Yu-Ting Huang, Assistant Professor, Asia University, Taiwan ABSTRACT

Transcription

1 A Study on the Relationships between Leisure Activity Involvement, Well-Being, the Benefits of Serious Leisure Activity, and Sports Volunteer Self-Actualization in the Changhua National Games Yu-Ting Huang, Assistant Professor, Asia University, Taiwan ABSTRACT This study aims to investigate the relationships between leisure involvement, well-being, the benefits of serious leisure activities, and self-actualization for 2011 Changhua National Games volunteers. It selects 265 sports volunteer workers who participated in the 2011 Changhua National Games using convenience sampling. The results of the study show: 1. Leisure activity involvement for the sports volunteers has a significant impact on their well-being; 2. Sports volunteers leisure activity involvement has a significant impact on their self-actualization; 3. Sports volunteers leisure activity involvement has a significant impact on the benefits of serious leisure activities; 4. The benefits of serious leisure activities for the sports volunteers do not have a significant impact on their well-being; 5. The benefits of serious leisure activities for sports volunteers have a significant impact on their self-actualization; 6. The benefits of serious leisure activities for sports volunteers have mediating effects on the relationship between leisure involvement and self-actualization. Keywords: sports volunteer, leisure involvement, well-being, serious leisure activities, and self-actualization. INTRODUCTION With the maturing of the concept of a global village and social progress, the number of people in developed countries taking part in volunteer work is on the rise, which has even become an indicator for the type of activity which people from civilized countries should take part in. In Taiwan, economic development and higher education levels has also led to an increase in the number of volunteer workers. Han (2003) points out that volunteering is a concept based on altruism, which is concerned with offering service to the public. Its main purpose is to achieve social participation and promote a civil society. Voluntarism increases the public s opportunities and motivation for social work. In addition, volunteering helps to incorporate government and civil resources, and functions in facilitating the sharing of social responsibility, assisting in the implementation of government policies, balancing the demand and supply of social work, and supporting social care systems (Liu, 2003). Consequently, Taiwan s government has in recent years begun to give attention to to such civil resources, and has incorporated them to reduce government expenditures and promote efficiency. According to the Ministry of the Interior, the number of social welfare teams in 2009 has almost doubled from that of 2005, from 1338 in 2005 to 2711 in 2009 (Ministry of the Interior, 2010). This increase shows that the concept of civil society is gradually becoming a common concept in Taiwan. Each volunteer worker plays an indispensable role in national or social affairs such as environmental protection, humanitarian aid, disaster relief, public construction, etc. In recent years, globalization has made interaction among various countries more frequent, which range from international economic activities to international sports events and cultural exchanges. In 12 The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, Vol. 9, Num. 1, June 2013

2 order to gain more attention from the international community and secure international recognition, each country competes for the opportunity to host major large-scale international sports events, which not only requires large amounts of money and resources, but also depends on the sufficiency of manpower for success. Guo (2010) defines sports volunteers as volunteer workers who devote their time, money, and labor in sports-related events in the hosting of major sports games in order to promote national sports development and public affair efficiency out of free will and without the motivation for any kinds of benefits or payments. Why are people willing to participate in sports-related volunteer work? Generally, the sports services that are required of the sports volunteers demand more effort than other serious leisure activities, and are more dangerous. The locations range from metropolitan indoor or outdoor sports centers to outdoor or even countryside locales; also, the time can range from early in the morning to late into the night. Judging from these aspects, sports volunteer services are far from easy work. However, even though sports volunteer work is often demanding and risky, sports volunteers still participate actively. In his definition of serious leisure, Stebbins (1992) describes volunteer work as un-coerced group or individual unpaid work, and therefore includes volunteer as one of the three categories of serious leisure activities. He defines serious leisure as the systematic pursuit of an amateur, hobbyist, or volunteer core activity that is highly substantial, interesting, and fulfilling and where, in the typical case, participants find a career in acquiring and expressing a combination of its special skills, knowledge, and experience. In other words, participation in serious leisure leads to benefits of leisure such as the improvement of physical and mental states and the satisfaction of individual needs. Havitz and Dimanche (1997) define leisure involvement as a state of motivation, arousal or interest toward a recreational activity or associated product. It is evoked by a particular stimulus or situation and has motivating properties. Reich and Zautra (1981) point that that continual participation in activities can reduce life stress and increase individual well-being. Ou (2007) approaches this topic from the perspective of leisure psychology in examining the benefits of leisure participation for the individual, society, and the environment. Although the concept of well-being or happiness is interpreted differently in western and eastern societies, the core tenet does not vary too much (Lu, 1990). There are three stages in the development of the theory of well-being: the earliest stage emphasizes the satisfaction of individual needs; the second stage stresses that a sense of well-being is influenced by individual personalities; the third stage combines the first and the second stages and stresses that both individual needs and personalities affect the sense of well-being (Wang, 2007). As early as 1967, Wilson pointed out that a sense of well-being is happiness. Moreover, participation in leisure activities can increase the sense of well-being (Andrew & Withey, 1976). Argyle (1987) also point out that happiness is generated through active and concentrated participation in activities. Individual can realize their internal potential through focused participation in work, leisure activities and sports, and good interpersonal relationships, and can further satisfy their needs to gain a sense of achievement and value, thereby obtaining the sense of well-being. Godbey (1994) believes that leisure is an essential part of modern life, because it has discernible benefits for the individual s sense of well-being. Therefore, this study focuses on the impact of leisure involvement and benefits of leisure on the sense of well-being for sports volunteers. For a long time men have striven for a better and higher spiritual life and quality. In the natural manifestation of men s desire, they seek the existence and awakening of their self-consciousness through the evolution of the id, the ego, and the super-ego, and form the concept of self-transcendence within the framework of social moral regulations. The term self-actualization stems from humanistic psychology. Maslow s famous hierarchy of needs divides human needs into five levels: physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. There is a hierarchy among these needs, The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, Vol. 9, Num. 1, June

3 the most basic being physiological, and the highest being needs concerning self-actualization. Through self-actualization, the individual can realize his temperament, potential, and talents, and demonstrate his unique personality. In other words, self-actualization brings the individual closer to his real self and the core of his existence (Huang, 2006). Related research has established the relationship between volunteer work and self-actualization (Shi, 2006; Chen, 1998; Liu, 2006; Singh & Singh, 2004). Chen (1998) points out that the main influence of cultural service participation volunteer workers on their career is that it helps them achieve self-actualization, understanding, and development. Sports volunteers usually participate actively in volunteer work, and improve their expertise, knowledge, and skills through workshops and self-betterment to realize self-value. In other words, sports volunteers satisfy their need for self-challenge and gain opportunities for self-realization in the process of volunteer work. On the other hand, while sports volunteers may often encounter many external limitations and impacts, they still continue to become more involved and devote large amounts of time and energy, even money, to pursue the state of self-actualization. Such process is similar to the observation in Kraus s (1990) study, which defines leisure from the combined perspectives of its internal subjective meaning and its external objective free time and modes of activities, emphasizing the relationship between freedom of exploration and recreation involvement. Through the exploration of one s abilities and strengths, the individual gains experience and achieves self-realization. In other words, in the process of participating in serious leisure activities, people always hope to gain a sense of achievement after devoting their efforts. Research has also established the relationship between benefits of serious leisure and self-realization (Cordes & Ibrahim, 1999; Jutras, 2006; Mandin, 1998). For instance, Cordes and Ibrahim (1999) identify the physical, emotional, psychological, and social benefits of leisure, in which psychological benefits refer to the realization of the needs of self-actualization. Therefore, this study also focuses on the respective relationships between sports volunteers leisure involvement and self-actualization, and the relationship between the benefits of serious leisure and self-actualization. The aforementioned scholarship on leisure involvement, the benefits of serious leisure, well-being, and self-actualization provides a basic understanding of the relationships between these aspects with regard to sports volunteers. It seems that leisure involvement and the benefits of serious leisure activities both play a crucial role in the process of sports volunteer participation. In the existing scholarship, more work is required on sports volunteers; therefore, this study focuses on sports volunteers for the 2011 Changhua National Games to investigate the relationships between leisure involvement, benefits of serious leisure, well-being, and self-actualization. The objectives of this study are: 1. Investigate the impact of sports volunteer leisure involvement on their sense of well-being. 2. Investigate the impact of sports volunteer leisure involvement on their self-actualization. 3. Investigate the impact of sports volunteer leisure involvement on benefits of serious leisure. 4. Investigate the impact of benefits of serious leisure for sports volunteers on their sense of well-being. 5. Investigate the impact of benefits of serious leisure for sports volunteers on their self-actualization. 6. Investigate the impact of sports volunteer leisure involvement on their self-actualization through benefits of serious leisure. 14 The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, Vol. 9, Num. 1, June 2013

