CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPT AND THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK. topics, especially those which analyze the main character in fiction (novel) in

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1 6 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPT AND THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Literature Review In this study, there were some works about literature with the similar topics, especially those which analyze the main character in fiction (novel) in terms of psychological aspect or the other of intrinsic aspect, which inspired this study. There were three theses and one article published in an international journal reviewed. The first thesis was written by Wirastara (2010) entitled The Analysis of The Main Character in Marty M. Enggle s Driven to Death: A Psychological Approach. His study is concerned with the analysis of the main character based on static or dynamic character and how the main character was viewed from psychological dimension. The theory used in his study is proposed by William Kenney about How to Analyze Fiction. In this thesis it is stated that William Kenney has his own concept; he states that character is the actor of the story. A fictional character must be more than just life likeness which is inadequate for judging in fiction. And the supporting theory was proposed by Made Sukada about Beberapa Aspek Tentang Sastra. His analysis focuses on psychological dimension of the main character, as the main character is Darren. He is the protagonist person; however, sometimes he is angry because of little things. He has a good talent in designing the building models. The similarity between this study and Wirastara s study is

2 7 that he analyzed one protagonist character as the main character. But the difference from this study is that the main character faces psychological aspect that can be seen from the conflict that happened. The second thesis is written by Cahyani (2008) entitled A Psychological Analysis of the Main Character in Memoirs of Geisha. Her study is concerned with the analysis of the character based on the psychological approach. The discussion is focused on the character Sayuri as the main character, Sayuri s motivation and the factors that influence Sayuri s motivation. The theories used in analyzing her study were the theory of literature proposed by Warren and Wellek (1962) and Kenney (1966) and theory of psychology proposed Bernhardt (1953). She found that the environment and childhood experience had influenced the character Sayuri. The element of the extrinsic motivation influenced the character Sayuri as the main character in all dimensions of life. The similarities between Cahyani and this study is that the present study analyzed the main character based on the psychological dimension and used the same theory of literature and the theory of psychology by Bernhardt. The difference from this study is that she only focused on the analysis of the main character based on the psychological approach but especially in term of motivation, while this study focused on the analysis of the psychological of the main character from the conflict that had already happened in the story. The next thesis is written by Noviyanti (2010) entitled Conflict Analysis of Main Character in Novel The Mayor of Caster Bridge by Thomas

3 8 Hardy. Her study focused on the discussion of the main character and conflict. The theories that she used is proposed by William Kenney (1966), Rene Welek and Austin Waren (1962). She analyzed the main character viewed from the physiological, psychological, and sociological aspects. She found that the main character Michael Henchard was a drunken man who sold his wife and finally died in loneliness. In this thesis, she also analyzed the conflict of Main Character, internal and external conflicts. The resolutions used by the main character to resolve his conflict are based on the situation of conflict, it was approachavoidance type of conflict since the choices that Henchard had to decide both had positive and negative valences. The difference between her thesis from this study is that she analyzed the main character from three dimension, but this study only used one dimension. On the other hand, this study only described the psychological aspect completely while her study used physiological, psychological, and sociological aspects. Ventura (2002) in his article entitled Psychoanalysis in Allpsych Journal says that psychoanalysis is probably the most widely recognized theory in psychology, having been integrated into our culture through novels, poetry, drama, and film criticism. Terms such as unconscious, repressed, ego and denial are used in everyday conversation to describe mental states and reasons for human behavior. In this article, there is also a suggestion from the author Joseph Schwartz that suggests the psychoanalysis can be defined through three boundaries; a boundary in literature, a boundary with psychiatry, and the third with academic psychology.

4 9 The theory of psychoanalysis proposed by Freud from this article supports this study as a reference that is concerned with the analysis of psychological aspect of the characters. From the article, psychoanalysis teaches that the human relationships are integral parts of our growth and development, that failure to satisfy these relational needs have lasting negative effects on our lives. 2.2 Concept The concepts of the study are the concept of character, the concept of conflict and the concept of psychological dimension The Concept of Character A character or call fictional character is a person in a narrative work of arts. Character, particularly when enacted by an actor in the theatre or cinema, involves the illusion of being a human person. In literature, characters guide readers through their stories to helping them to understand plots and ponder themes. There are many types of characters that exist in literature, each with its own development and function. Based on its functions, characters can be divided into main character, secondary character, and supporting character (Reaske, 1970:174). Characters may be presented by means of description, through their actions, speech, thoughts interaction with other characters. There is some opinion from some dramatist about characters. Wellek and Warren (1955:227)

