Leisure Motivation of Participants and Nonparticipants in Campus Recreational Sports Programs
|
|
- Elmer Bell
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Leisure Motivation of Participants and Nonparticipants in Campus Recreational Sports Programs By Brent A. Beggs, Ph.D., James E. Stitt, M.S., and Daniel J. Elkins, M.S. The factors that motivate college students to participate in leisure activities play a key role in better understanding participation patterns in campus recreational sports. This study utilized the Leisure Motivation Scale developed by Beard and Ragheb (1983) to determine factors that motivated college students leisure choices. The purpose of this study was to examine motivational differences in students who participated regularly in campus recreational sports and students who did not regularly participate in campus recreational sports. The sample consisted of 631 students from two universities. The results indicated that students who did not participate regularly in campus recreational sports were seeking rewards from their leisure such as rest, escape and solitude, as well as the opportunity to use their imagination and learn. Students who regularly participated in campus recreational sports revealed that they were motivated to participate because of physical activity, challenge, and competition. In addition, differences in gender and overall motivation for leisure participation were examined. Why do students choose to participate in recreational sports programs? What factors contribute to a student choosing not to participate in recreational sports programs such as intramurals, club sports, fitness, and informal sports programs? Are individuals not motivated to participate in recreational sports activities because these traditional programs and services are no longer adequately fulfilling their needs? An understanding of individual motivation, as it relates to participation, will help develop a deeper conceptualization of leisure motivation 65
2 66 RECREATIONAL SPORTS JOURNAL VOL 28 NO 1 in a recreational sports setting and provide valuable information to administrators of recreational sports programs. The concept of motivation refers to forces that initiate, direct, and sustain human behavior (Iso-Ahola, 1999). The model of motivation developed by Mannell and Kleiber (1997) suggests that people possess a multitude of needs, motives, desires or expectations that lead to certain behaviors. Leisure motivation has been studied in a variety of settings by researchers including: London, Crandall, and Fitzgibbons (1977), Tinsley and Kass (1978), Crandall (1980), Mitchell (1983), Hirschman (1984), Deci and Ryan (1985), Iso-Ahola (1989), Driver, Tinsley, and Manfredo (1991), and Ewert (1994). Studies by Iso-Ahola and Allen (1982) and Kanters and Forrester (1997) explore leisure motivation in a campus recreational sports setting. Both studies examined intramural program participants who had participated in different levels of competition. Iso-Ahola and Allen found differences influenced by the nature of participation, individual differences such as gender, and the social setting in which the activity took place. Kanters and Forrester also report differences based on gender and determined that primary motivational factors were social and competency/mastery factors. These factors were derived from the use of the Leisure Motivation Scale (LMS) developed by Beard and Ragheb (1983). The LMS was developed in an attempt to standardize measures of leisure motivation. This scale classifies motives for participation such as intellectual, social, competence/mastery, and stimulus avoidance. The intellectual dimension of leisure motivation refers to mental stimulation such as cognitive learning or the opportunity to use one s imagination. The social component is the need for interpersonal relationships. The competency/mastery factor explains motivation in terms of competition and challenge. The stimulus avoidance dimension refers to escape and restoration.
3 BEGGS, STITT AND ELKINS 67 In addition to the work by Kanters and Forester (1997), the LMS has been used frequently by other researchers to examine leisure motivation. Studies by Lounsbury and Polik (1992), Hsieh (1998), Ryan and Glendon (1998), Murray and Nakajima (1999), Starzyk, Reddon, and Friel (2000), Wickham, Hanson, Shechtman, and Ashton (2000) each used the LMS to measure leisure motivation. Research on motivation in campus recreational sports has focused on regular users of recreational sports programs. Little attention has been given to examining students who are nonusers of recreational sports and this is a research area that needs to be pursued (National Intramural-Recreational Sports Association, 2003). Studying nonparticipant motivations could illuminate gaps in existing recreational sports program offerings and may suggest that a broader array of activities is necessary to attract students who do not currently participate. In addition, if students who are not regular users of campus recreational sports are motivated to participate in leisure activities by different factors than students who are regular users, then marketing strategies could be developed to promote other aspects of campus recreational sports programs. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study was to examine motivational factors (intellectual, social, competency/mastery, and stimulus avoidance) that influenced the participation or nonparticipation of college students in campus recreational sports. Methods Survey research was utilized to collect data. The questionnaire used in this study consisted of two sections. The first section was a demographic section similar to that used by Young, Ross, & Barcelona (2003) in obtaining data on education level, gender, place of residence, marital status, and whether respondents were regular participants in campus recreational sports.
