Atlas of Acquired Cardiovascular Disease Imaging in Children

Transcription

1 Atlas of Acquired Cardiovascular Disease Imaging in Children

2 Atlas of Acquired Cardiovascular Disease Imaging in Children

3 , MD St. Joseph s Hospital and Medical Center Creighton School of Medicine Phoenix, AZ, USA ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Control Number: Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

4 I dedicate this book to the many patients and families of those suffering from acquired heart disease. These people spend countless hours in hospitals, clinics, and waiting rooms for seemingly endless procedures and treatments in the hopes of a full recovery and normal life. I will never forget my interaction with a 3-year-old boy after his transplant. He came to our department for a feeding tube to be placed under fl uoroscopic guidance. His mother was by his side and he faced the uncomfortable procedure bravely. Unfortunately, among other problems, his midgut was malrotated and the placement of the feeding tube was diffi cult. He quietly moaned and cried as I attempted many times to position the tube in the duodenum. What should have been a 1 2 min procedure turned into a 30 min ordeal. By the time I fi nally got the tube in I was tired and sweating and felt terrible about making him so uncomfortable for such a long period of time. I just wanted to leave the fl uoroscopy suite as quickly as possible. I explained to the mother that the feeding tube was ready to use and began to leave when the mother called to me. She said excuse me, Doctor, my son wants to say something to you. I turned and walked back over to the boy who was standing on the table. As I approached this young boy with staples and wires still visible from his surgery, he reached out and gave me a hug and told me thank you, I love you. I am still in disbelief and awe that this young boy could show gratitude and love in the face of the ordeal I had just put him through. I salute the many patients and families who tolerate their treatments with such grace. May God bless you all,, MD

5 Preface The Atlas of Acquired Cardiovascular Disease Imaging is a concise visual guide to the imaging of acquired heart disease in infants, children, and adolescents. Imaging plays an ever-increasing vital role in diagnosis, preoperative planning, and postoperative management for children with acquired heart disease. With a concerted effort to decrease health care costs, it is important to understand the role of each imaging modality in order to minimize unneeded duplication or overlap of diagnostic information. The book, therefore, focuses on the utilization of advanced imaging for pediatric patients with acquired heart disease distinct from adult patients, with an emphasis on techniques for lowering radiation, protocols for imaging in children, and recommendations for most appropriate studies that should decrease the time and cost of imaging these patients. Acquired heart disease in the pediatric population covers a wide variety of disease entities that are relatively rare. We feel fortunate to have accumulated advanced imaging studies for infants, children, and adolescents with acquired heart disease over the years to be able to share. Our hope is that this information may be used to teach physicians in training who are interested in the fields of pediatrics, cardiology, and radiology and as a review for physicians studying for maintenance of certification and board exams. We also feel that this book will stimulate new ideas for imaging in children by the many physicians caring for these patients that will continue to improve and evolve the quality and safe treatment of this subset of patients with acquired heart disease. I want to give credit to the wide variety of physicians who have contributed to this publication through regular conferences, discussions, lectures, and research collaboration: Ernerio Alboliras, MD Shabib Alhadheri, MD Deepti Bhat, MD Kevin Brady, MD Karim Diab, MD David Cleveland, MD Erik Ellsworth, MD Randall Fortuna, MD David Frakes, PhD Pankaj Jain, MD Olga Kalinkin, MD vii

6 viii Preface Lawrence (Larney) Lilien, MD Dan Miga, MD Hursh Naik, MD John Nigro, MD Jonathan Plascencia, PhD Stephen Pophal, MD Edward Rhee, MD Mitchell Ross, MD Justin Ryan, PhD Janet Strife, MD Eunice Yoon, MD Phoenix, AZ

7 Contents 1 Imaging Modalities: Advantages and Disadvantages Cardiac CT and MR Imaging Techniques Three-Dimensional Models in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acquired Heart Disease Marfan Syndrome Trent Davis and 5 Williams Syndrome Trent Davis and 6 Acquired Heart Disease in Children from Vasculitides: Kawasaki Disease and Takayasu Arteritis Myocarditis Erin Birmingham and 8 Endocarditis Erin Birmingham and 9 Pericarditis Erin Birmingham and 10 Constrictive Pericarditis Erin Birmingham and 11 Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease Erin Birmingham and 12 Invasive Mediastinal Mucormycosis Cardiac Trauma Ryan Franke and 14 Normal Variants That May Mimic Pathology ix

8 x Contents 15 Cardiac Lipoma Rhabdomyoma Craig Johnson and 17 Rhabdomyosarcoma Craig Johnson and 18 Cardiac Fibroma Keshav Anand and 19 Cardiac Myxoma Keshav Anand and 20 Cardiac Teratoma Keshav Anand and 21 Pediatric Cardiac Metastases Intracardiac Thrombus Iatrogenic Complications After Cardiac Surgery Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Jason McCourt and 25 Dilated Cardiomyopathy Jason McCourt and 26 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Jason McCourt and 27 Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy Jason McCourt and 28 Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Jason McCourt and 29 Fibroelastosis Index

9 Contributors Keshav Anand, MD St. Joseph s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA Erin Birmingham, MD Children s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA Trent Davis, MD St. Joseph s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA Ryan Franke, MD St. Joseph s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA Craig Johnson, MD St. Joseph s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA Jason McCourt, MD St. Joseph s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA xi