Učinak organizacije rada jedinice intenzivne skrbi i empirijskog antimikrobnog liječenja na ishod bolesnika u sepsi

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1 Učinak organizacije rada jedinice intenzivne skrbi i empirijskog antimikrobnog liječenja na ishod bolesnika u sepsi Vesna Degoricija Zavod za hitnu internu medicinu Klinika za unutarnje bolesti Klinička bolnica Sestre milosrdnice, Zagreb

2 Sepsa Sepsa je sistemski odgovor domaćina na infekciju Sepsa, Teška sepsa, Septički šok, MODS/MOF 2001 International Sepsis Definitions Conference Razvitak zakazivanja funkcije organa i organskih sustava znak je teške forme bolesti i jedan je od vodećih uzroka smrti kritično bolesnih u jedinicama intenzivnog liječenja sa stopom smrtnosti 28-55% za sve bolesnike sa sepsom, 25-30% u teškoj sepsi i 40-70% u septičkom šoku Bone RC, Balk RA, Cerra FB, Dellinger RP, Fein AM, Knaus WA et al American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference: Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis Crit Care Med 1992;20: Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, Abraham E, Angus D, Cook D et al 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International sepsis definition conference Intensive Care Med 2003;29:530-8

3 Sepsa Proteklih 20 godina registrirano je smanjenje smrtnosti u nekim skupinama septičnih bolesnika iako nema specifične terapije Smanjenje stope smrtnosti može se pripisati: boljem prepoznavanju bolesti (definicija bolesti 1992) boljem prepoznavanju i liječenju osnovne infekcije unapređenju potpornog liječenja unapređenju nadomještanja izgubljene funkcije pojedinih organa i organskih sustava prosječni rizik smrti raste za 15-20% zakazivanjem pojedinog organa Pittet D, Thievent B, Wenzel RP, Li N, Auckenthaler R, Suter PM Bedside prediction of mortality from bacteremic sepsis: a dynamic analysis of ICU patients Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:684-93

4 Sepsa Smrtnost zbog sepse je neprihvatljivo visoka u svim medicinskim sustavima Slično kao i u drugim vitalno ugrožavajućim bolestima brzina i primjerenost odabranog liječenja u početnim satima bolesti utječe na konačni ishod D (door, data, decision, drug) door-to-drug time critical pathway Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H, Gerlach H, Calandra T, Cohen J et al Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock Crit Care Med 2004;32: National Heart Attack Alert Program Coordinating Committee 60 Minutes to Treatment Working Group Emergency department: rapid identification and treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction Ann Emerg Med 1994;23:311-29

5 Sepsa 2004 Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Rezultati eksperimentalnih i kliničkih istraživanja u sepsi kao i rezultati dnevne kliničke prakse koriste se za: izradu smjernica za donošenje terapijskih odluka poboljšanje sustava za predviđanje ishoda bolesti 2006 Surviving Sepsis Campaign Implementation Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H, Gerlach H, Calandra T, Cohen J et al Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock Crit Care Med 2004;32: National Heart Attack Alert Program Coordinating Committee 60 Minutes to Treatment Working Group Emergency department: rapid identification and treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction Ann Emerg Med 1994;23:311-29

6 Organizacija rada JIL-a i empirijsko antimikrobno liječenje-cilj i metode rada Cilj-istražiti epidemiološke i demografske pokazatelje septičnih bolesnike u JIL-a te učinak organizacije rada JIL-a i ispravnosti empirijskog antimikrobnog liječenja na ishod bolesti u sepsi Metode-opservacijska, prospektivna studija tijekom 6 godina ( ) uključila je sve bolesnike s kriterijima za sepsu prilikom prijemu u JIL Klinička prezentacija sepse definirana je prema 2001 Internacionalnoj konferenciji o definiciji sepse Analizirani su: demografski i epidemiološki podaci, kategorija prijema, izvor infekcije, težina kliničke slike sepse, JIL i bolnički ishod i dužina boravka, organizacija rada JIL-a i ispravnost izbora empirijskog antimikrobnog liječenja

7 Udjel, dob i dužina boravka za bolesnike sa sepsom među svim bolesnicima liječenim u JIL u periodu Broj bolesnika Varijable (medijan, raspon) Godina Ukupno Sa sepsom Dob (godine) JIL dužina boravka (dani) JIL stopa smrtnosti (%) (37) 705 (22-92) 3 (1-22) (39) 705 (27-82) 5 (1-15) (55) 70 (19-92) 7 (1-36) (76) 705 (23-87) 65 (1-22) (58) 70 (31-87) 6 (1-35) (117) 725 (22-92) 6 (1-30) 203 Total (62) 71 (19-92) 6 (1-36) 174