5 10 divided the characterization of character into four characterizations; they are dynamic character, static character, flat character, and round character The Concept of Conflict Conflict is necessary element of fictional literature. It is defined as the problem in any piece of literature and is often classified according to the nature of the protagonist and antagonist. According to Myers (1992:268), Conflict is associated with anger, aggressiveness, physical and verbal fights, and violence. Many people seem to believe that conflict is an unnatural departure from human sociability. Conflict is not simple misunderstanding that could be resolved if the characters would simply have an adult conversation to clear up. Conflict as a concept can help explain many aspects of social life such as social disagreement, conflict of interests, and fight between individuals, group or organization. Everyone will experience conflict in his or her life since conflict is a natural part of human life. Conflict has two types; they are internal and external conflicts (Kenney, 1966) The Concept of Psychological In the basic structure of character, character has three aspects; they are: physiological, psychological, and sociological aspects. These components, that builds up characterization in fiction. This study focuses on the discussion of the psychological aspect. The psychological aspect includes the psychological background such as: mentality, ego, temperament, ambition, attitude, frustration,

6 11 etc. Psychology is a discipline that observes and studies behavior and activities of human being, which are the manifestations of the psychological life. Through psychological aspect, the psychology of character that includes the human motivation, feeling and emotion can be analyzed. Psychology is interested in all human activities. Most people have opinions, beliefs and explanation of the motives that impel individuals to work, to fall in love or to hate, to buy or not to buy. They find reasons for the differences in the ability to learn quickly and slowly, to achieve success or to fail. 2.3 Theoretical Framework In this study, there are two kinds of theories; the main theory and supporting theory; the main theory is proposed by Karl. S. Bernhardt (1953) in his book Practical Psychology and theory of character as the supporting theory is proposed by Wellek and Waren (1955) in his book Theory of Literature Theory of Literature Literature is an art and we can experience it through our imagination. A literary work is a result of the writer s imagination. Good literature will provides something that makes the readers satisfied and give new knowledge or experience that they never have before, and experience literature describes many human aspects and feelings. Novel is one of the literary works that often makes the reader curious about the story inside.

7 12 However, as previously described, a novel must compromise of intrinsic element as stated by William Kenney (1966) such as theme, plot, character, characterization, and setting as elaborated below: Character Character is the most important element in a novel. Character plays a pivotal role in drama, novel, short story and all kinds of narratives. It is interesting to be analyzed because it can guide us to the author s thought expressed in his or her writing. Character is an imagined person who fills up the story. Characters are obviously relevant to us and to our experience if they are like ourselves or like others whom are familiar with us. Since the end 18th century, the art of creating characters, as practiced by actors or writers, has been called characterization. Character can be defined as any person, animal or figure representing literary work. Sometimes some characters are described much more special than others and sometimes they are unrealistic like too kind or too bad or sometimes too perfect compared with human being in reality (Kenney, 1966:27). Fictional characters in a novel are controlled by the plot and have no history outside that. The characters are the people in a text; they are part of ordinary life that the readers meet as they read. According to Wellek and Warren (1956), a character is the figure that participates in the action and it is expected to be natural or life like. In this case,

8 13 naming is an important way to reflect the life, the spirit, and the individual of each character and supporting character. 1. Main Character: who has the most important in the story and does the most to support the plot. The character that is mostly narrated by the author and the character that is mostly involved to the theme of the story. 2. Secondary Character: the character that plays important role and gives influences to the main character. The secondary character helps the main character in forming the theme of the story. 3. Supporting Character: the character that supports the main character in the story, it may take an important part in a story, but incidentally it acts as the supporter. The supporting character does not just mean that he is there the support to action, but he can actually support to confirm the views of the main character through the thing he or she says or does. In a story the character is involved in a conflict and the nature and use of the character in the story is determined by the writer s purpose. Eventually, character is different from characterization. Character is someone shown in narrative work, or play, interpreted by the reader that the people has moral quality and particular tendency expressed in utterance and action. The other classification of character is based on the character s role and its function according to Althenberd & Lewis in Nurgiyantoro (2007;178) can divided into two types:

9 14 1. Protagonist Protagonist is the character that the reader admires, sometimes called the hero of the story. This character is the personification of norms and values which are ideal for the reader. Protagonist shows something that agrees with the reader s view and hope (Althenberd& Lewis in Nurgiyantoro, 2007:178) 2. Antagonist Antagonist is the character that causes the conflict in the story. Sometimes the antagonist is called the enemy of protagonist because it is believed as the opposition of the protagonist, directly or indirectly, physically or spiritually. According to Reaske (1970:94), a character, in other words, has an ethnically neutral physical identity, a will which functions in an ethnical manner and determines the degree of morality of his or her behavior and also a role Theme According to Kenney (1966:88-89), theme is a meaning which the story releases; it may be the meaning of the story discovered. It is not the moral of the story but that can be derived from the story and that sense is rather like a moral. We may conclude that morality is one of the simple kinds of theme, while not all of themes are moral. Theme in fiction is what the author can make of the total experiences rendered; there is always be something unique there as well. Theme in story is what the author wants to express to the reader through his work.

10 Plot Plot is a literary term used to describe the events that make up a story or the main part of a story. Plot, as the foundation of a novel or story, is something in which the character and setting are built around. Plot becomes the important element in the story due to the fact that it is the event of the story, which creates the conflict in the story. Kenney William explains about the structure of plot (1966:17), such as: (1) Beginning Plot: This part introduces the elements of the story like character, setting, and the picture of a situation in which there exists source of instability. The beginning of the story then, in addition to the necessary exposition, gives us the picture of a situation in which there exist the sources of instability. (2) Middle Plot: the middle consists of conflict, complication, and climax. The movement from initial statement of conflict to the climax is often referred to as complication. The climax is reached when the complication attains its highest point of intensity, from which point the outcome of the story is derived. (3) The End of Plot: the end consists of everything from climax to the outcome of the story Setting Setting is extremely important to a story. It can have immense effects on the plot and the character. In fiction, setting refers to the point in time and

11 16 space at which the events of the plot take a place. Setting is an environment which reflects the human expression (Wellek and Waren, 1956:221). Setting has more power as metaphor and atmosphere. As metaphor the setting describes the internal feeling of the character. As atmosphere the setting describes the external situation of the story (Kenney,). Setting is composed by several elements as follows: 1. The actual geographical location including topography, scenery or a room interior. 2. The occupation and modes of data to date existence of the characters. 3. The times when the action take place Theory of Conflict According to Gail and Myers (1992:268), conflict is associated with anger, aggressiveness, physical and verbal fight. Many people seem to believe that conflict is an unnatural departure from human sociability. While the behavior position argues that conflict is not necessary bad but it is natural phenomenon in groups and organization. The behavioral view states that conflict is inevitable, that is, a sign of healthy group functioning and, that is, the critical determination in a group s ability to change and innovate. Conflict is a natural part of any communication relationship. It is an inevitable part or life for a variety of different reasons. Inevitable means that people work against each other, what one is incompatible with what another

12 17 wants. Their goals are competitive because the action needs to achieve something automatically. Conflict is one of the important elements of a novel. Without conflict, the story will be flat and will not be interesting. And also from the conflict people can learn about life and it will grow their maturity when she or he can solve the conflict Types of conflict Nurgiyantoro (1995:124) states that the conflict with which fiction concerns itself is of many kinds. There are two types of conflict: (1) Internal Conflict Internal conflict are the conflicts that happen to the character s heart and mind, for instance, because of the dual desires or different wishes and choice, etc. For example, a character may have to decide between right and wrong or between two solutions to a problem. Sometimes, a character must deal with his or her own mixed feeling or emotion. (2) External Conflict External conflicts are the conflicts that happen to one character with something outside himself. Conflict is stated in this way: man vs. nature, beautiful vs. ugly, etc. an external conflict is shown though actions such as fight, argument and physical struggle, good and bad characters. These conflicts can be in the form of physical conflict and social conflict. Physical conflict which is also called

13 18 elemental conflicts is the conflict caused by a clash of action between the characters and the environment. From this conflict we can draw another way to categorize character: protagonist or antagonist. The protagonist is character that we normally sympathize on. On the other hand, the antagonist is the character that we are not sympathetic with, and this character is obviously the opposite of the protagonist. There are three types of conflicts identified by Gail and Myers (1992); personal conflict, interpersonal conflict and group conflict: 1. Personal Conflict: it is described as conflict going on inside a person and affects their relationship with another. This conflict occurs when frustration from blocks getting in the way of satisfying need or ways to satisfy a given need or want, and also when someone conflicting desire. 2. Interpersonal Conflict: it can be attributed to individual differences between people, limited resource to be shared in relationship or different roles/expectation. 3. Group Conflict: potential conflict comes from the structure of the group on the other hand. As organization gets bigger and more complex, and roles which simply build the possibility of conflict Source of conflict There are four different issues as the source of conflict that are identified by Deetz & Stevenson (1986: ):