4 68 RECREATIONAL SPORTS JOURNAL VOL 28 NO 1 The second section of the questionnaire consisted of the LMS that focused on motivational factors for participation in leisure activities. This section contained 32 items that subsumed four factors: intellectual, social, competency/mastery, and stimulus avoidance. The items were measured using a five-point Likert scale (1=never true; 5=always true). The overall instrument reliability in this study was 0.92, and the reliability of the subscales ranged between 0.85 and 0.93 indicating a strong measure of reliability. The study was conducted on two college campuses, both located in the Midwest. The campuses varied in size and the campus recreational services offered were also different in scale. Students who participated in the study were selected from classes that offered a sample representative of the university enrollment with regard to gender and education level. The questionnaire was administered in the spring of 2003 to a total sample of 650 students from the two campuses. Results The total number of respondents in the study was 650. Listwise deletion of 19 subjects who failed to properly complete the questionnaire was implemented, reducing the total number of subjects in the analysis to 631. The subjects in the study were analyzed based on gender and whether they were regular participants in campus recreational sports. The strongest indicators of motivation for leisure participation in all subjects were to be active (M=4.34), and to keep in shape physically (M=4.28). Both of these variables were subsumed in the competency/mastery factor of leisure motivation. The items that received the least support as influences in leisure motivation were to slow down (M=2.66), because I like to be alone (M=2.82), and to rest (M=2.99). These variables were subsumed in the stimulus avoidance factor of leisure motivation. In addition, the data was analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and four factors were extracted and rotated using a varimax rotation. As seen in Table 1, the factor that explained the
5 BEGGS, STITT AND ELKINS 69 Table 1: Total Percent of Variance Explained by Motivational Factors Competency/ Social Mastery Avoidance Intellectual Stimulus Grouping Overall Male Female Nonparticipant Participant most overall variance was the competency/mastery factor (31.62%) and the total amount of variance explained by the factor structure was percent. Motivation and Gender Calculation of the Wilks Lambda statistic (0.84) indicates that males and females differed significantly with respect to motivation (χ2 = , p<0.001). The canonical correlation of the discriminant function indicates a moderate relationship between motivation and gender (0.40). As seen in Table 2, univariate F-tests revealed significant differences on 15 of the 32 items. Women were significantly more likely to be motivated to learn about things around me (p=0.04), to learn about myself (p =0.002), to discover new things (p =0.02), and to be creative (p =0.03). These items were subsumed in the intellectual factor. Further analysis of the factor means revealed that women were more likely than men to be motivated by intellectual variables (p=0.03). Factor means also indicated that women were more likely to be motivated to participate in leisure activities by social variables (p<0.001). Women were significantly more motivated to build friendships with others (p <0.001), to interact with others (p <0.001), to develop close relationships (p<0.001), to meet new and different people (p<0.001), and to gain a feeling of belonging (p=0.004). There was also a significant difference in men and women in the stimulus avoidance factor (p<0.001). Women were significantly more motivated to slow down (p=0.04), because I sometimes like to
6 70 RECREATIONAL SPORTS JOURNAL VOL 28 NO 1 be alone (p<0.001), to relax physically (p<0.001), to relax mentally (p=0.01), to rest (p=0.01), and to relieve stress and tension (p=0.02). Examination of the competency/mastery factor revealed no significant difference between men and women. However, men were significantly more motivated by the variable to be good at doing them (p=0.01). Further examination of the factors through PCA indicated that the amount of variance explained by the factors and the factor structure varied by gender (Table 1). The factor that explained the greatest percent of variance for men was the competency/mastery factor (18.55%). The factor that explained the most variance for women was the intellectual factor (15.75%). The social factor explained the least amount of variance in the factor structure for both men (12.52%) and women (11.18%). Motivation and Participation The sample for this phase of the study was based on the measure of regular participation in campus recreational activities established by Young et al. (2003). This determination was reflective of the respondent s answer to the question, have you participated regularly (at least once per week) for a period of two or more months in a recreational sport activity on campus? As with Young et al. (2003), recreational sports activities were defined as any cooperative/competitive activity in the game form participated in voluntarily, such as intramural sports, outdoor adventures, sport clubs, or informal/fitness activities provided by campus recreational services. Calculation of the Wilks Lambda statistic (0.90) indicates that college students who participate regularly in campus recreational sport activities and nonparticipants in campus recreational sport activities differ significantly with respect to motivation (χ2 = , p<0.001). The canonical correlation of the discriminant function indicated a marginal relationship between motivation and regular participation (0.31).
7 BEGGS, STITT AND ELKINS 71 Table 2: Motivation Variables for Participation in Leisure Activities by Gender Male Female Variable M SD M SD p To learn about things around me To satisfy my curiosity To explore new ideas To learn about myself To expand my knowledge To discover new things To be creative To use my imagination To build friendships with others To interact with others To develop close relationships To meet new and different people To reveal my thoughts, feelings, or physical skills to others To be socially competent and skillful To gain a feeling of belonging To gain others respect To challenge my abilities To be good in doing them To improve my skill and ability in doing them To be active To develop physical skills and abilities To keep in shape physically To use my physical abilities To develop physical fi tness To slow down Because I sometimes like to be alone To relax physically To relax mentally To avoid the hustle and bustle of daily activities To rest To relieve stress and tension To unstructured my time Note. 1=Never True, 2=Seldom True, 3=Somewhat True, 4=Often True, 5=Always True Male n=297 Female n=334
8 72 RECREATIONAL SPORTS JOURNAL VOL 28 NO 1 As seen in Table 3, univariate F-tests revealed significant differences on 14 of the 32 items. Students who were not regular participants in recreational sports were significantly more likely to be motivated to explore new ideas (p =0.03), to expand my knowledge (p =0.03), and to discover new things (p=0.01). These items were subsumed in the intellectual factor, which upon further examination of factor means was significantly higher for subjects who did not participate regularly in campus recreational sports (p=0.03). The stimulus avoidance factor mean was also significantly higher for subjects that were not regular participants (p=0.01). Students who indicated that they were not regular participants in campus recreational sports were significantly more likely to be motivated to participate in leisure activities because sometimes I like to be alone (p=0.01), to avoid the hustle and bustle of daily activities (p=0.04), and to rest (p=0.01). Subjects who were regular participants in campus recreational sports were more likely to be motivated by competency/mastery factors such as competition and challenge. As seen in Table 3, the means of all competency/mastery variables were significantly higher for regular participants in recreational sports. The competency/mastery factor mean was also significantly higher for regular participants than those who did not regularly participate in campus recreational sports (p<0.001). Examination of the social factor indicated no significant difference between regular participants and nonparticipants. In addition, none of the variables subsumed in the social factor were significantly different. Further examination of the factors through PCA indicated that the amount of variance explained by the factors and the factor structure varied by regular participation (Table 1). The factor that explained the greatest percent of variance of leisure motivation for those who did not participate regularly was the intellectual factor (17.11%). The factor that explained the most amount of variance of motivation for leisure participation in regular participants was the competency/mastery factor (18.52%).
9 BEGGS, STITT AND ELKINS 73 Table 3: Motivation Variables for Participation in Leisure Activities by Participation Nonparticipant Participant Variable M SD M SD p To learn about things around me To learn about things around me To satisfy my curiosity To explore new ideas To learn about myself To expand my knowledge To discover new things To be creative To use my imagination To build friendships with others To interact with others To develop close relationships To meet new and different people To reveal my thoughts, feelings, or physical skills to others To be socially competent and skillful To gain a feeling of belonging To gain others respect To challenge my abilities To be good in doing them To improve my skill and ability in doing them To be active To develop physical skills and abilities To keep in shape physically To use my physical abilities To develop physical fi tness To slow down Because I sometimes like to be alone To relax physically To relax mentally To avoid the hustle and bustle of daily activities To rest To relieve stress and tension To unstructured my time Note. 1=Never True, 2=Seldom True, 3=Somewhat True, 4=Often True, 5=Always True Nonparticipant n=365 Participant n=266
10 74 RECREATIONAL SPORTS JOURNAL VOL 28 NO 1 The factor that explained the least amount of variance for nonparticipants was the stimulus avoidance factor (12.38%) and the factor that explained the least amount of variance for regular participants was the social factor (10.56%). Discussion The results of this study support previous research by Kanters and Forrester (1997) that variables related to the competence/mastery factor are the most important in leisure participation. Overall, college students are motivated to participate in leisure activities to achieve, master, challenge, and compete. Kanters and Forrester also found that the social factor was significantly more important than other motivational factors. Contrary to those findings, the social factor was of the least importance in this study, indicating that interpersonal relationships are of lesser importance in leisure motivation than the other factors. With regard to gender, this study supports previous research by Iso- Ahola and Allen (1982), Gill (1988), and Gill, Gross, and Huddleston (1983) that suggests that males and females differ in their motivation for leisure participation. Males indicated that the most important motivational factor was the competency/mastery factor. By examining the results of the PCA, it was apparent that the most important motivational factor in leisure participation for females was the intellectual dimension. However, females still report that the competency/mastery was of considerable importance. This indicates that variables related to the competency/mastery such as the desire to achieve, master, challenge, and compete are important to males and females, but females are also strongly motivated to participate by intellectual variables such as mental stimulation, cognitive learning, and the opportunity to use one s imagination. The implications of this finding are important in considering the types of recreational services provided on campus and how recreational services are offered. By offering services that contain activities that are
11 BEGGS, STITT AND ELKINS 75 mentally stimulating or by marketing current services with a focus on intellectual benefits, more females may be likely to participate. The most important component of this study was the examination of students who were not regular users of campus recreational sports. Nearly 58 percent of the subjects indicated that they did not regularly participate in activities offered through campus recreational sports. The high number of students who did not participate regularly in recreational sports could be attributed to differences in motivational factors in overall leisure participation. The findings of this study suggest that nonregular participants are significantly more likely to seek leisure that fulfills their motivational desires for intellect and stimulus avoidance. The student who does not regularly participate in campus recreational sports is seeking experiences that provide escape and restoration and is more likely to seek experiences that allow for learning and exploration. Although significant differences exist between regular participants of recreational sports and nonregular participants, it should be noted that both groups are motivated by competition and challenge. The implications of these findings suggest that professionals should consider differing motivations in creating services and marketing. In addition to offering activities that provide physical challenges, programmers should consider creating leisure activities that provide intellectual benefits or experiences that allow for escape and restoration. In addition, current services that offer these elements could be marketed with an emphasis on the intellectual and stimulus avoidance benefits. Perhaps this approach would attract the many students who do not regularly participate in campus recreational sports. Conclusion Little research exists examining students who do not participate regularly in campus recreational sports. This demographic section of the student population is of great importance as professionals seek to increase leisure participation patterns on campus. There are many ways
12 76 RECREATIONAL SPORTS JOURNAL VOL 28 NO 1 to understand leisure participation, but an understanding of leisure motivation may be the best way to determine why people choose to participate or not participate in campus recreational sports. The findings of this study suggest that the desire for challenge and competition are important motivational factors to all college students. However, female college students seek additional intellectual rewards through leisure participation. Also, students who do not participate regularly in campus recreational sports seek additional benefits from their leisure such as escape and restoration, as well as the opportunity to use their imagination and learn. The results from this study have implications for campus recreational sports providers in the areas of services offered and marketing of services. Further research examining nonusers of campus recreational sports will help to further understand the leisure experience of college students and will enable professionals in campus recreation to better address the recreational needs of college students.
13 BEGGS, STITT AND ELKINS 77 REFERENCES Beard, J.G. & Ragheb, M.G. (1983). Measuring leisure motivation. Journal of Leisure Research, 15, 3, Crandall, R. (1980). Motivations for Leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 12, Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum. Driver, B.L., Tinsley, H.E.A., & Manfredo, M.J. (1991). The paragraphs about leisure and recreation experience preference scales: Results from two inventories designed to assess the breadth of the perceived psychological benefi ts of leisure. In B.L. Driver, P.J. Brown, and G.L. Peterson (Eds.), Benefi ts of Leisure. State College, PA.:Venture. Ewert, A.E. (1994). Playing the edge: Motivation and risk taking behavior in a high-altitude wilderness-like environment. Environment and Behavior, 26, Gill, D. (1988). Gender differences in competitive orientation and sport participation. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 19, Gill, D., Gross, J., & Huddleston, S. (1983). Participation motivation in youth sports. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 14, Hirschman, E.C. (1984). Leisure motives and sex-roles. Journal of Leisure Research, 16, Hsieh, C. (1998). Leisure attitudes, motivation, participation, and satisfaction: Test of a model of leisure behavior. (Doctoral Dissertation, Indiana University, 1998). Dissertation Abstracts International, 59, Iso-Ahola, S.E. (1989). Motivation for leisure. In E.L. Jackson and T.L. Burton (Eds.), Understanding leisure and recreation: Mapping the past, charting the future (pp ). State College, PA.: Venture. Iso-Ahola, S.E. & Allen, J.R. (1982). The dynamics of leisure motivation: The effects of outcome on leisure needs. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 53, 2, Kanters, M.A. & Forrester, S. (1997). The motivations and self-esteem of intramural sports participants. NIRSA Journal, 21, 3-7. London, M., Crandall, R. & Fitzgibbons, D. (1977). The psychological structure of leisure: Activities, needs, people. Journal of Leisure Research, 9, Lounsbury, J.W. and Polik, J.R. (1992). Leisure needs and vacation satisfaction. Leisure Sciences, 14, Mannell, R.C. & Kleiber, D.A. (1997). A social psychology of leisure. State College, PA.: Venture. Maslow, A.H. (1954). Motivation and personality (2nd Edition). New York: Harper and Row Publishers. Mitchell, R.G. (1983). Mountain experience: The psychology and sociology of adventure. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Murray, C. and Nakajima, I. (1999). The leisure motivation of Japanese managers: a research note on scale development. Leisure Studies, 18, National-Intramural and Recreational Sports Association (2003). Suggested topics: Recreational Sports Journal. Retrieved November, 4, 2003, from pubs_journal_topics.htm. Ryan, C. & Glendon, I. (1998). Application of leisure motivation scale to tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 25, 1, Starzyk, K.B., Reddon, J.R. & Friel, J.P. (2000). Need structure, leisure motivation, and psychosocial adjustment among young offenders and high school students. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 31, 1-2, Tinsley, H. and Kass, R. (1978). Leisure activities and need satisfaction: a replication and extension. Journal of Leisure Research, 10, Wickham, S.E., Hanson, C.S., Shechtman, O. & Ashton, C. (2000). A pilot study: attitudes toward leisure and leisure motivation in adults with spinal cord injury. Occupational therapy in health care, 12, 4, Young, S.A, Ross, C.M. & Barcelona. R.J. (2003, April). Perceived constraints by students to participation in campus recreational sport. Paper presented at the meeting of the National-Intramural Recreational Sports Association, Cleveland, OH.
THE MOTlVA'blQNS AND SELF-ESTEEM OF INTRAMURAL SPORTS WWTlClPANBS
THE MOTlVA'blQNS AND SELF-ESTEEM OF INTRAMURAL SPORTS WWTlClPANBS MICHAEL A. KANTERS AND SCOlT FORESTER Facilitating positive experiences is a major goal of all campus recreational sports programs. Campus
More informationThe Contribution of Constraint Negotiation to the Leisure Satisfaction of College Students in Campus Recreational Sports
Recreational Sports Journal, 2007, 31, 107-118 2007 NIRSA Foundation The Contribution of Constraint Negotiation to the Leisure Satisfaction of College Students in Campus Recreational Sports Daniel J. Elkins,
More informationAn Exploratory Motivational Study of Japanese Adventure Based Tourism
Yuka Inui School of Travel Industry Management University of Hawaii at Manoa Jill K. Lankford Sustainable Tourism an the Environment Program (STEP) University of Northern Iowa Samuel V. Lankford School
More informationREEXAMINING THE DIMENSIONALITY OF LEISURE MOTIVATION AND LEISURE SATISFACTION IN A MULTICULTURAL CONTEXT: EVIDENCE FROM MACAU
REEXAMINING THE DIMENSIONALITY OF LEISURE MOTIVATION AND LEISURE SATISFACTION IN A MULTICULTURAL CONTEXT: EVIDENCE FROM MACAU Suh-hee Choi a, *, Xiaoxiao Fu b a Institute for Tourism Studies, Colina de
More informationProcedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 152 ( 2014 ) ERPA A case study on defining leisure time motivation of recreation students
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 152 ( 14 ) 734 739 ERPA 14 A case study on defining leisure time motivation of recreation students Safak
More informationResearch on the Motivation and Satisfaction of Taiwan University Students Participating in Hip-Hop Dancing
International Journal of Sports and Physical Education (IJSPE) Volume 4, Issue 4, 2018, PP 1-8 ISSN 2454-6380 http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2454-6380.0404001 www.arcjournals.org Research on the Motivation
More informationRelations between sports motivation in physical education classes and dropping out of organized kinesiological engagement in adolescence
1 Relations between sports motivation in physical education classes and dropping out of organized kinesiological engagement in adolescence Original scientific paper Zoran Grgantov,, Mirjana Milić*, Boris
More informationCompetitive orientations and motives of adult sport and exercise participants
Competitive orientations and motives of adult sport and exercise participants By: Diane L. Gill, Lavon Williams, Deborah A. Dowd, Christina M. Beaudoin, and Jeffrey J. Martin Gill, D.L., Williams, L.,
More informationRelationships Between Trip Motivations and Selected Variables Among Allegheny National Forest Visitors
Relationships Between Trip Motivations and Selected Variables Among Allegheny National Forest Visitors Alan R. Graefe Brijesh Thapa John J. Confer James D. Absher Abstract To meet visitors needs, managers
More informationAn experience or activity, usually recreational in nature, that contains a travel component and a significant interaction with the natural
A Conceptual Framework of Motivations for Participating in High Risk Adventure Travel Activities Alan Ewert, Ph.D. Indiana University Genesis and Definitions of Adventure Education Etymology: 13 th -
More informationMOTIVATION OF FEMALE SECONDARY STUDENTS TOWARDS PARTICIPATION IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES IN HONG KONG
physical education / Tjelesna i zdravstvena kultura Eric C.K. Tsang Department of Health and Physical Education The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong Original scientific paper MOTIVATION OF FEMALE
More informationVacation Recovery Experiences on Life Satisfaction
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Tourism Travel and Research Association: Advancing Tourism Research Globally 2012 ttra International Conference Vacation Recovery Experiences
More informationGambling, Leisure and Pleasure: Exploring Psychosocial Need Satisfaction in Gambling
Gambling, Leisure and Pleasure: Exploring Psychosocial Need Satisfaction in Gambling Dr. Jonathan Parke, The Gambling Lab, & University of Bangor, Wales Dr. Robert Williams, University of Lethbridge, Alberta
More informationAdaptive Sport as Serious Leisure: Do Self-Determination, Skill Level, and Leisure Constraints Matter?
Adaptive Sport as Serious Leisure: Do Self-Determination, Skill Level, and Leisure Constraints Matter? Jinmoo Heo Youngkhill Lee Neil Lundberg, Bryan McCormick Sanghee Chun Jinmoo Heo, Ph.D. Dept. of Tourism,
More informationReflect on the Types of Organizational Structures. Hierarch of Needs Abraham Maslow (1970) Hierarchy of Needs
Reflect on the Types of Organizational Structures 1 Hierarch of Needs Abraham Maslow (1970) Self- Actualization or Self- Fulfillment Esteem Belonging, Love, and Social Activities Safety and Security Psychological
More informationPerception of Constraints and Strength of Motivation: Their Relationship to Recreational Sport Participation in Greece
Journal of Leisure Research Copyright 1997 1997, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 279-299 National Recreation and Park Association Perception of Constraints and Strength of Motivation: Their Relationship to Recreational
More informationA Longitudinal Study of Recreational Sport Participation and Constraints
Recreational Sports Journal, 2013, 37, 14-28 2013 Nirsa Foundation Official Journal of the NIRSA Foundation www.rsj-journal.com ORIGINAL RESEARCH A Longitudinal Study of Recreational Sport Participation
More informationThe Relationship of Competitiveness and Achievement Orientation to Participation in Sport and Nonsport Activities
The Relationship of Competitiveness and Achievement Orientation to Participation in Sport and Nonsport Activities By: Diane L. Gill, David A. Dzewaltowski, and Thomas E. Deeter Gill, D.L., Dzewaltowski,
More informationMeasuring Motives for Cultural Consumption: A Review of the Literature
American Journal of Applied Psychology, 2015, Vol. 3,. 1, 1-5 Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/ajap/3/1/1 Science and Education Publishing DOI:10.12691/ajap-3-1-1 Measuring Motives for Cultural
More informationA Study of Relationship between Mountaineering Participation Motivation and Risk Perception
International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering Vol:6, No:2, 202 A Study of Relationship between Mountaineering Participation Motivation and Risk
More informationTHE DYNAMICS OF MOTIVATION
92 THE DYNAMICS OF MOTIVATION 1. Motivation is a highly dynamic construct that is constantly changing in reaction to life experiences. 2. Needs and goals are constantly growing and changing. 3. As individuals
More informationMODULE 5 Motivation Definition of Motivation Work Motivation Work Motivation Sources of Motivation
MODULE 5 Motivation Definition of Motivation The psychological meaning of motivation It is the internal mental state of a person which relates to the initiation, direction, persistence, intensity, and
More informationMOTIVATIONS AND SENSATION SEEKING CHARACTERISTICS OF RECREATIONAL STORM CHASERS
MOTIVATIONS AND SENSATION SEEKING CHARACTERISTICS OF RECREATIONAL STORM CHASERS Shuangyu Xu Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism sxdzb@mail.missouri.edu Sonja Wilhelm Stanis, Ph.D. Carla Barbieri,
More informationMotivational Affordances: Fundamental Reasons for ICT Design and Use
ACM, forthcoming. This is the author s version of the work. It is posted here by permission of ACM for your personal use. Not for redistribution. The definitive version will be published soon. Citation:
More informationAlthough physical recreation in Greece and other
INVITED REVIEW TRENDS in Sport Sciences 2016; 1(23): 5-11 ISSN 2299-9590 Investigating relationships between motivation and loyalty in the context of physical recreation ACHILLEAS BARLAS, CHARILAOS KOUTHOURIS
More informationA Study of the Influence of College Students Exercise and Leisure Motivations on the Leisure Benefits Using Leisure Involvement as a Moderator
A Study of the Influence of College Students Exercise and Leisure Motivations on the Leisure Benefits Using Leisure Involvement as a Moderator Chiung-En Huang, Cheng-Yu Tsai, Shane-Chung Lee Digital Open
More informationA Modification to the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire to Include an Assessment of Amotivation
JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY, 2004, 26, 191-196 2004 Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc. A Modification to the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire to Include an Assessment of Amotivation
More informationCorrelation Study between Positive Emotion and Leisure Negotiation
Correlation Study between Positive Emotion and Leisure Negotiation Sheng-Fong Chen Instructor, Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science
More informationValue Differences Between Scientists and Practitioners: A Survey of SIOP Members
Value Differences Between Scientists and Practitioners: A Survey of SIOP Members Margaret E. Brooks, Eyal Grauer, Erin E. Thornbury, and Scott Highhouse Bowling Green State University The scientist-practitioner
More informationLeisure or Work?: Amateur and Professional Musicians' Perception of Rehearsal and Performance
Journal of Leisure Research Copyright 1996 1996, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 44-56 National Recreation and Park Association Leisure or Work?: Amateur and Professional Musicians' Perception of Rehearsal and Performance
More informationGill, D.L. (1986). Competitiveness among females and males in physical activity classes. Sex Roles, 15,
Competitiveness Among Females and Males in Physical Activity Classes By: Diane L. Gill Gill, D.L. (1986). Competitiveness among females and males in physical activity classes. Sex Roles, 15, 233-257. Made
More informationSyllabus. Subject: Psychology and Motivation of leisure time. Credits: 6 ECTS. Program: Bachelor Degree in Tourism and Leisure
Syllabus Subject: Psychology and Motivation of leisure time Credits: 6 ECTS Program: Bachelor Degree in Tourism and Leisure Subject Typology: Compulsory Module: Fundamentals of Leisure Code: 2016_10_A_EN_190008
More informationConsumer behavior aspects of snowboarding in Greece: an examination of participants motives, constraints and attachment to the skiing resort
CONSUMER BEHAVIOR ASPECTS OF SNOWBOARDING IN GREECE... ORIGINAL PAPER TRENDS in Sport Sciences 2013; 1(20): 41-46. ISSN 2299-9590 Consumer behavior aspects of snowboarding in Greece: an examination of
More informationTowson University Center for Adults with Autism Towson, MD Adventure Pursuits for Adults with Autism
Towson University Center for Adults with Autism Towson, MD www.towson.edu/chp/caasd Adventure Pursuits for Adults with Autism Project Coordinator: Lisa Crabtree, PhD, OTR/L, Towson University Center for
More informationPREFERRED MODALITY INFLUENCES ON EXERCISE-
Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (2005) 4, 195-200 http://www.jssm.org Research article PREFERRED MODALITY INFLUENCES ON EXERCISE- INDUCED MOOD CHANGES Andrew M. Lane 1, Andrew Jackson 2 and Peter
More informationArticles. Sport motivation, intrapersonal constraints, recreational sport partici- pation
Journal of Leisure Research Copyright 2002 2002, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 233-252 National Recreation and Park Association Articles Perceived Constraints on Recreational Sport Participation: Investigating their
More informationEffect of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation on Academic Performance
Effect of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation on Academic Performance Nadia Ayub Education & Social Sciences Institute of Business Management nadia.ayub@iobm.edu.pk Abstract The aim of the present study
More informationIntrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI)
Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) Scale Description The Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) is a multidimensional measurement device intended to assess participantsõ subjective experience related to
More informationJob Choice and Post Decision Dissonance1
ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN PERFORMANCE 13, 133-145 (1975) Job Choice and Post Decision Dissonance1 EDWARD E. LAWLER III University of Michigan WALTER J. KULECK, JR. University of Michigan JOHN GRANT
More informationThe Nature of the Nature Traveller. by Anne Kerr
The Nature of the Nature Traveller by Anne Kerr Anne Kerr 2001 The wildlife tourism market Figure 1: Wildlife Tourism: (Reynolds & Braithwaite, 2001) Human relations with animals Consumptive use of wildlife
More informationRevising Importance-Performance Analysis combined with Regression Model: Applied to Seniors Travel Motivations
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Tourism Travel and Research Association: Advancing Tourism Research Globally 2012 ttra International Conference Revising Importance-Performance
More informationStability and Change of Adolescent. Coping Styles and Mental Health: An Intervention Study. Bernd Heubeck & James T. Neill. Division of Psychology
Stability and Change of Adolescent Coping Styles and Mental Health: An Intervention Study Bernd Heubeck & James T. Neill Division of Psychology The Australian National University Paper presented to the
More informationAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH Volume 4, Number 1 Submitted: August 20, 2008 Revisions: October 16, 2008 Accepted: October 17, 2008 Publication Date: October 20, 2008 Start Today or the Very
More informationThe Reasons And Motivation For Pre-Service Teachers Choosing To Specialise In Primary Physical Education Teacher Education
Australian Journal of Teacher Education Volume 39 Issue 5 Article 1 2014 The Reasons And Motivation For Pre-Service Teachers Choosing To Specialise In Primary Physical Education Teacher Education Sharna
More informationThe Impact of Visualization and Expectation on Tourists Emotion and Satisfaction at the Destination
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Tourism Travel and Research Association: Advancing Tourism Research Globally 2012 ttra International Conference The Impact of Visualization
More informationIs Leisure Theory Needed For Leisure Studies?
Journal of Leisure Research Copyright 2000 2000, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 138-142 National Recreation and Park Association Is Leisure Theory Needed For Leisure Studies? KEYWORDS: Mark S. Searle College of Human
More informationLife Quality and Job Satisfaction: A Case Study on Job Satisfaction of Bike Participants in Chiayi County Area
Life Quality and Job Satisfaction: A Case Study on Job Satisfaction of Bike Participants in Chiayi County Area Chin-Tsai Kuo, Associate Professor, Office of Physical Education, Nanhua University, Taiwan
More informationMARKET SEGMENTATION USING PERCEIVED CONSTRAINTS
MARKET SEGMENTATION USING PERCEIVED CONSTRAINTS Jinhee Jun Texas A&M University 2261 TAMU College Station, TX 77843-2261 jjun@tamu.edu Gerard T. Kyle Texas A&M University Andrew J. Mowen Penn State University
More informationInfluencing Individuals Decisions about Participating in Intramural Sports. Multiple Groups Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Motivational Factors
Multiple Groups Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Motivational Factors Influencing Individuals Decisions about Participating in Intramural Sports D.O.I: http:dx.doi.org/10.4127/ch.2012.0073 K. Rickel
More informationFactors Influencing Undergraduate Students Motivation to Study Science
Factors Influencing Undergraduate Students Motivation to Study Science Ghali Hassan Faculty of Education, Queensland University of Technology, Australia Abstract The purpose of this exploratory study was
More informationOsteopathic Medicine Unit, School of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Victoria University, Melbourne
Ms Jane MULCAHY Osteopathic Medicine Unit, School of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Victoria University, Melbourne A Measure of Meaningful Daily Activity as an Additional Outcome Measure to Develop
More informationTrait motivational correlates of athleticism
Personality and Individual Differences 30 (2001) 1139±1145 www.elsevier.com/locate/paid Trait motivational correlates of athleticism Steven Reiss *, James Wiltz, Michael Sherman Ohio State University,
More informationC H A P T E R. Leadership. Chapter 9: Leadership
C H A P T E R 9 Leadership Chapter 9: Leadership A boss creates fear, a leader confidence. A boss fixes blame, a leader corrects mistakes. A boss knows all, a leader asks questions. A boss makes work
More informationTHE INFLUENCE OF UNCONSCIOUS NEEDS ON COLLEGE PROGRAM CHOICE
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Tourism Travel and Research Association: Advancing Tourism Research Globally 2007 ttra International Conference THE INFLUENCE OF UNCONSCIOUS
More informationPredictors of Avoidance of Help-Seeking: Social Achievement Goal Orientation, Perceived Social Competence and Autonomy
World Applied Sciences Journal 17 (5): 637-642, 2012 ISSN 1818-4952 IDOSI Publications, 2012 Predictors of Avoidance of Help-Seeking: Social Achievement Goal Orientation, Perceived Social Competence and
More informationChin-Tsai Kuo, Associate Professor, Office of Physical Education, Nanhua University, Taiwan ABSTRACT
A study on Participation Motivation in Exercise, Leisure Constraints, Life Quality, and Job Satisfaction of joggers A case of joggers in Chiayi County and City Chin-Tsai Kuo, Associate Professor, Office
More informationTOURISTS' CHARACTERISTICS AND MOTIVATIONS IN ATTENDING FESTIVALS AND EVENTS: A STUDY IN TEXAS
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Tourism Travel and Research Association: Advancing Tourism Research Globally 2007 ttra International Conference TOURISTS' CHARACTERISTICS
More informationAm. J. Life. Sci. Res. Vol. 1, Issue 4, , 2013
2013, World of Researches Publication Am. J. Life. Sci. Res. Vol. 1, Issue 4, 200-208, 2013 American Journal of Life Science Researches www.worldofresearches.com The Study of the Relationship between Life
More informationA study on the effects of exercise motivation of the elderly people on euphoria
Original Article Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation 2017;13(4):387-392 A study on the effects of exercise motivation of the elderly people on euphoria Ah-Ra Oh 1, Eun-Surk Yi 2, * 1 Department of Physical
More informationSUBSCALE DEFINITION LOW SCORE HIGH SCORE. Good Attachment Good relationships with others Hostile toward authority Positive attitude toward authority
Interpreting HPI SUBSCALEs The Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI) is a measure of normal personality. It provides detailed information regarding the bright side of personality: characteristics that facilitate
More informationStudy and analysis of inhibitory factors of female students for participation in recreational sport activities
Available online at www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com European Journal of Experimental Biology, 2012, 2 (4):1245-1249 ISSN: 2248 9215 CODEN (USA): EJEBAU Study and analysis of inhibitory of female students
More informationInstrumental activity in achievement motivation1. Department of Child Study, Faculty of Home Economics, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112
Japanese Psychological Research 1981, Vol.23, No.2, 79-87 Instrumental activity in achievement motivation1 MISAKO MIYAMOTO2 Department of Child Study, Faculty of Home Economics, Japan Women's University,
More informationTITLE OF THE ARTICLE: ASSESSING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMOTIONAL QUOTIENT AND FRIENDSHIP QUOTIENT AMONG YOUTH OF JAMMU CITY, J&K, INDIA
TITLE OF THE ARTICLE: ASSESSING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMOTIONAL QUOTIENT AND FRIENDSHIP QUOTIENT AMONG YOUTH OF JAMMU CITY, J&K, INDIA DR. SARIKA MANHAS*; MS. TAZIM AKHTER** *ASSTT. PROF, P.G.DEPTT.