8 JIL i bolnički ishod za bolesnike sa sepsom Dvostruki porast broja septičnih bolesnika između godina Trostruki porast između godina i ( 2 test p<0001) Srednja dob 71, raspon godine, bez statistički značajne razlike u analiziranim godinama 176 (561%) živih i 138 (439%) umrlih bolesnika u JIL 15 bolesnika (47%) umrlo je tijekom nastavka liječenja u postintenzivnoj jedinici ili na odjelu 161 (513%) živih i 153 (487%) umrlih na kraju bolničkog liječenja 35 smrti (111%) nastupilo je unutar prva 24 sata liječenja u JIL

9 Karakteristike septičnih bolesnika liječenih u JIL u periodu i čimbenici rizika za JIL smrtnost Bolesnici (broj,%) Karakteristika ukupno (n=314) živi (n=176) umrli (n=138) Bolesnik dolazi od (broj, %): kuće 195 (621) 112 (636) 83 (602) doma umirovljenika 21 (67) 11 (63) 10 (72) drugi odjel 74 (236) 39 (222) 35 (254) druga bolnica 24 (76) 14 (80) 10 (72) Godišnje doba: proljeće 68 (217) 45 (256) 23 (167) ljeto 67 (213) 38 (216) 29 (210) jesen 71 (226) 42 (239) 29 (210) zima 108 (344) 51 (291) 57 (413) Pokretljivost bolesnika: ne ograničena 114 (363) 86 (489) 28 (203) ograničena 200 (637) 90 (511) 110 (797) Dužina boravka (dani, medijan,): JIL 6 (1-36) 7 (1-36) 3 (1-35) bolnica 13 (1-107) 18 (3-107) 4 (1-77) stepwise logistička analiza, P<0001 stepwise logistička analiza, P=0022

10 Karakteristike septičnih bolesnika liječenih u JIL u periodu i čimbenici rizika za JIL smrtnost Bolesnici (broj,%) Karakteristika ukupno (n=314) živi (n=176) umrli (n=138) Dob (godine, medijan, raspon) 71 (19-92) 70 (22-90) 725 (19-92) Spol (broj, %): muškarci 164 (522) 76 (463) 88 (536) žene 150 (478) 85 (566) 65 (433) Glasgow Coma Score dan 1 (SV±SD) APACHE II dan 1 (SV±SD) SOFA dan 1 (SV±SD) Dan 3 (broj bolesnika) n=243 n=164 n=79 APACHE II dan 3 (SV±SD) SOFA dan 3 (SV±SD) stepwise logistička analiza, P<0001

11 Karakteristike septičnih bolesnika liječenih u JIL u periodu i čimbenici rizika za JIL smrtnost Incidencija septičnih bolesnika u ukupnoj populaciji bolesnika liječenih u JIL (62%) španjolski (63%) Garnacho-Montero J, Garcia-Garmendia JL, Barrero-Almodovar A, Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Perez-Paredes C, Ortiz-Leyba C Impact of adequate empirical antibiotic therapy on the outcome of patients admitted to the intensive care unit with sepsis Crit Care Med 2003;31: i francuski autori (14%) u miješanim JIL The EPISEPSIS Study group Episepsis: a reappraisal of the epidemiology and outcome of severe sepsis in French intensive care units Intensive Care Med 2004;30:580-8 Pretežno muškarci iznad 70 godina starosti S porastom dobi vjerojatnost razvitka sepse veća je za muškarce Vjerojatnost smrtnog ishoda je ista za oba spola Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, Clermont G, Carcillo J, Pinsky MR Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: Analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated cost of care Crit care Med 2001;29: Degoricija V, Sharma M, Legac A, Gradišer M, Šefer S, Vučičević Ž The impact of ICU performance and empirical antimicrobial therapy on sepsis outcome Intensive Care Med 2006;32(suppl 1):S20

12 Anamneza kroničnih bolesti u bolesnika sa sepsom i analiza rizičnih čimbenika za JIL smrtnost Bolesnici (broj,%) Karakteristika ukupno (n=314) živi (n=176) umrli (n=138) Anamneza kroničnog srčanog zatajenja: nema 205 (653) 130 (739) 75 (543) lijevostrano 11 (35) 5 (28) 6 (43) desnostrano 51 (162) 27 (153) 24 (174) globalno 47 (150) 14 (80) 33 (239) Anamneza kronične respiratorne bolesti: nema 245 (780) 151 (858) 94 (681) KOPB 59 (188) 22 (125) 37 (268) emfizem 3 (10) 1 (06) 2 (14) fibroza i kalcifikacije pleure 7 (22) 2 (11) 5 (36) Anamneza cerebrovaskularne bolesti: nema 212 (675) 122 (693) 90 (652) pozitivna 102 (325) 54 (307) 48 (348) Anamneza maligne bolesti: nema 266 (847) 154 (875) 112 (812) pozitivna 48 (153) 22 (125) 26 (188) stepwise logistička analiza, P<0001 stepwise logistička analiza, P=0028

