Comparison Of Level Of Aspiration Between The Tribal And Non-Tribal Soccer Players Of Tripura

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1 Research Paper Volume 3 Issue 11 July 2016 International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN: Comparison Of Level Of Aspiration Between The Tribal And Non-Tribal Soccer Players Of Tripura Paper ID IJIFR/V3/ E11/ 027 Page No Subject Area KeyWords Level of Aspiration, Tribal, Non-tribal, Soccer Physical Education Dr. Mukesh Mitra Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education, MBB College, Agartala, Tripura. Abstract Level of aspiration is invoked in reference to the goal striving behavior of an individual presented with a task. It is a psychological construct which reflects a cognitive type of motivation of the individual. Objective: to find out the level of aspiration between the tribal and non-tribal soccer players of Tripura. Subjects: two hundred (200) male soccer players from different community i.e., 100 tribal and 100 non-tribal players were selected. Criterion Measures: level of aspiration was assessed by Level of Aspiration tool developed by Dr. M.A. Shah and Dr. Mahesh Bhargav's. Statistic: to compare the level of aspiration (GDS, NTRS and ADS) between the tribal and non-tribal soccer players of Tripura, independent t-test were computed. The level of significance was set at 1%, 5% and 10% level. Results: the significant difference was found between tribal and non-tribal soccer players in relation to goal discrepancy (GDS) and number of times the goal reach (NTRS) whereas no significant difference was found in attainment discrepancy (ADS). Discussion of findings: The non-tribal players goal discrepancy is suggests that their goal regarding the achieving the success is very high in comparison to tribal soccer players. The attainment discrepancy of tribal and non-tribal soccer players is similar. In case of NTRS non-tribal players was probably success to reach their target performance most of the times in comparison to tribal players. Available online through - IJIFR

2 1. INTRODUCTION Success in sports is generally attributed to the level of physical fitness, techniques and tactics. Motivation also plays a big role in success and is intimately related to the level of aspiration. Level of aspiration is a psychological construct which reflects a cognitive type of motivation of the individual. Every one aims at reaching a definite goal or excellence in performance and in doing so. He/she sets a desire for distinction which has an inner structure known as level of aspiration. Level of aspiration is invoked in reference to the goal striving behavior of an individual presented with a task. Hoppe (1930) defined the level of aspiration, as a person s expectations, goals or claims on his own future achievement in a given task. According to Frank (1941) an individual arranges his aspiration towards his possible attainments in a hierarchy of difficulties that he is likely to face. The concept of level of aspiration was first introduced in 1931 by Dembo, one of Lewin s student s, in the course of an experimental investigation of anger. The first experiment directed towards the analysis of the level of aspiration a translation from German word Anspruchsniveau was performed by Hopee in The term Anspruchsniveau was introduced by Dembo. She found, incidental to her exploration of anger as a dynamic problem, that the experimental subject, frustrated in his attempt to reach the primary or required goal established a substitute or intermediate goal. Later on Hoppe (1930) produced the first major work in the study of level of aspiration. He defined it in the following manner: "The subject... always undertakes the task with certain demands, which can change in the course of the activity. Generally, a great deal of individual differences is found in goal setting behaviour. One may set his goal very high, while some other very low and some may have aspiration level near to their performance level or capacity. But, setting ones goal and level of aspiration in accordance with his socio-economic status as well as psycho-physical condition is of vital importance for balanced development of personality. The level of aspiration is usually measured in terms of goal discrepancy score and it was first defined by Frank (1935a) as the difference between the average level of aspiration and the median level of past performance. Attainment discrepancy and goal discrepancy cannot be separated in goal setting patterns, but they are found to be inversely related. Eysenck and Himmelweit (1946) have reported correlation of -.95 between goal discrepancy and attainment discrepancy. This negative correlation between goal discrepancy and attainment discrepancy suggests that whatever makes the one higher in the positive direction should make the order higher in the negative direction. Number of times the goal reach score (NTRS) may be minimum and maximum score with reference to the number of trials and it is expected of a subject with relatively high motivation to avoid failure, to approach these two limits: minimum and maximum. Frank (1941) found that level of aspiration may take on different meanings, depending upon contextual and individual factors. Two mechanisms through which level of aspiration moderates behavior were proposed. First, it may be used as an incentive to improve performance. This can occur in two ways: a level of aspiration that is above the 4277

