Since the research focused on overcoming the problem of students s sexual misbehaviour according to Islam, the item construction has taken into account the sexual misbehaviour acts engaged by the students according to Islam. (Refer Table 3) Table 3 : Item for Questionnaire Awareness of Sexual Misbehaviour according to Islam Subconstruct Positive Item Number of Items

7 7 Subconstruct No 1: The Almightiness of Allah s.w.t Subconstruct No 2: The Punishment in Hell Subconstruct No 3: Self Reflection Subconstruct No 4: Limitation in Intermingling Subconstruct No 5: Limitation in Senses Subconstruct No 6: Aurat Limitation Subconstruct No 7: Choosing Friends Subconstruct No 8: Self-Accountability 1,2,3,4,5,6 6 7,8,9,10,11, ,15,16,17, ,20,21,22, 4 25,26,27, ,30,31,32, ,35,36,37, ,40,41,42 4 The researcher used the 5 point Likert Scale for each item which focus on the level of respondents answer ranging from very disagree to very agree stage. Respondents are requested to give scores on the sexual misbehaviour acts they have been engaged with. The maximum score is 210 points whereas the minimum score is 42 points. 7.0 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE The validity of the research questionnaire is required for both the quantitative and qualitative studies (Cohen and Manion, 1994). Validity is required so that the instrument used really measure what should be measured (Mohd Majid, 2005). Murphy and Davidshore (1998) states that there are two meanings of validity meant to ascertain whether the measuring instrument really measure what needs to be measured and to determine the correct instrument in producing an accurate result. 7.1 Face Validity According to Bailey (1978) the questionnaire has face validity when the researcher knows how the concept to be measured is defined and whether the collected information is related to the concept. In this study, the implementation of the face validity was handled by sending the items written by the researcher to two language experts to be checked in terms of language accuracy and respondents understanding when answering the questionnaire. 7.2 Content Validity

8 8 The questionnaire consists of 3 parts, namely the part A, part B and part C. Part A contains 9 items designed by the researcher himself to see the respondent s demographic aspect. This part contains items such as gender, age, education level and parents level of income. Part B contains 27 items and part C contains 41 items designed by the researcher himself as described before. Based on the study, the questionnaire has obtained content validity from various academic experts in different fields and institutions such as below. i. An expert in the field of guidance and counseling from Faculty of Education, UTM and Faculty of Education and Human Development, UPSI ii. An expert in the field of philosophy of Islamic education from Faculty of Education, UKM iii.an expert in the field of religious from Department Theology, Religious and Studies, University of Lampeter, Wales, United Kingdom iv. Two experts in the field of religious from Faculty of Islamic Studies and Social Development, UTM 7.3 Reliability of Questionnaire Reliability refers to the degree of consistency of a certain instrument when used repeatedly on the same subject. Mohd Majid (2005) stated that the alpha Cronbach method is a widely used statistical tool to study the reliability of a certain research questionnaire. The alpha value indicates the direction to the degree of the reliability of a questionnaire. Table 4 : Reliability Value Scale for Practise and Awareness of Sexual Misbehaviour according to Islam Practice of Sexual Misbehaviour Instrument alpha Cronbach value Scale of Practice Sexual Misbehaviour according to Islam Subconstruct of Touching Subconstruct of Watching Subconstruct of Communicating in Obscene Subconstruct of Exposing Aurat Subconstruct of Dating to Discuss Sexual Act Awareness of Sexual Misbehaviour Instrument alpha Cronbach value Scale of Awareness Sexual Misbehaviour according to Islam Subsconstruct of The Almightiness of Allah s.w.t Subconstruct of The Punishment in Hell Subconstruct of Self Reflection Subconstruct of Limitation in Intermingling Subconstruct of Limitation in Senses Subconstruct of Aurat Limitation Subconstruct of Choosing Friends Subconstruct of Self-Accountability

