Sample at. Mean Age (SD) Attrition 36% T: 44.9 C: 56.2 N = 1309 T: 656 C: % T: 82 C: 82 NR 82.2 (6.9) U T: 76 C: 75.9 N = 6409 T: 3480 C: 2929

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1 Table S1 Summary of Study Details of 26 Randomized Controlled Trials Reported in 32 Reports Angeles et al., 2013 Béland et al., 2006 Older adults with disabilities Bellantonio 2008 Boult, Rassen, Rassen, Moore, & Robison, 2000 SIPA (Systems of Integrated Care for Older Persons) Family health practice; Ontario, Canada CLSCs (Centre Local de Services Communautaire) public community organizations responsible for home care; Montreal, Canada Dementiaspecific assisted living facilities; CT care clinics; San Francisco, CA Online Research Randomizer tool Patients randomized by block (6 8) at random sequence developed by SAS Research assistant used sealed envelopes with assigned condition Randomized at practice level N = 63 T: 29 C: 34 N = 1309 T: 656 C: 653 N = 100 T: 48 C: 52 N = 6409 T: 3480 C: 2929 Practices N = 35 T: 16 C: T: 44.9 C: T: 82 C: (6.9) U T: 76 C: 75.9 College education T: 60.7 C: 64.6 > High school T: 68 C: 70 Self-reported has sufficient income T: 35 C: 34 Chronic pain T: 58.6 C: 66.7 Dementia, chronic conditions Comorbid chronic health conditions T: 29 C: 28 T: 50.0 C: 75.0 T: 61.1 C: 60.6 Medicare 90 of N

2 Boult et al., 2001 Counsell 2007 Counsell, Callahan, Tu, Stump, & Arling, 2009 Ell 2008 Ell, Xie, et al., 2011 GEM (Geriatric Evaluation Management) GRACE (Geriatric Resources for Assessments and Care of Elders) Alleviating Among Patients with Cancer (ADAPT-C) Ambulatory clinic in a community hospital; Ramsey County, MN University affiliated healthcare system (safety net); Indianapolis, IN Medical oncology clinics; Los Angeles, CA Randomized by computer algorithm within stratified blocks of 8 participants PCP was the unit of randomization; PCP were randomized within strata and clinic site; Random Number Generator for Discrete data using Alias (RNGDA) method of number generation Recruiter provided patient with a choice from 5 sealed envelopes that contained 1 sheet of paper indicating a study group randomly determined by computer algorithm N = 568 T: 294 C: 274 N = 951 T: 474 C: 477 N = 472 T: 242 C: T: 78.8 (5.3) C: 78.7 (5.8) 22 T: 71.8 (5.6) C: 71.6 (5.8) years (Ell et al.) Income less than $10,000/ year T: 303 (73.4) C: 301 (71.5) Comorbid chronic health conditions Comorbid chronic conditions or dysthymia, cancer T: 96.3 C: 96.4 African American T: 57.6 C: of N T: 45.9 C: 58.4 T: 75.5 C: 76.5 T: 84 C: 86 Medicare 100 of N Medicaid T: 37.1 C: 34.1 County Medicare assistance T: 83.7 C: 89

3 Ell 2010 Ell, Katon, 2011 Hay, Katon, Ell, Lee, & Guterman, 2012 Engelhardt, Toseland, Gao, & Banks, 2006 Farmer, Clark, Drewel, Swenson, & Ge, 2011 Multifaceted Diabetes and Program (MDDP) GEM (Geriatric Evaluation Management) Safety-net community clinics; Los Angeles, CA VA Medical Center; Albany, NY No ins. T: 21.1 C: 21.2 ; all Veterans Administration Medicalhome pediatrician offices; 16- county area in U.S. Central Midwest Computer-generated random number blocks of 10 with a random assignment number enclosed in a sealed envelope, patients selected 1 of 5 sequential envelopes N = 387 T: 193 C: 194 N = 160 T: 80 C: 80 Not clear (100 participants randomized in blocks to 1 and 2) N = 100 T: 50 C: T: 75.1 C: 69.1 T: 71.8 (6.8) C: 72.6 (5.75) T: 28 C: 32 T: 6.9 (5.7) C: 5.5 (5.1) High school T: 78.2 C: 85.6 < High school T: 49 C: 48 High school T: 21 C: 21 Maternal < high school T: 25 C: 27, diabetes Two or more chronic health conditions limiting activities of daily living High health care needs T: 94.8 C: 97.4 T: 93.7 C: 96.2 T: 67 C: 68 T: 79.8 C: 84.6 T: 0 C: 0 T: 36 C: 22 MediCal Medicare T: 17.6 C: 18.6 Countyfunded program T: 58.2 C: 61.1 All Medicare

