Mediation of the link between Popularity and Peer Influence Susceptibility
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1 SRA 2014 March 21st, 2014 Austin, TX Mediation of the link between Popularity and Peer Influence Susceptibility Rob Gommans, MSc Dr. Gonneke Stevens Prof. Dr. Tom ter Bogt Centre for Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, The Netherlands Prof. Dr. Toon Cillessen Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, The Netherlands
2 Introduction Adolescents shape each other s attitudes and behaviors through peer influence processes (Prinstein & Dodge, 2008; Sandstrom, 2011) Any influence process is affected by characteristics of both the source and the target of influence (Hartup, 2005; Brown & Larson, 2008) Peer status: Popularity (Brown & Larson, 2009; Sandstrom, 2011) Conformity as one mechanism of peer influence x Low Popularity y Conformity
3 Introduction (cont d) Low popularity related to high conformity? Not necessarily, process is more complex (Mayeux et al., 2008; Lansu et al, 2011) Moderation by self-esteem among high popular female students (n = 67, M age = 20.5) (Lansu et al, 2011) xz High Popularity X High Low self-esteem y Imitation Characteristics of the target of influence (influencee) that may explain the process
4 Current study Why are some adolescents more susceptible to peer influence than others? Unfulfilled social desires (e.g., Dishion, Piehler, & Myers, 2008; Dishion & Tipsord, 2011; Lakin, Chartrand, and Arkin, 2008; Prinstein, Boergers, and Spirito, 2001; Snyder et al., 2010) Current study: Possible mediators of the association between popularity and level of conformity Victim of bullying (Olweus) Fear of negative evaluation (Leary) Loneliness (Louvain) Self-esteem (Rosenberg)
5 Model x Popularity y Conformity m Victim of bullying Fear of negative evaluation Loneliness x Popularity y Conformity
6 Model x Popularity y Conformity m Self-esteem x Popularity y Conformity
7 Current study (cont d) to 15-year-old adolescents (M age = 13.77; SD = 0.96; 50.6% boys) Computerized quiz 15 knowledge and 15 opinion questions 5 random questions: No manipulation (measuring actual peer group norm) 10 random questions: Manipulated peer group norm displayed on screen IV: Influencee s peer-perceived popularity (zmp zlp) DV: Conformity = proportional deviation away from actual peer group norm to manipulated peer group norm
8 Conformity Note Private decision whether to conform or not (e.g., no real social gain or loss as a consequence) Influencee s propensity to conform to (status-unrelated) behaviors and opinions Example questions Knowledge (1-100): What percentage of youngsters thinks religion is important is his/her life? Opinion (1 strongly disagree 10 strongly agree): Youngsters should do more volunteer work.
9 Conformity Example What percentage of youngsters thinks religion is important is his/her life? Manipulated peer group norm: 31% ( ) Actual measured peer group norm: 67.95% ( ) 2 Participant s score 1.5 Proportional deviation
10 Total effects (Path C) Without mediation M SD β Conformity knowledge *** Conformity opinion ** *** p <.001, ** p <.01 Standardized Z scores were used in all path analyses Lower popularity More conformity x Popularity y Conformity
11 Indirect effects (Path AB) Conformity knowledge Knowledge M SD β X Y β X M β M Y Victim of bullying [1-5] *** * Fear of negative evaluation [1-6] *** ***.072 * Loneliness [1-4] ** ***.050 Self-esteem [1-4] ***.076 * * *** p <.001, ** p <.01, * p <.05 Standardized Z scores were used in all path analyses Significant partial mediation by fear of negative evaluation and self-esteem Higher fear of negative evaluation More conformity Lower self-esteem More conformity Though, indirect effect sizes were (very) small
12 Indirect effects (Path AB) Conformity knowledge Higher fear of negative evaluation More conformity m Fear of negative evaluation x Popularity y Conformity Sobel s t = -1.79, p =.07 Completely Standardized Indirect Effect (Preacher & Kelley, 2011) ab cs = -.01 (small) Standardized Maximum Possible Indirect Effect (Preacher & Kelley, 2011) ĸ 2 =.02 (small) Proportion of total effect mediated P m = 7.3%
13 Indirect effects (Path AB) Conformity knowledge Lower self-esteem More conformity m Self-esteem x Popularity y Conformity Sobel s t = -.93, p =.35 Completely Standardized Indirect Effect ab cs = (very small) Standardized Maximum Possible Indirect Effect ĸ 2 =.006 (very small) Proportion of total effect mediated P m = 4.4%
14 Indirect effects (Path AB) Conformity opinion Opinion M SD β X Y β X M β M Y Victim of bullying [1-5] ** * Fear of negative evaluation [1-6] * ***.123 *** Loneliness [1-4] ***.098 ** Self-esteem [1-4] **.076 * *** p <.001, ** p <.01, * p <.05 Standardized Z scores were used in all path analyses Significant partial mediation by fear of negative evaluation and loneliness Higher fear of negative evaluation More conformity Higher loneliness More conformity Again, indirect effect sizes were small, though higher than with knowledge items
15 Indirect effects (Path AB) Conformity opinion Higher fear of negative evaluation More conformity m Fear of negative evaluation x Popularity y Conformity Sobel s t = -2.62, p <.01 Completely Standardized Indirect Effect ab cs = -.02 (small) Standardized Maximum Possible Indirect Effect ĸ 2 =.02 (small) Proportion of total effect mediated P m = 17.4%
16 Indirect effects (Path AB) Conformity opinion Higher loneliness More conformity m Loneliness x Popularity y Conformity Sobel s t = -2.54, p <.05 Completely Standardized Indirect Effect ab cs = -.04 (small) Standardized Maximum Possible Indirect Effect ĸ 2 =.03 (small) Proportion of total effect mediated P m = 36.7%
17 Conclusion Remember Private decisions to conform or not Status-unrelated behaviors and opinions Yet still, small though significant direct & indirect effects Lower popular adolescents are more likely to conform. Mediated by: fear of negative evaluation (+, small) loneliness (+, small) self-esteem (-, insignificant) Stronger indirect effect for the opinion items Regardless of victimization; no significant indirect effects found for victim of bullying
18 Discussion Limitations & Directions for future research Mediation implies causation: temporal order of variables assumed not tested What if......public decisions?...status-related behaviors and opinions? Popularity = heterogeneous construct Variability in the perceived importance of popularity (LaFontana & Cillessen, 2009) Moderated mediation (e.g., likeability, age, gender) (Preacher, Rucker, & Hayes, 2007)
19 Thank you for your attention! Any questions or comments? For more information:
20 Conformity Example: Manipulated peer group norm: 31% Actual peer group norm: 67.95% X Y Z C X Y Z C
21 Moderation Conformity knowledge Knowledge M SD β X Y β M Y β XM Y Victim of bullying [1-5] *** Fear of negative evaluation [1-6] ***.072 * Loneliness [1-4] ** Self-esteem [1-4] *** *.005 *** p <.001, ** p <.01, * p <.05 Standardized Z scores were used in all path analyses
22 Moderation Conformity opinion Opinion M SD β X Y β M Y β XM Y Victim of bullying [1-5] ** Fear of negative evaluation [1-6] *.123 *** Loneliness [1-4] **.053 Self-esteem [1-4] ** *** p <.001, ** p <.01, * p <.05 Standardized Z scores were used in all path analyses
23 Correlations Popularity 2. Conformity knowledge -.137** 3. Conformity opinion -.098*.391*** 4. Victim of bullying Fear of negative evaluation -.139** **.247*** 6. Loneliness -.367*** **.476***.500*** 7. Self-esteem *** -.534*** -.513*** *** p <.001, ** p <.01, * p <.05, p <.10 Holm (1979) correction was applied to control for FWER in multiple comparisons. Negative correlations between popularity & other vars Moderate correlation between outcomes Strongest correlations between conformity opinion, and fear of negative evaluation and loneliness Moderate correlations between mediators
24 Correlations by gender Boys Popularity 2. Conformity knowledge -.141** 3. Conformity opinion -.132**.362*** 4. Victim of bullying -.148** Fear of negative evaluation -.121* *.313*** 6. Loneliness -.328***.111*.174***.534***.548*** 7. Self-esteem ** *** -.459*** -.508*** Girls Popularity 2. Conformity knowledge -.105* 3. Conformity opinion *** 4. Victim of bullying Fear of negative evaluation -.118* *** 6. Loneliness -.400*** ***.441*** 7. Self-esteem ** -.377*** -.535*** -.503***
25 Moderated mediation Loneliness on Conformity opinion (Path B) by Gender
26 Moderated mediation Self-esteem on Conformity opinion (Path B) by Gender
27 What it looked like...
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