9 9 8.0 CONCLUSION As a conclusion this study is to test the validity and the reliability of two instruments never used by the local researchers. The instruments were the Questionnaire Practice of Sexual Misbehaviour according to Islam and the Questionnaire Awareness of Sexual Misbehaviour according to Islam. After attaining the expert panel s validity, the instrument be administered to a group of students to obtain the reliability of each item in the questionnaire. Pilot study has been implemented at the SMK Bandar Baru Uda, Johor Bahru. Result showed the reliability value for the Questionnaire Practice of Sexual Misbehaviour according to Islam has obtained the alpha Cronbach value of whereas the Questionnaire of Awareness of Sexual Misbehaviour according to Islam has obtained the alpha Cronbach value of (Refer Table 4). According to Kerlinger (1979) and Mohd Majid (2005), an instrument with more than 0.6 value is a highly reliable instrument. 9.0 REFERENCES Abd. Rashid Johar. (1980). Prinsip-prinsip Asas Pengukuran dan Penilaian Dalam Pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur: Moden Akademik. Anastasi, A. (1990). Psychological Testing. 5 th edition. New York : MacMillan. Bailey, Kenneth,D. (1978). Methods of Social Research. New York: Free Press. Campbell, D.T and Stanley, J.C. (1963). Experimental and Quasi Experimental Design for Research. Chicago: Rand. Cohen, L. dan Manion, L. (1994). Research Methods in Education. 4 th edition. London and New York: Brunner Routledge. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV-Text Revision (2000). Forth Edition. American Psychiatric Association. Fatwa Muzakarah Jawatankuasa Fatwa Majlis Kebangsaaan bagi Hal Ehwal Agama Islam Bil. 131 Kategori Sosial/ Syariah. (1995) Garis Panduan Mengenai Maksiat dari Perspektif Islam. Kuala Lumpur : Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia. ms 14. Friedrich, W.N. (1997). Child Sexual Behavior Inventory: Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. Kerlinger, F.N. (1979). Foundations of Behavioural Research. 2 nd Edition. New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston. Khaidzir Ismail. 2007, Februari 27. Semua Remaja Perempuan Bermasalah Pernah laku Seks. Utusan Malaysia. Mohd Majid Konting. (2005). Kaedah Penyelidikan Pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

10 10 Murphy, K.R & C.O. Davidshover. (1998). Psychological Testing. Principles and Application. 4 th edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Roslee Ahmad, Mohamed Sharif Mustaffa, Ahmad Jazimin Jusoh dan Mohammad Aziz Shah Mohamed Arip. (2009). Strategi Intervensi Menangani Penyelewengan Tingkah laku Seksual Berdasarkan Model Al Ghazali. Dalam Persidangan Kaunseling Kebangsaan 2009 di Palace of The Golden Horses, Serdang, Selangor. Anjuran Fakulti Pendidikan, UPSI pada 5-6 November Roslee Ahmad. (2011). Kesan Bimbingan Kelompok Pendekatan Al-Ghazali Dalam Menangani Penyelewengan Tingkah laku Seksual Di Kalangan Pelajar Sekolah Menengah Di Johor. Tesis Doktor Falsafah. yang tidak diterbitkan. Skudai, Johor : Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Siti Hairaney Bachok. (2002). Amalan Kaunseling Pendekatan Islam Di Kalangan Kaunselor: Satu Kajian Kes di Daerah Johor Bahru. Skudai: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Yatimah Sarmani & Mohd Tajudin Ninggal. (2008). Teori Kaunseling Al Ghazali. Selangor: PTS Publications and Distributors Sdn Bhd. Yatimah Sarmani. (2005). Pendekatan Kaunseling Islam. Satu Analisis Kualitatif model Kaunseling Berasaskan Sifat-Sifat Manusia oleh Imam Al-Ghazali. Tesis Doktor Falsafah. yang tidak diterbitkan. Skudai, Johor : Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.