3 level of past performance can provide a goal to strive toward, or, a level of aspiration that is lower than past performance can reduce tension/performance anxiety, both of which presumably foster higher levels of achievement. Second, keeping the level of aspiration (unreasonably) high can serve to protect the ego from the effects of failure. Poor performance relative to the goal is deemed insignificant (by others and by the individual), not taken seriously, thus preserving self-esteem. Ultimately, Frank viewed level of aspiration as the "final integration of complex and constantly shifting personal and situational factors." Md. Afzalur Rahman & Dulumoni Goswami (2013) in their research finding stated that every one of us possess some sort of aspiration. Generally, a great deal of individual differences is found in goal setting behaviour. One may set his goal very high, while some other very low and some may have aspiration level near to their performance level or capacity. But, setting ones goal and level of aspiration in accordance with his socioeconomic status as well as psycho-physical condition is of vital importance for balanced development of personality. Aspiration which is not in consonance with the socio-economic status and psycho physical condition can create severe emotional and behavioural complexities. It also reduces the achievement level. 2. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The objective of the study was to find out the level of aspiration between the tribal and nontribal soccer players of Tripura. 3. METHODOLOGY IMPLEMENTED i.) Selection of subjects For the purpose of the study two hundred (200) male soccer players from different community i.e., 100 tribal and 100 non-tribal players were selected. ii.) Criterion measures Level of Aspiration was assessed by Level of Aspiration tool developed by Dr.M.A. Shah and Dr. Mahesh Bhargav's. This questionnaire was used to measure the level of aspiration for soccer players. iii.) Procedure for administration of questionnaire and collection of data The level of aspiration questionnaire was administrated along with the general and specific instructions. Questionnaire sheet containing 50 circles and you have to draw the line in this sequence right eye, left eye, nose and mouth so that they may appear like a human face. Work from left to right across the rows and then proceed to the next line. For each trial 30 seconds are allotted and have to complete within stipulated time. After 30 seconds the investigator say to stop the marking and request to subject to count the number of completed faces and enter it in lower box. The first trial is treated as practice trial. In the following way the subject have to do the same thing along with to put the number of faces in the upper box which you intend to complete within 30 seconds on the basis of the last actual performance. Thus, the subjects have to complete 10 trials for actual work. The investigator should not say anything to the subjects except Are you ready? Go and Stop. Eleven trials are 4278

4 necessary because the practice trial is ignored in the scoring and last (tenth) ensures that the subject were state a goal. The level of aspiration tool was completed within 5 minutes by the participants after the end of the match. The data were collected during the Chandra Memorial Soccer Tournament, Rakhal Smriti Soccer Tournament, Lucky Srivastava Soccer Tournament and B-Division league of Tripura in sessions. iv.) Statistical analysis of data To compare the level of aspiration (GDS, NTRS and ADS) between the tribal and non-tribal soccer players of Tripura, independent t-test were computed. The level of significance was set at 1%, 5% and 10% level. 4. RESULTS In respect to various score of level of aspiration i.e., Goal Discrepancy (GDS), Attainment Discrepancy (ADS) and Number of Times the Goal Reach (NTRS) of tribal and non-tribal soccer players were presented here. The result connectable to the significant difference between the means of goal discrepancy, attainment discrepancy and number of times the goal reach between the tribal and non-tribal soccer players, the independent t-test has been presented in the following tables. Table-1: Significance difference of goal discrepancy of tribal and non-tribal soccer players Goal Discrepancy Tribal Non-tribal Standard Error t-value Significance 2.98 ± ± *** Significance, *** => 1%, ** => 5%, * => 10% Table-1 revealed that the significant difference was found between tribal and non-tribal soccer players in relation to goal discrepancy. Based on the result it may be concluded that the difference between tribal and non-tribal soccer players in respect to goal discrepancy was not similar. The non-tribal players goal discrepancy suggests that their goal regarding the achieving the success is very high in comparison to tribal soccer players. Goal discrepancy score is positively attached with non-tribal players, whereas tribal players are negatively attached. The symbolic diagram to exhibit the image of goal discrepancy of tribal and non-tribal soccer players has been presented in figure-1. 7 Means of GDS of Tribal and Non-tribal Soccer Players Tribal Players Non-Tribal Players Figure 1: Means of goal discrepancy of tribal and non-tribal soccer players 4279