4 Fortinsky, Kulldorff, Kleppinger, & Kenyon- Pesce, 2009 Grote et al., 2015 Hedrick et al., 2003 Huffman 2014 MOM-CARE MOSAIC (Management of Sadness & Anxiety in Cardiology) PCP network; small group practices in urban/ suburban communities& affiliated w/academic health center; Hartford, CT Public health centers; Seattle-King County, WA Veterans Administration primary care clinic; Seattle, WA Academic hospital system; Boston, MA Randomized at practice level Adaptive block randomization scheme stratified on initial depression severity and gestational age; within strata, random orders of block sizes of either 2 or 4 study arm assignments were created; used computerized program for randomization Randomized at clinic level (2 clinics collaborative care; 2 clinics consult-liaison) Computerized random number generator with numbers placed in sealed envelopes in study binders N = 84 T: 54 C: 30 N = 168 T: 83 C: 85 N = 354 T: 168 C: 186 N = 193 T: 92 C: T: 81.7 (7.6) C: 81.8 (8.8) < (6.1) 8 T: 57.8 (13.5) C: 56.6 (14.2) 6 T: 60.9 (12.7) C: 60.1 (12.8) $10,000/ year 42.1 of N College < 1 year T: 57.5 C: 56.8 Employed T: 35 C: 32 Alzheimer s or dementia Pregnant; depression ; disabilities related to military service Cardiac disease; depression/ anxiety 92 of N Non of N T: 78 C: 81.2 T: 89 C: 90 T: 61 C: 70 T: 100 C: 100 T: 4.8 C: 4.3 T: 53 C: 53 ; all Veterans Administration

5 Katon et al., 2001 Kwong, Chung, Cheal, Chou, & Chen, 2013 Leung, Liu, Chow, & Chi, large primary care clinics of Health Cooperative Puget Sound; western WA Federally Qualified Community Health Center (FQHC); New York, NY U; Hong Kong, China Randomized to 8 blocks (computer-generated) N = 386 T: 194 C: 192 N = 57 T: 32 C: 25 N = 260 T: 130 C: 130 T: 10.3 C: 20.8 T: 46.4 (11.9) C: 45.6 (13.3) T:45.4 (16) C: 50 (16.5) < 10 T: 74.4 (7.1) C: 75.3 (7.2) College > 1 year T: 88.2 C: 87) High school diploma T: 90 C: 80 College degree T: 10 C: 20 or dysthymia Older adults with 1 chronic condition T: 92.3 C: 88 Asian 100 of N T: 75.4 C: 71.9 T: 63 C: 76 T: 43.1 C: 47.7

6 Melville 2014; Katon et al., 2014 DAWN OB/GYN clinic; location Off-site computer randomization by block; stratified by clinic site, pregnant vs. nonpregnant; used random blocks with sizes 2 and 4 (alternated randomly) N = 205 T: 102 C: (Melville 2014) T: 39.5 (12.1) C: 38.6 (12.1) Reported some college T: 85.3 C: 85.4 or dysthymia T: 59.4 C: 54.4 African American T: 19.8 C: 21.4 Asian/Pacific Islander T: 8.9 C: 8.7 T: 100 C: 100 Private ins. 41 of N Public/no ins. 59 of N T: 5.0 C: 9.7 Native American T: 6.9 C: 5.8 Richardson 2014 Reaching out to Adolescents in Distress (ROAD) Pediatric and primary care practices; WA Block randomization to treatment using blocks of 4 within each of the 4 strata defined by sex and age; randomization by computer algorithms; generated off-site N = 101 T: 50 C: 51 < 7 T: 15.1 (1.3) C: 15.5 (1.3) Parental education: college > 1 year 84 of N (Melville et al., 2014) 69 of N 5 of N Asian/Pacific Islander 2 of N Other/ multiracial 24 of N T: 72 C: 72