More informationCHAPTER II CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
CHAPTER II CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 2.0.0 INTRODUCTION The details about introduction, rationale of the present study, statement of the problem objectives of the study, hypotheses of the study, delimitation
More informationCompetitive Anxiety and Coping Strategies in Young Martial Arts and Track and Field Athletes
Journal of Human Kinetics volume 27/2011, 180-189 DOI: 10.2478/v10078-011-0014-0 180 Section III Sport, Physical Education & Recreation Competitive Anxiety and Coping Strategies in Young Martial Arts and
More informationHousing, good or poor, has a deep and last effect on all people. We shape our buildings, and then they shape us.
Housing, good or poor, has a deep and last effect on all people. We shape our buildings, and then they shape us. Housing Any dwelling that provides shelter Refers to what is within and near the shelter
More informationRunning head: EXPECTANCY FOR SUCCESS AND SELF-REINFORCEMENT 1
Running head: EXPECTANCY FOR SUCCESS AND SELF-REINFORCEMENT 1 The relationship between gender, study habits, plans after college and Generalized Expectancy for Success and Frequency of Self-Reinforcement
More informationExploring the role of motivation on the development of sport involvement
Int. J. Sport Management and Marketing, Vol. 12, Nos. 1/2, 2012 57 Exploring the role of motivation on the development of sport involvement Konstantinos Alexandris Department of PE and Sport Science, Aristotle
More informationRuffalo Noel-Levitz Student Satisfaction Inventory Results: All Students Gallaudet University Spring 2018 Report
Ruffalo Noel-Levitz Student Satisfaction Inventory Results: All Students Gallaudet University Spring 2018 Report Student Success and Academic Quality Office of Institutional Research August 03, 2018 Gallaudet
More informationThe role of intrinsic motivation in the academic pursuits of nontraditional students
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264654665 The role of intrinsic motivation in the academic pursuits of nontraditional students
More informationSOURCE CREDIBILITY AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FIREWISE INFORMATION
SOURCE CREDIBILITY AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FIREWISE INFORMATION Alan D. Bright Department of Natural Resource Recreation and Tourism Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO 80523-1480 abright@warnercnr.colostate.edu
More informationof Technology, Sydney
Motivations for Sports Volunteerism and Intention to Volunteer Paul Wang, University of Technology, Sydney Abstract This paper examines the relationships between motivations for sports volunteerism and
More informationThe Tourist s Motivation. Tourism Structure and Products
The Tourist s Motivation Tourism Structure and Products Introduction Such travel motivation studies include consumer motivation, decision-making, product satisfaction, overall acceptability of holiday
More informationGill, D.L. (1992). Status of the Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 14, 1-12.
Status of the Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 1985-1990 By: Diane L. Gill Gill, D.L. (1992). Status of the Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 1985-1990. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology,
More informationHuman Motivation and Emotion
Human Motivation and Emotion 46-332-01 Dr. Fuschia Sirois Lecture 7 Sept. 28, 2006 Lecture 8 Oct. 3, 2006 Types of Motivation INTRINSIC strive inwardly to be competent and self-determining in their quest
More informationTreks n Rapids: Identifying Motivational Factors for Adventure Sports
American Journal of Economics and Business Administration 2 (2): 172-178, 2010 ISSN 1945-5488 2010 Science Publications Treks n Rapids: Identifying Motivational Factors for Adventure Sports 1 Kshitij Saxena
More informationTHE EFFECTS OF PERCEIVED LEISURE CONSTRAINTS AMONGKOREAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS. Sae-SookOh
THE EFFECTS OF PERCEIVED LEISURE CONSTRAINTS AMONGKOREAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS Sae-SookOh Ph.D. Candidate in Leisure Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 Sei-Yi Oh Instructor
More informationDevelopment of an Instrument to Measure Flow Experience in Computer Game Play
Association for Information Systems AIS Electronic Library (AISeL) SIGHCI 2011 Proceedings Special Interest Group on Human-Computer Interaction 2011 Development of an Instrument to Measure Flow Experience
More informationDispositional Flow State among Open Skill Athletes: A Predictor and Quantification of Sport Performance
International Journal of Science Culture and Sport March 2018 : 6(1) ISSN : 2148-1148 Doi : 10.14486/IntJSCS713 Dispositional Flow State among Open Skill Athletes: A Predictor and Quantification of Sport
More informationProposing Leisure Activity Participation and Its Antecedents: A Conceptual Model
Proposing Leisure Activity Participation and Its Antecedents: A Conceptual Model Shih-Hsiu Lin Graduate School of Health Science, Management and Pedagogy, Southwestern University, Cebu City, Philippines
More informationAdvances In Management Vol. 11 (1) March (2018)
Case Study: A Study of Recreational Participation Motivation, Serious Leisure and Recreational Specialization in Tennis Participants Chih-Peng Tsai Education Department of Sport, National Changhua University
More informationPLAYERS PERCEPTION AND PREFERANCE OF LEADERSHIP STYLES ACROSS PLAYING POSITION OF FOOTBALL PREMIER LEAGUE CLUBS IN ETHIOPIA
PLAYERS PERCEPTION AND PREFERANCE OF LEADERSHIP STYLES ACROSS PLAYING POSITION OF FOOTBALL PREMIER LEAGUE CLUBS IN ETHIOPIA Milkyas Bassa Mukulo Ph.D. Research Scholar, Andhra University, Department of