5 Table-2: Significance difference of attainment discrepancy of tribal and Non-tribal soccer players Tribal Non-tribal Standard Error t-value Significance Attainment 0.16 ± ± Discrepancy Significance, *** => 1%, ** => 5%, * => 10% The result of t-test (Table-2) demonstrated that the difference between the mean values of attainment discrepancy of tribal and non-tribal soccer players had no significant difference. According to the result we can point out that attainment discrepancy of tribal and non-tribal soccer players is similar. The non-tribal players set their goal in high level but when they actually attain the said goal, they did not achieve the success. On the other hand tribal players were set their goal in low level and they are also did not achieve the success in goal discrepancy. It would appear that the tribal and non-tribal players constantly set their goal higher or lower than their actual performance which is imaginative or unrealistic. As a result both the groups had been shown to have similar in attainment discrepancy. The means graph of attainment discrepancy of tribal and non-tribal soccer players has been presented in figure Means of ADS of Tribal and Non-tribal Soccer Players Tribal Players Non-Tribal Players Figure 2: Means of attainment discrepancy of tribal and non-tribal soccer players Table-3: Significance difference of number of times the goal reach of tribal and non-tribal soccer players Tribal Non-tribal Standard t-value Significance Error Number of Times 3.72 ± ± *** the Goal Reach Significance, *** => 1%, ** => 5%, * => 10% It is noticeable from the table- 3 that the difference between the mean values of number of times the goal reach of tribal and non-tribal soccer players has been found significant. According to NTR analysis of the result, it is highlighted that the non-tribal players were probably successful to reach their target goal most of the times in comparison to tribal players. It can be interpreted that the non-tribal players were highly motivated to reach their 4280

6 target performance. The players with minimum NTR score showed a very high fear failure whereas the players with maximum NTR score showed ready to take risk of failure. The success in target performance is directly related with the goal discrepancy and attainment discrepancy. The graphical representation number of times the goal reach of tribal and nontribal soccer players has been presented in figure-3. 6 Means of NTRS of Tribal and Non-tribal Soccer Players Tribal Players Non-Tribal Players Figure 3: Means of number of times the goal reach of tribal and non-tribal soccer players 5. DISCUSSION OF FINDING The findings of the study revealed that the significant difference was found between tribal and non-tribal soccer players in relation to goal discrepancy (GD). The non-tribal players goal discrepancy is suggests that their goal regarding the achieving the success is very high in comparison to tribal soccer players. Goal discrepancy score are positively attached with non-tribal players, whereas tribal players are negatively attached. That means both the group has not similar goal or ambition. The findings are quite significant with the conclusion of Sanjay Kumar 2013.Finding of the present study indicates that the no significant difference was found between tribal and non-tribal soccer players in relation to attainment discrepancy (AD). The non-tribal players were set their goal in high level but at the time of attainment of goal, they did not reached the success. In case of tribal players, they were set the goal in low level and they are also did not reached the success in goal discrepancy. It would appear that the tribal and non-tribal players constantly set their goal higher or lower than their actual performance which is imaginative or unrealistic. As a result both the groups were shown similar in attainment discrepancy. The findings are quite significant with the conclusion of Rajesh Boora The analysis of the study indicated that the tribal and non-tribal soccer players in relation to number of times the goal reach were significant (NTR). It means that the nontribal players was probably success to reach their target performance most of the times in comparison to tribal players. It can be interpreted that the non-tribal players was highly 4281

7 motivated or ambitious to reaching their target performance. The tribal players with minimum NTR score showed a very high fear of failure whereas the non-tribal players with maximum NTR score showed ready to take risk of failure. The finding of Sanjay Kumar 2013 supports the finding of the study. 6. REFERENCES [1] Boora Rajesh (2015), Level of Aspiration of Cricket Players in relation to their Sports Achievement, IJPESH, ISSN: , Vol. 1 (13), pp [2] Dembo T. (1931), Investigations in the Psychology of Action and Affection X. Anger as a Dynamic Problem, Psychology Forsch., Vol. 15, pp [3] Eysenck J.H. and Himmelweit J.H. (1946), An Experiment Study of the Reactions of Neurotics to Experiences of Success and Failure, Journal of General Psychology, pp [4] Frank J. D. (1941), Recent Studies of the Level of Aspiration, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 38, pp [5] Frank D. J. (1935a), Individual Difference in Certain Aspects of the Level of Aspiration, American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 47, pp [6] Hoppe F. (1930), Studies on the Psychology of Action and Emotion IX success and Failure, Psycho. Forsch. Vol. 14, pp [7] Kumar Sanjay (2013), A Study of Attitude and Aspiration towards Games and Sports of Senior Secondary School Boys, International Journal of Social Science & Interdisciplinary Research, ISSN , IJSSIR, Vol. 2 (7), pp [8] Lewin K., Dembo T., Festinger L. and Sears S.P. (1944), Level of Aspiration, International Journal of Motivational Hunt (Ed) Personality and Behaviour Disorders-1, (New York: Ronald). [9] Puhan Ranjan Rasmi, Dash Lopamudra and Malla Lakshmipriya (2014), A Comparative Study of the Aggression and Aspiration of Adolescents Studying in Government and Private High Schools of Odisha, European Academic Research, Vol. I, Issue 12, pp [10] Rahman Afzalur Md. and Goswami Dulumoni, (2013), Level of Aspiration of Undergraduate Students in relation to their Sex and Socio-economic Status, International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, (IJHSS) ISSN X Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp