Reliability & Validity: Qt RD & Ql RD. Neuman (2003: Chap. 7: , esp )
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1 Reliability & Validity: Qt RD & Ql RD Neuman (2003: Chap. 7: , esp )
2 Reliability: Common Sense & Qt RD In common sense English the term reliable means dependable, predictable In Qt RD reliability refers to: Stability over time Representativeness across subgroups Equivalence across indicators
3 Types of Qt Reliability Stability Reliability Test-retest method Representative Reliability Sub-population analysis Equivalence Reliability = where multiple indicators are being used Split half method Inter-coder reliability
4 Reliability: Ql RD In Ql RD the emphasis is on dependability with regard to consistency Ql RD encourages stability in the ways in which something is being studied Ql research does not emphasize reliability in quite the same way nor to quite the same degree as Qt RD Validity is more important in Ql RD than reliability per se since reliability is assumed to emerge as a result of intensive study
5 Qt RD & Types of Validity Face = scientific community - Interpretant Content = Is the full definition being met? Criterion = Is the standard being met? Concurrent = Other indicators or measures, too? Predictive = Does the indicator predict behavior? Construct = Are the multiple indicators accurate within a clear operational def.? Convergent = They hang together & make sense. Discriminant = They diverge from one another in the manner one assumes should be the case.
6 Internal & External Validity Internal Validity = no errors internal to the design of the project (RD is good) Internal Validity mainly refers to strict Qt RD, Experimental Design (e.g. TED) External Validity = valid generalizations can be made for the world outside of the lab; findings can be generalized to ordinary life situations Again, primarily used in Experimental Design, but sometimes used by extension to cover both Qt RD and Ql RD
7 Authenticity in Ql RD The key to validity in Qualitative Research Design is the notion of giving a fair, honest, and balanced account. This is often called authenticity and it means that the researcher is telling the truth in an authentic manner A Ql study should be a candid account: the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth! What is really going on here (& now)? Ecological validity in field work & ethnography is whether the whole field (eco-unit) is present
8 Conceptualization of Constructs In Qt RD the conceptualization of the constructs lends itself easily to variables and the jump from concept to numerical measurement is not as rigorously questioned. In Ql RD the conceptualization of the constructs does not usually lend itself easily to variables in the strict sense and the leap from concept to numerical measurement is more rigorously questioned. Hence, what is clearly interval in Qt RD may be regarded as more ordinal in Ql RD
9 How important are all the terms? There are many fine-grained distinctions that are made in the discussion of reliability and validity For a student in an introductory course the subpoints are not as important as the main thrust of the discussion Low Reliability and Low Validity = All over the board, with no clear idea of what is going on High Reliability but Low Validity = you get the same results but they may actually miss the mark; you may simply be repeating errors! High Reliability and High Validity = Bull s Eye!
10 Type I Error Type I Error occurs when a researcher says that a relationship exists, when in fact none exists (e.g. yelling Fire! ). Hence, it means falsely rejecting the null hypothesis (or, hypotheses) In most cases the null hypothesis states that no relationship exists Type I also means falsely accepting the research hypothesis (or, hypotheses)
11 Type II Error Here, instead of falsely accepting a hypothesis we falsely reject it! There is a fire in the building, but we fail to call out: Fire! (like recent Rhode Island fire where one hundred people died). We falsely reject the hypothesis and accept the null hypothesis. We falsely accept the null hypothesis.
12 False Positive & False Negative The same concept as Type I and Type II Errors occurs in everyday life If a jury decides that a person is guilty of a crime (when in fact she or he is innocent) or If a jury decides that a person is innocent of a crime(when in fact she or she is guilty) Then that is very similar; it depends on our criterion for guilty versus innocent: innocent until proven guilty (high level of significance) or guilty until proven innnocent (low level of significance) Valid results must be viewed in this context, too!
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