More informationPSYCHOSOCIAL AND PHYSICAL BENEFITS OF EXERCISE AMONG RURAL SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
European Review of Applied Sociology Vol. 8, No. 11, Year 2015 ISSN: 2286-2102 E-ISSN: 2286-2552 PSYCHOSOCIAL AND PHYSICAL BENEFITS OF EXERCISE AMONG RURAL SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS 1 Alliance Kubayi NTWANANO
More informationThe Influence of Type of Sport and Time of Season on Athletes' Use of Imagery
The Sport Psychologist, 1998,12,440-449 O 1998 Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc. The Influence of Type of Sport and Time of Season on Athletes' Use of Imagery Krista Munroe, Craig Hall, and Sharon Simms
More informationParticipation Motives in Leisure Center Physical Activities
December, 2002 Volume 4, Issue 3 Participation Motives in Leisure Center Physical Activities Elianne M. Trembath, Attila Szabo, and Michael J. Baxter The Nottingham Trent University Nottingham, United
More informationApplying Leisure 101 to Simplify and Complicate BDSM
63 Applying Leisure 101 to Simplify and Complicate BDSM D J Williams, PhD Idaho State University Center for (Los Angeles) Emily E. Prior, MA College of the Canyons Center for (Los Angeles) Recently, there
More informationPersonal Wellness Challenge. Spring 2016 Flex Presentation Dianne Avelar Katie Dowling Marcella Meier
Personal Wellness Challenge Spring 2016 Flex Presentation Dianne Avelar Katie Dowling Marcella Meier Think of your experience with FLAT TIRES A flat tire Makes it difficult to steer straight Makes a bumpy
More informationGetting Active Outdoors
Getting Active Outdoors Slide pack for dissemination of the outdoors insight by workshop delegates Getting Active Outdoors report page numbers are referenced in the bottom left corner of each slide. Getting
More informationEvaluation of Life Skills, a Model Illness Management and Recovery Program. Mona Goldman, Ph.D. and Nancy Mann, RN. Final Report.
Evaluation of Life Skills, a Model Illness Management and Recovery Program Introduction Mona Goldman, Ph.D. and Nancy Mann, RN Final Report October 25, 2006 Illness management and recovery are now recognized
More informationValidity and Reliability of Sport Satisfaction
International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences 2014 Available online at www.irjabs.com ISSN 2251-838X / Vol, 8 (10): 1782-1786 Science Explorer Publications Validity and Reliability of Sport
More informationDevelopment of a Measure: Reasons of Social Networking Sites Use
Modern Applied Science; Vol. 10, No. 6; 2016 ISSN 1913-1844 E-ISSN 1913-1852 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Development of a Measure: Reasons of Social Networking Sites Use Samira
More informationThe Fitness and Wellness IQ: Measuring College Student Learning in Campus Recreation Fitness and Wellness Programs
The Journal of SPORT Volume 1 Issue 1 Article 4 2012 The Fitness and Wellness IQ: Measuring College Student Learning in Campus Recreation Fitness and Wellness Programs Paul Rohe Milton Ashland University
More informationExtrinsic Risk Factors Inappropriate Coaching Or Instruction
Extrinsic Risk Factors Inappropriate Coaching Or Instruction Personal Reasons for Coaching and Personal Philosophy Risk Management be responsible for themselves and their abilities, not for all the other
More informationA Comparison of Competitive-Orientation Measures
Wayne State University Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies College of Education 7-1-1991 A Comparison of Competitive-Orientation Measures Diane L. Gill University of North Carolina at Greensboro Betty
More informationMotives for Practicing Active Sport Tourism by Students of Tourism and Recreation Degree Course
Motives for Practicing Active Sport Tourism by Students of Tourism and Recreation Degree Course Jarosław Cholewa, Rajmund Tomik, Miłosz Witkowski, Bogusława Hawryluk To Link this Article: http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v8-i7/4389
More informationABSTRACT. Keywords: Sport participation, perceived barriers; international students ISSN:
Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum. 20 (1): 197-203 (2012) ISSN: 0128-7702 Universiti Putra Malaysia Press Perceived Barriers to Recreation Sport Participation in University Students: A Comparison between International
More informationTHE RELATION GOAL ORIENTATION WITH COMPETITIVE STATE ANXIETY IN INDIVIDUAL AND TEAM ATHLETES OF CHAMPIONSHIP SPORT CENTERS OF TEHRAN CITY
THE RELATION GOAL ORIENTATION WITH COMPETITIVE STATE ANXIETY IN INDIVIDUAL AND TEAM ATHLETES OF CHAMPIONSHIP SPORT CENTERS OF TEHRAN CITY *Tooraj Mohammadzamani 1 and Sedighe Azizi 2 Department of Physical
More informationFormation of Tourist Behavioral Intention and Actual Behavior
Formation of Tourist Behavioral Intention and Actual Behavior Cathy H.C. Hsu 1, Songshan (Sam) Huang 2 1 School of Hotel and Tourism Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
More informationInvestigation of Attitude toward Coaching of Male and Female Athletes
2015; 1(8): 707-711 ISSN Print: 2394-7500 ISSN Online: 2394-5869 Impact Factor: 5.2 IJAR 2015; 1(8): 707-711 www.allresearchjournal.com Received: 01-06-2015 Accepted: 03-07-2015 Dr. Raj Kumar Sharma Grade-I
More informationKeywords: action sports: action sports participatory fandom: participant motivations: multiple group confirmatory factor analysis.
348 Int. J. Sport Management and Marketing, Vol. 3, No. 4, 2008 Multiple groups confirmatory factor analysis of the motivational factors affecting individuals' decisions about participating in action sports
More information