14 19 (1) Differing Opinions The conflict which is caused by differing opinions is relatively easy to manage as long as the conflict can be kept at the level. Many conflicts are based on the offering opinions, different information, disagreement, or different bodies of knowledge, and the simplest cases of disagreement. (2) Incompatible Roles Incompatible role is more difficult to manage. This type of conflict arises whenever individual roles in the interaction cannot be played because each requires a complementary role that another is not playing. (3) Incompatible Goal Incompatible goal conflict arises in the situation such as where one person s goal accomplishment is based on the other person s doing something first, or two people want to do something together but each wants to do something differently. (4) Limited Resources Conflicts over limited resources are similar to those over incompatible goals, when one person s acquisition of the resources precludes the other s gaining the resources Theory of Psychological The first theory is the psychological theory proposed by Karl. S. Bernhardt (1953) in his book practical psychology. Psychology is a science that studies actual event in a scientific way; the psychology of fiction can be observed

15 20 through the character. Psychology is interested in all human activities and psychology can be defined as a scientific study of all individual activities. The subject matters are the same as he is concerned the mind of man ever since he began to think about himself, but the methods are different. Psychology is seeking to discover what particular conditions produce a given type of activity so that eventually will be able to control and direct human activity by controlling these conditions (1953:3). The analysis of the main character especially about the psychological aspect, such as the attitude, behavior, feeling, emotion, and motivation can thoroughly be done. Because, Psychology is much related to human life, and by analyzing the actors or the roles, we can understand psychological symptoms forced by both individuals and the group of people to whom they make interaction one another. According to Bernhardt (1953; 45) the word psychology has been associated in the mind of many people with all kinds of mysterious, occult, studies, such as mind reading, handwriting, or the shape of the face or the head. Through psychological aspects, the psychology of character that includes the human motivation can be analyzed Human Motivation Human motivation can be defined as a reason a human wants to achieve something. There are some factors that lead human motivation which seem to be driving motivates (Bernhardt, 1953; 46), such as:

16 21 1. Appetites Appetites are motives or directing influences that initiate and sustain activity and also direct that activating until the activity finally ends in a satisfaction of the felt need. If appetite is fulfilled we will feel satisfied. Unsatisfied appetite is usually an unpleasant condition and as the satisfaction delayed it becomes more and more unpleasant for further activities (Bernhardt, 1953: 46) 2. Wants The needs are common to all human beings. But each individual acquires his own unique set of personal wants on his foundation universal needs. It functions like a need and the individual cannot be happy unless he finds some way to satisfy it. However, wants are modified through experience and present a changing pattern in the development of the person from infancy to adulthood to old age (Bernhardt, 1953:52) 3. Emotions When someone is under the influence of a fear or angry, he or she may do many things that he or she would not do normally. Emotions are a strong feeling of any kind: fears, anger, sad, love, joy, hate, jealousy are all emotions. Anger motivates individual to fight, to attack, and to say things that would be beneath their dignity if they were not dominated by these emotions. Besides, the intense emotions of fear and angry, the milder forms are sentiments and moods that dictate the course of action to be followed by the individual (Bernhardt, 1953:52-53).

17 22 Emotional activity does not require a real emergency to put into action. Anger and fear are two common forms of emotional adjustment that normally occur only in real emergencies. 4. Feeling and Attitude The individual has an attitude of approach to that experience and tends to repeat the activity. Whenever he evaluates the experience as unpleasant, he has an attitude withdrawal as he avoids that activity in future (Bernhardt, 1953:53) There are other factors determining the feeling that accompanies any activity such as: emotional experience, anger, mood, the condition of physical organism and mental function. 5. Social Motives Social motives have produced in man certain characteristic attitudes or tendency. There are two kinds of tendencies such as self-assertion and selfsubmission. Self-assertion is universal tendency to strive to excel and succeed, to win out ahead of others, or to overcome obstruction or difficulty. Self-submission is also a tendency present in human beings to submit, to given in, to subordinate themselves to other authorities. So, the socially well-adjusted individual is the one who at times is assertive and at another time is submissive (Bernhardt, 1953:54-55).