Introduction to Action Dynamics

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1 Introduction to Action Dynamics What can how we behave tell us about why we are behaving? Denis O Hora NUI Galway CORE Complex Systems Research Centre

2 Action Dynamics? How action changes over time Action within a response, e.g, mouse-tracking, fingertracking How we behave

3 Action Dynamics?

4 Linguistics - Phonology Click the Candy Spivey, M. J., Grosjean, M., & Knoblich, G. (2005). Continuous attraction toward phonological competitors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(29), doi: /pnas

5 Linguistics - Syntax Put the apple on the towel in the box attraction Farmer, T., Cargill, S., Hindy, N., Dale, R., & Spivey, M.J. (2007). Tracking the continuity of language comprehension: Computer-mouse trajectories suggest parallel syntactic processing. Cognitive Science, 31, doi: /

6 Racial Implicit Attitudes attraction attraction Wojnowicz, M. T., Ferguson, M. J., Dale, R., & Spivey, M. J. (2009). The self-organization of explicit attitudes. Psychological Science, 20(11), doi: /j x

7 Face Processing Freeman, J. B., Dale, R., & Farmer, T. a. (2011). Hand in motion reveals mind in motion. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 59. doi: /fpsyg

8 Cognitive/Neural Explanations Dale, R., Kehoe, C., & Spivey, M. J. (2007). Graded motor responses in the time course of categorizing atypical exemplars. Memory & Cognition, 35(1), Retrieved from Freeman, J. B., Ambady, N., Midgley, K. J., & Holcomb, P. J. (2011). The real-time link between person perception and action: Brain potential evidence for dynamic continuity. Social Neuroscience, 6(2), doi: / Figure 5. Grand-average LRPs for typical and atypical faces of Study 1. The LRP for atypical faces grows larger in size than the LRP for typical faces, indicating greater competition between the motor cortices.

9 How we behave How we behave Partial representations or potentials for action compete for expression This competition is observable in our behaviour Can this inform why we behave?

10 Mindpixel Examples Does gravity suck? 0.38 Do all humans have the same level of consciousness? 0.1 Can a bottle of beer talk? 0.0

11 YES NO Should you brush your teeth everyday? Probability: 1.0

12 YES NO Is a thousand more than a billion? Probability: 0.0

13 YES NO Does J come after K in the alphabet? Probability: 0.1

14 300 Y-coordinate X-coordinate Yes No McKinstry et al., 2008

15 Input Output Winner only Traditional View

16 Input Partial evaluations influence response(s) Output Action Dynamics Leakage from evaluation into output

17 300 Y-coordinate Partial evaluations influence response(s) X-coordinate Yes No McKinstry et al., 2008

18 Learning & Decision Making Buridan s Ass (Killeen, 1992) 2m 2m??

20 e High Low x High Low z Low High & Low High

21 Reward Structure & Decisions Experiment 1 (1.4, n = 34) Experiment 3 (4, n = 55) M(low) = 5 points M(low) = 5 points M(high) = 7 points M(high) = 20 points Experiment 2 (2, n = 37) Decision Types M(low) = 5 points 36 Decisions M(high) = 10 points 24 High/Low, 6 High/High, 6 Low/Low in random order

22 "Click the candy." y pixels start x pixels

23 Trajectories and Decision Space

24 Decision Space 1st 12 decisions 3rd 12 decisions

25 How to Why How we behave is an expression in space, time and behaviour of why we behave We interpret slower responses that vacillate between options as less certain We interpret responses that shy from an option as fearful or anxious Action dynamics is an attempt to provide access to this vacillation process - a read

26 Thanks Rick Dale Petri Piiroinen Fionnuala Connolly Jon Freeman O Hora, D., Dale, R., Piiroinen, P. T., & Connolly, F. (2013). Local dynamics in decision making: The evolution of preference within and across decisions. Scientific Reports, 3. doi: /srep02210

Hand movements reveal the time-course of shape and pigmentation processing in face categorization

DOI 10.3758/s13423-011-0097-6 Hand movements reveal the time-course of shape and pigmentation processing in face categorization Jonathan B. Freeman & Nalini Ambady # Psychonomic Society, Inc. 2011 Abstract