CHAPTER III LITERARY REVIEW

Transcription

1 CHAPTER III LITERARY REVIEW A. Previous Study A Drama entitled The Death of Salesman written by Arthur Miller is a phenomenon of American Drama, published in Based on the object researched, Drama the Death of Salesman has ever been researched by the other researcher. The research is Psikoanalisis Peran Willy Loman Berdasarkan Naskah Drama the Death of Salesman karya Arthur Miller. It was conducted by Neziala Elsa Raudhina. The research concerns on psychological analysis of internal conflict through to Willy as the main character. Then, the theory of Dream by Sigmund Freud had been research in another object of research. The object using Freud s theory was Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights. It was conducted by Nurul Fauziah thesis entitled Kebencian dan Halusinansi yang Disebabkan Oleh Cinta Dalam Novel WUTHERING HEIGHTS karya Emily Bronte in This research is different from both of them. In this research, the researcher chooses the drama The Death of Salesman to be analyzed by psychological approach of theory of dream by Sigmund Freud.

2 B. Theoretical Review 1. Structural Study Structural theory is intrinsic elements that needed to analyze literary works, such as Prose, Drama and Poetry. In this research, the researcher analyzes the structural approach of Drama titled The Death of Salesman written by Arthur Miller. The intrinsic elements of Drama are character and characterization, setting, plot, dialog, and theme. The researcher only focuses on Character and Characterization of intrinsic element in this research. a. Character A character is the subject that has important role and supports the story, while the way of an author describes the character called as characterization (Aminuddin, 1987:79). Boulton cited by Aminuddin stated that there are various ways to describe characters. The author may describe the characters as a subject that exists only in illusion and has high spirit of struggle to survive the life. Furthemore, an author describes a character that has almost similar ways with a person in real human life (1988:79). Aminuddin also states that there are several kinds of characters with their own roles. The character who has important roles in a story called the main character. While, the characters who appears to complete and service the main character is called supporting character. Then, the protagonist character

3 is the character that is loved by the reader because he/she has good characteristics, behavior, and attitude. On the other hand, the antagonist character is the character that always hated by the readers because he/she has bad characteristics and attitude (Aminuddin, 1988: 80). Besides, there are also simple, complex, dynamic, and static characters. Generally, a simple character is a supporting character who does not have complex problem in his/her appearance. Meanwhile, the complex character is the character that has a complex problem in his/her appearance in a story and usually happens to the main character. In addition, to both of simple and complex character, there are dynamic and static characters. The dynamic/round character is the character that has changing and developing in his/her heart in his/her performance in a story. While, the static/flat character is the character that has no significance of changing and developing in his/her heart in his/her performance in a story (Aminuddin, 1988:80-83). b. Characterization Characterization is the way how the author describes the characters. There are nine ways to analyze the characterization based on Aminuddin (1988:81), those are: 1. The description of characteristics of the character which is explained by the author directly.

4 2. The description which is given by the author through the description of character s environment, 3. The description of character s attitude, 4. The description of how character s opinion about herself/himself, 5. Understanding how the way of thinking of the character, 6. The description of how the other characters talk about the main character, 7. The description of how the other characters are talking to the main character, 8. The description of how the other characters give responding to the main character, and 9. The description of how the main character responds the other characters. 2. Psychological Theory In the psychological literature, literature is an expression of the soul through language where literature cannot be separated from the psychological or psychiatric aspects of a person that raged in the literature (Suwardi, 2008:86). It can be explained that literature concerns on the human life which is closely related to personality conditions. Someone s personality is shown to identify personal character and also person s psychological condition. It is influenced by someone s experiences. Sigmund Freud stated that person s psychological condition due to mental imbalance and also the presence of an

5 inner conflict will lead to stress or depression. It occurs because of an error in the emotional adjustment problems where the problems itself resulted in anxiety because of a conflict that cannot be solved. Likewise, it s the same thing when a person has a desire in his life where the desire is actually results in failures that make a person lives in anxiety. It is a cause of hallucination happened to someone, in which hallucination is a symptom in patients with mental disorder in which a person is in a conscious state without any real stimulation of the senses ( Thus, the researcher applies Theory of Dream by Sigmund Freud based on the Psychology of Literature book titled Karya Sastra, Metode, Teori, dan Contoh Kasus by Albertine Minderop. In this theory is explained that Dreams is someone s ambition to reach something that he/she expected in life. Freud links literature with dreams. Literature and Dreams is considered to give satisfaction indirectly. Dream as a text that pointing at something different through symbols itself. Freud also states that there are specific equation between dream and unhealthy state. For instance, that is severe psychosis hallucinations. Hallucinations arise because of a desire that cannot be realized. Freud was convinced that this condition also occurs in dreams (Eagleton, 1996:437). 3. History of American Dream The history of American Dream is at least also used to support in explanation about the extrinsic elements of this research. The history of

6 American Dream came from the first time was finding America where the meaning itself is about a hope to looking for to be better life before in America, the hope to be better from everyone was different from other people. As it had been states by James Truslow Adams, an author of a series of popular books on American history. Adams called in the epilogue of the Epic of America that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for every man that is American people will try to hard work to reach what they expected, but sometimes it is defines in term of money. Religious transformation, politic reformation, education achievement, sexual expressions have also change and competed for the status of common sense for people in that era and there are three represents traditional of American value, they are the chance for individual freedom by self reliance, equality for opportunity of competition and material wealth by doing hard work. (