4 METHODOLOGY A. Research structure and research hypotheses 1. Research structure This study investigates the impact of sports volunteer leisure involvement on the benefits of leisure, well-being, and self-actualization, and the impact of benefits of leisure for sports volunteers on their sense of well-being and self-actualization. Finally, it examines the impact of sports volunteer leisure involvement on their self-actualization through benefits of serious leisure. Based on the theoretical framework and hypotheses, the research structure of this study is shown in Fig Research hypotheses The following research hypotheses are proposed based on the literature review, research objectives, and research structure: 1) Sports volunteer leisure involvement has a significant impact on their sense of well-being. 2) Sports volunteer leisure involvement has a significant impact on their self-actualization. 3) Sports volunteer leisure involvement has a significant impact on the benefits of serious leisure. 4) Benefits of serious leisure for sports volunteers have a significant impact on their sense of well-being. 5) Benefits of serious leisure for sports volunteers have a significant impact on their self-actualization. 6) Benefits of serious leisure of the sports volunteers have mediating effects on the relationship between leisure involvement and self-actualization. B. Research objects and research tools 1. Research objects This study aims to investigate the relationships between leisure involvement, the benefits of serious leisure activities, well-being, and self-actualization of sports volunteers. It selects 290 sports volunteers who participated in the 2011 Changhua National Games as its research objects and uses convenience sampling. A total of 265 questionnaires were returned, yielding a return rate of 91.4%. The number of valid questionnaires is 259, yielding a valid return rate of 97.2%. 2. Research tools The questionnaire used in this study is based on the literature review and includes five parts: leisure involvement, the benefits of serious leisure, well-being, self-actualization, and basic personal information. The scale measuring leisure involvement is modified from Ke s (2011) scale of volunteer firefighters leisure involvement, and contains three dimensions: importance/pleasantness, centrality in life, and symbolic meanings, divided into 12 questions. The scale measuring self-actualization is modified from Ke s (2011) scale of volunteer firefighters self-actualization, and contains 16 questions. The scale measuring well-being is modified from Liu s (2009) scale of well-being, and contains three dimensions: life satisfaction, job satisfaction, and family satisfaction, divided into 15 questions. All dimensions are measured using a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 to 5 points (from strongly disagree to strongly agree ). 3. Data processing and analysis The valid questionnaires are sequenced and input into the database using SPSS AMOS 17.0 is used to analyze the data in order to investigate the causal relationships between the variables in the research model. Data analysis first tests for offending estimates. Then, it evaluates overall goodness-of-fit based on the six indices proposed by Bagozzi and Yi (1988): χ2 value, χ2 to degrees of freedom ratio, goodness of fit index (GFI), adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), and comparative fit index (CFI). The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, Vol. 9, Num. 1, June

5 RESEARCH RESULTS A. Measurement model test 1. Test for offending estimates The research model is tested for offending estimates before goodness of fit is evaluated. The test for offending estimates examines whether the estimated coefficient falls within the acceptable range (Qiu, 2005). Two categories are estimated: 1. whether a negative error variance exists; 2. whether the standardized regression coefficient is greater or very close to 1 (Hair, Anderson, Tatham, & Black, 1998). The estimated error variance of the research model is between and 0.098, with no negative error variance. In addition, the standardized coefficients fall between 0.34 and 0.93, which are all lower than This indicates that there are no offending estimates. Therefore, overall goodness-of-fit test for the proposed model can be conducted. B. Measurement model analysis In measurement model analysis, when the chi-square value in CFA is too large, modification indices (M.I.) provided by the AMOS software can be used to modify the scales (Chen, 2007). Therefore, this study uses M.I. as guidelines for deleting questions, deleting number 12, 13, 14, and 15 in the scale of leisure involvement, numbers 2, 5, and 6 in the scale of benefits of serious leisure, numbers 5, 6, and 11 in the scale of well-being, and numbers 6, 7, 8 in the scale of self-actualization. The reliability and validity of the scales are measured by content validity and whether the dimensions possess dimension scale, reliability, and construct validity (convergent validity and discriminant validity) (Bagozzi and Yi, 1988). 1. Composite reliability Bagozzi and Yi (1988) propose that construct reliability should be greater than 0.6, because higher reliability means higher degree of internal consistency of a scale s indices (Hair, Anderson, Tatham, & Black, 1998). The construct reliability for all dimensions of the measurement model of this study is greater than 0.6, as shown in Table 1. Table 1 Reliability of observable variables, construct reliability of latent variables, and average variance extracted Latent variables Observable Construct Average variance Factor loadings variables reliability extracted Centrality in life invo invo invo Importance/pleasantness invo invo invo invo Symbolic meanings invo invo invo invo Physical benefits bene bene bene Psychological benefits bene bene bene The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, Vol. 9, Num. 1, June 2013

6 Social life Life Work Family Self-actualization bene10 bene11 bene12 sati1 sati2 sati3 sati4 sati7 sati8 sati9 sati10 sati12 sati13 sati14 sati15 real1 real2 real3 real4 real Average variance extracted (AVE) Average variance extracted represents the average percentage of variation in the latent variable (Wu, 2009). The AVE of almost all dimensions of the measurement model of this study are greaterr than 0.5, as shown in Table Convergent validity Fornell and Larcker (1981) point out that when testing for the convergent validity of a scale, the factor loadings should be greater than 0.5 for the scale to possess convergent validity. The factor loadings of the measurement models in this study all satisfy the 0.5 standard, as shown in Table 1. Fig. 1 shows the model of sports volunteers leisure involvement, in which the factor loadings are all greater than 0.5, indicating that the scale of sports volunteers leisure involvement possesses convergent validity. Fig 1: Model of sportss volunteers leisure involvement The Journal of Human Resourcee and Adult Learning, Vol. 9, Num. 1, June

7 Fig. 2 shows the model of benefits of leisure for sports volunteers, in which the factor loadings are all greater than 0.5, indicating that the scale of benefits of leisure for sports volunteers possesses convergent validity. Fig 2: Model of sports volunteers benefits of serious leisure Fig. 3 shows the model of sports volunteers sense of well-being, in which the factor loadings are all greater than 0.5, indicating that the scale of sports volunteers sense of well-being possesses convergent validity. Fig 3: Model of sports volunteers sense of well-being 18 The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, Vol. 9, Num. 1, June 2013

8 Fig. 4 shows the model of sports volunteers self-actualization, in which the factor loadings are all greater than 0.5, indicating that the scale of sports volunteers self-actualization possesses convergent validity. Fig 4: Model of sports volunteers self-actualization 4. Discriminant validity Zhang (2005) points out that the test for discriminant validity mainly tests the difference of chi-square values between the constrained model and the unconstrained model. A bigger difference between the two chi-square values entails more significant discriminant validity between the two dimensions. As shown in Table 2, the chi-square differencee of all measurement models in this study reaches the significance level of p<0.05, which indicates that the dimensions of this study possess discriminant validity. Table 2: Analysis of discriminant validity Unconstrained model Constrained model aired factors Chi- Degrees of Degrees of Chi-square square freedom freedom Centrality Pleasantness/Risk Centrality Symbolic meanings Pleasantness/Risk Symbolic meanings Physical benefits Psychological benefits Physical benefits Social benefits Psychological benefits Social benefits Degree of life satisfaction Degree of job satisfaction Degree of life satisfaction Degree of family satisfaction Degree of job satisfaction Degree of family satisfaction Chi-square difference χ * * 75.82* 53.14* 75.98* 30.60* * * * C. Analysis of overall model In terms of analysis of overall model, the main indices for tests include: χ2 value, χ2 to degrees of freedom ratio, goodness of fit index (GFI), adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), and comparative fit index (CFI). The criteria are: χ2 should be as low as possible, χ2 to degrees of freedom ratio should be lower than 3, goodness of fit index should be greater than 0.9, adjusted goodness of fit index should be greater than 0.9, root mean square error of approximation should be smaller than 0.08, and comparative fit index should be greater than 0.9 (Bagozzi and Yi, 1988). In this study, χ2 value is , χ2 to degrees of freedom ratio is 1.93 (smaller than 3), goodness of fit index is 0.93 (greater than 0.9) ), adjusted goodness of fit index is 0.89 (greater than 0.8), root mean square error of approximation is 0.06 (smaller than 0.08), comparative fit index is 0.96 (greater The Journal of Human Resourcee and Adult Learning, Vol. 9, Num. 1, June

9 than 0.9). Overall, the indices all fall within acceptable ranges, indicating that the model for this study is acceptable, as shown in Fig. 3. Fig 5: Path diagram of test results Table 3: Goodness-of-fit analysis of research model Fit indices Permissible range Research structure model χ2(chi-square) As small as possible χ22 to degrees of freedom ratio 1<NC< GFI > AGFI > RMSEA < CFI > PCFI > Goodness-of-fit Fit Fit Fit Fit Fit Fit Table 4 shows that the total effect of leisure involvement on self-actualization is 0..68, standard error (S.E.) is 0. 14, and C.R. value is 4.96 (greater than 1.96), and therefore the total effect is significant. The lower limit of percentile 95% CI is 0.50, and the upper limit is 1.04; the lower limit of bias-corrected 95% CI is 0.50, and the upper limit is Neither the percentile 95% CI nor the bias-corrected 95% CI contain 0, and therefore the total effect is significant. The indirect effect of leisure involvement on self-actualization is 0.05, standard error ( S.E.) is 0.07, and C.R. value is 2.23 (greater than 1.96), and therefore the indirect effect is significant. The direct effect of leisure involvement on self-actualization is 0.36, standard error (S.E.) is 0.13, and C.R. value is 4.24 (greater than 1.96), and therefore the direct effect is significant. The direct effect of leisure involvement on self-actualization is smaller than the total effect, as shown in Table 4, indicating that benefits of serious leisure have mediating effects on the relationship between leisure involvement and self-actualization. 20 The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, Vol. 9, Num. 1, June 2013

10 Table 4: Analysis of the mediating effects of benefits of serious leisure for leisure involvement and self-actualization Variables Leisure involvement on self-actualization Leisure involvement on self-actualization Leisure involvement on self-actualization Point estimation Product of Coefficients Bootstrapping Bias-Corrected 95% CI Percentile 95%CI SE Z Lower Upper Lower Upper Total effect Indirect effect Direct effect DISCUSSION AND SUGGESTIONS This section discusses major findings of this study and their significance based on the research results. Discussion This study mainly employs AMOS 17.0 for data analysis to test the reliability and validity of the scales and the causal relationship between the variables of the research model. Results of the analysis show that the factor loadings of most of the observable variables of the scales are greater than 0.70, the composite reliability is greater than 0.60, and the average variance extracted is greater than 0.50, indicating that the internal quality of the model is good and that the model possesses convergent validity (Wu Ming-long, 2007). Analysis for model fitness in structural model analysis show that the χ 2 value is , χ2 to degrees of freedom ratio is 1.962, GFI is 0.926, AGFI is 0.892, RMSEA is 0.062, CFI is 0.955, and PCFI is All values fall within the ranges as suggested by Bagozzi and Yi (1988), Bentler (1995), Wu Ming-long (2009), Hair, Anderson, and Black (1998), indicating that the research model is acceptable. In terms of empirical results, the following points can be inferred: 1. Sports volunteer leisure involvement has a significant impact on their sense of well-being. This result is similar to the research result of Zheng and Zhang (2011). Related scholarship also demonstrates that participation in leisure activities has positive relation to the sense of well-being (Hassmen et al., 2000; Ruuskanen & Ruoppila, 1995). 2. Sports volunteer leisure involvement also has a significant impact on self-actualization. This result is similar to the research result of Xu (2005), Liao, Xie, Li, Chen, and Lin (2007), and Ke (2011). This is possibly because sports volunteers have more opportunities to pursue self-transcendence and to enrich their life in the process of participating in sports services, during which they promote their skills, knowledge, and inter-personal relationships. 3. Sports volunteer leisure involvement has a significant impact on benefits of serious leisure activities. This result is similar to the research result of Shen, Zhao, Zhang, and Zheng (2007), Xu (2010), and Ke (2011). A possible explanation is that physical, psychological, and social benefits of leisure are influenced by leisure involvement; in the process of sports volunteer work, sports volunteers can gain benefits of leisure, which promotes their motivation for participation, which in turn generates more benefits from involvement in sports service work. 4. The benefits of serious leisure activities for sports volunteers have a significant impact on self-actualization. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, Vol. 9, Num. 1, June

11 This result is similar to the research result of Cordes and Ibrahim (1999), Jutras (2006), and Xu (2005). A possible explanation is that as sports volunteers devote time and energy to sports services, they not only gain physical, psychological, and social benefits, but also further explore in-depth values for self-actualization in the process of selfless devotion. 5. The benefits of serious leisure activities do not have a significant impact on the sense of well-being. The result does not match the research result of Yang (2006) and Wu (2006). Diener (1984) points out that subjective well-being is a broad category of phenomena that includes the individual s emotional responses, domain satisfactions, and global judgments of life satisfaction. Each of the specific constructs needs to be understood in their own right, yet the components often correlate substantially and may overlap. Therefore, a possible explanation is that, in the process of participating in sports services, internal and external factors influence individual emotional response, domain satisfactions, and global judgments of life satisfaction; therefore, they influence sports volunteers degree of recognition of well-being. 6. Benefits of serious leisure have partial mediating effects on the relationship between leisure involvement and self-actualization. This result is similar to the inferred relationship established in this study through the relationship between leisure involvement and benefits of serious leisure (Huang, 2005; Yang, 2006; Lin, 2008) and the relationship between benefits of serious leisure and self-actualization (Cordes & Ibrahim, 1999; Xu, 2005). Based on the above discussion, it can be concluded that higher degrees of sports volunteer leisure involvement lead to greater benefits of serious leisure and self-actualization. Conclusion This study aims to investigate the relationships between leisure involvement, benefits of serious leisure, well-being, and the self-actualization of sports volunteers. It selects sports volunteers who participated in the 2011 Changhua National Games as its research objects. The following conclusions are drawn from the research results: 1. Sports volunteer leisure involvement has a significant impact on their sense of well-being. 2. Sports volunteer leisure involvement has a significant impact on their self-actualization. 3. Sports volunteer leisure involvement has a significant impact on benefits of serious leisure. 4. Benefits of serious leisure for sports volunteers have a significant impact on their self-actualization. 5. Benefits of serious leisure for sports volunteers do not have a significant impact on their sense of well-being. 6. Benefits of serious leisure of the sports volunteers have mediating effects on the relationship between leisure involvement and self-actualization. Suggestions Based on the aforementioned analysis, discussion, and conclusions, this study proposes the following suggestions: 1. In terms of sports volunteers management With regard to sports volunteers, this study has found that leisure involvement has significant impacts on benefits of serious leisure and self-actualization. Therefore, sports volunteers can engage in training or workshops to promote their skills and knowledge in order to increase the degree of recognition for action and consciousness when participating in sports services, and to gain self-realization, satisfaction, and the fulfillment of ideals. Sports volunteer managing organizations should establish sound recruiting systems, since nowadays many social sports events, domestic or international major sports games all rely on the assistance provided by sports volunteers. In a sound recruiting system, sufficient 22 The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, Vol. 9, Num. 1, June 2013

12 time and adequate planning are required before the recruitment takes place. Also, subsequent training, development, and maintenance should be organized from the perspective of human resource management. Only by doing so can sports volunteers management organizations fully manage their sports volunteer manpower and allow volunteer workers to fully utilize their expertise, skills, and knowledge in pursuit of self-actualization. 2. In terms of future research Due to limitations in resources, this study only focuses on the sports volunteers who participated in the 2011 National Games. Further research is needed on sports volunteers in other sports events and games to render the research conclusion a higher degree of inference. In terms of methodology, this study employs questionnaires to collect data, which may be limited in truly understand the true feelings of sports volunteers regarding their experience in volunteer work. Future studies are encouraged to engage in semi-structured or open interviews, through which to further understand and interpret the process and experience of the sports volunteers in participating in volunteer work. More in-depth topics may be discovered in this way. REFERENCES Andrew, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1976). Social indications of well-being. New York: Plenum Press. Argyle, M. (1987). The psychology of happiness. New York: Routledge. Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation for structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16, Bentler, P. M. (1995). EQS: Structural equations program manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software Inc. Cordes, K. A., & Ibrahim, H. M. (1999). Application in recreation and leisure for today and the future. NY: McGraw-Hill. Chen, Y.Y. (2008). Dreams Come True A Study of the Process of Self-Actualization on Youth Volunteers. (Unpublished master s thesis). Department of Civic Education and Leadership, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City. Chen, S.Y. (2007). Structural Equation Model. Taipei: Psychological Publishing. Chen, S. Z. (1998). A Study of Cultural Volunteers Career Planning. (Unpublished master s thesis). Department of Adult and Continuing Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City. Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, Fornell, C., & Larcker, F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), Godbey, G. (1994). Leisure in your life: An exploration (4th ed). State College, PA: Venture Publishing, Inc. Gao, J. X. (1995). A Three-Factor Model of Leisure Benefits. Journal of Outdoor Recreation Study, 8(1), Guo, Z. J. (2010). The Study on the Relationship between Social Support, Job Satisfaction and Well-Being for Sports Volunteers In 2010 National Intercollegiate Athletic Games. (Unpublished master s thesis). National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City. Hassmen, P., Koivula, N., & Uutela, A. (2000). Physical exercise and psychological well-being: A population study in Finland. Preventative Medicine, 30(1), Hair, J. F., Tatham, R. L., Anderson,R. E., & Black, W. (1998).Multivariate data analysis with readings, 5th ed., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Havitz, M. E., & Dimanche, F (1997). Leisure involvement revisited: conceptual of conundrums and measure advances. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(3), Han, H.Q. (2003). Retrospect and Perspectives for the Development of Voluntary Services. Journal of the National Museum of History, 26, Huang, R. Y. (2006). The Relationship among Leisure Perception, Leisure Constraint and Self-actualization for Female Students in The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, Vol. 9, Num. 1, June

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