7 Ross, Roberts, Campbell, Solomon, & Brouhard, 2004 Universityaffiliated healthcare system, ER, communitybased primary care; OH Every other participant was randomized to treatment N = 114 T: 57 C: 57 < 9 T: 4.1 C: 4.1 High use of ER; chronic illness of child T: 67 C: 33 T: 12 C: 42 T: 21 C: 25 T: 48 C: 52 Medicaid T: 65 C: 73 HMO Medicaid T: 14 C: 17 Private T: 6 C: 4 Roy-Byrne 2010 CALM (Coordinated Anxiety Learning and Management) 17 primary care clinics; Little Rock, AR; Los Angeles, CA; San Diego, CA; Seattle, WA Randomized using automated computer program and stratified by clinic and presence of comorbid major depression using a permuted block design N = 1004 T: 503 C: 501 < 20 T: 43.3 (13.2) C: 43.7 (13.7) High school 5.5 of N High school diploma 16.5 of N > High school 78 of N Anxiety disorders 57 of N 12 of N 20 of N Others 12 of N T: 71 C: 71 None T: 15 C: 5 Private 75 of N Medicare 12 of N Medicaid 10 of N Other government ins. 3.5 of N None 14 of N

8 Roy-Byrne 2014 Safren, O Cleirigh, Skeer, Elsesser, & Mayer, 2013 Enhance 7 safety-net primary care clinics; King County, WA Community Health Center, Boston, MA Randomized 1:1 ratio using permuted blocks stratified by clinic and by 3 factors related to affect outcomes; allocation was concealed in sequentially numbered opaque envelopes opened at point of assignment Randomized via computer-generated sequences N = 868 T: 435 C: 433 N = 201 T: 101 C: T: 47.5 (11.29) C: 48.0 (10.48) (7.8) High school 19 of N High school diploma 29 of N > High school 52 of N < $20, of N $20K $40K 24.9 of N $40K $60K 15.9 of N Substance use (self-reported) HIV positive 45 of N 37 of N 9 of N Others 18 of N 74.6 of N 11.9 of N 11 of N T: 29 C: 32 T: 0 C: 0 ; safety-net clinic > $60K 30.3 of N Others 5 of N

9 Saitz et al., 2013 Park et al., 2015 AHEAD Boston Medical Center at the AHEAD clinic; Boston, MA Saitz: N = 563 T: 282 C: 281 Park: N = 443 T: 219 C: 224 PTSD: N = 205 T: 100 C: (Saitz 2013) Used random permuted blocks of sizes 6 and 8 stratified by dependence and recent drug use status T: 38 (10.1) C: 37.9 (10.6) PTSD T: 38.4 (10) C: 38.6 (10.4) < High school 24 of N High school diploma 49 of N > High school 27 of N (Saitz 2013) Substance dependence (Saitz 2013) PTSD or depression (Park 2015) T: 49 C: 49 T: 29 C: 27 T: 11 C: 18 Other T: 11 C: 6 T: 25 C: 29 PTSD T: 35 C: 2 Have health ins. 79 of N PTSD T: 42 C: 40 T: 30 C: 24 T: 12 C: 23 Other T: 16 C: 3

10 Samet et al., 2003 Health Evaluation and Linkage to Care (HELP) HELP clinic within detoxification center; Boston, MA Blocked randomization stratified by alcohol or drug abuse N = 470 T: 235 C: Self-reported to be homeless at least 1 day within the past year 47 of N Substance users who were not connected to primary care 37 of N 46 of N 11 of N 24 of N Have health ins. 40 of N Sommers, Marton, Barbaccia, & Randolph, 2000 Senior Care Connection care clinics; San Francisco, CA PCP was randomized by random number table N = 543 T: 280 C: T: 78 (6.8) C: 77 (6.6) years of education T: 12.8 (4.7) C: 12.6 (4.2) Chronically ill seniors Others 6 of N T: 84 C: 80 T: 70 C: 67 Note. Ins. = ; = not applicable; = not reported; U = unclear; T = treatment condition; C = control condition; PCP= Care Provider; PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder. Explanation to come.