13 Organizacija rada JIL-a i Klinike za unutarnje bolesti i rizični čimbenici za JIL smrtnost Bolesnici (broj,%) Karakteristika ukupno živi umrli (n=314) (n=176) (n=138) Vrijeme boravka u HS (sati): 1 69 (22) 32 (182) 37 (268) 1, 2 46 (146) 25 (142) 21 (152) 2, 3 37 (118) 22 (125) 15 (109) (516) 97 (551) 65 (471) Vrijeme JIL prijema (379) 65 (369) 54 (391) (487) 84 (477) 69 (500) (134) 27 (153) 15 (109) Liječnik u službi JIL tim 152 (484) 92 (523) 60 (435) Ne-JIL tim 162 (516) 84 (477) 78 (565) *stepwise logistička analiza nije pokazala statističke značajnosti

14 Analiza vrijednosti GCS, APACHE II i SOFA bodova prvog dana liječenja u JIL-u u odnosu na dužinu boravka u hitnoj službi Bodovni sustav Medijan (raspon) dužina boravka u hitnoj službi Klinike (sati) (dan 1) 1(n=69) 1 t 2 (n=46) 2 t 3 (n=37) t 3 (n=162) P* GCS 13 (3-15) 105 (3-15) 12 (3-15) 12 (3-15) 0167 APACHE II 20 (3-43) 19 (0-36) 19 (1-30) 21 (0-38) 0122 SOFA 6 (0-13) 55 (0-15) 6 (0-11) 6 (0-13) 0974 *Kruskal-Wallis test

15 Klinička prezentacija sepse, smrtnost i razvitak disfunkcije/zatajenja organa tijekom liječenja Karakteristika ukupno (n=314) Bolesnici (broj,%) živi (n=176) umrli (n=138) smrtnost (%) Klinička slika sepse sepsa 100 (318) 83 (472) 17 (123) 170 teška sepsa 89 (283) 59 (335) 30 (217) 337 septički šok 86 (274) 24 (136) 62 (449) 721 MODS 39 (124) 10 (57) 29 (210) 744 Razvitak disfunkcije organa tijekom liječenja (broj organa)) nema 70 (223) 63 (358) 7 (51) 1 40 (127) 31 (176) 9 (65) 2 52 (166) 31 (176) 21 (152) 3 68 (217) 27 (153) 41 (131) 4 50 (159) 17 (97) 33 (239) 5 24 (76) 6 (34) 18 (130) 6 9 (29) 1 (06) 8 (58) 7 1 (03) - 1 (07)

16 GSC, APACHE II i SOFA bodovi u odnosu na kliničku prezentaciju sepse Bodovi (medijan, raspon)* Bodovni sustav sepsa (n=100) teška sepsa (n=89) septički šok (n=86) MODS (n=39) Dan 1: Glasgow Coma Score 14 (3-15) 13 (3-15) 9 (3-15) 11 (3-15) APACHE II 155 (0-37) 20 (3-34) 24 (0-38) 26 (4-43) SOFA 4 (0-13) 5 (0-12) 7 (0-15) 9 (1-14) P** p 0001 p 0001 p=0001 p=0001 p 0001 p 0001 p 0001 p=0003 p=0001 p 0001 p 0001 p 0001 p 0001 p=0003 Dan 3: n=90 n=75 n=51 n=27 APACHE II 11 (2-27) 15 (1-32) 21 (9-32) 18 (8-33) SOFA 2 (0-9) 4 (0-15) 7 (1-15) 9 (1-14) p=0002 Kruskal-Wallis test, P 0001 for all**post hoc Bonferroni korekcija za Mann-Whitney test (p 0008)

17 Septički šok, nova sepsa tijekom liječenja u JIL-u, mikrobiološke kulture u biološkim uzorcima određenim kod prijema u JIL i čimbenici rizika za JIL smrtnost Karakteristika Septički šok prisutan tijekom JIL liječenja: ukupno (n=314) Bolesnici (broj,%) živi (n=176) umrli (n=138) da 138 (439) 17 (193) 107 (754) ne 176 (561) 142 (807) 34 (246) Pojava nove sepse tijekom JIL liječenja: da 26 (83) 17 (97) 9 (65) ne 288 (917) 159 (903) 129 (935) Hemokultura kod prijema: nije uzeta 24 (76) 4 (23) 20 (145) pozitivna 154 (490) 107 (608) 47 (341) negativna 136 (433) 65 (369) 71 (514) Urinokultura kod prijema: nije uzeta 23 (73) 3 (17) 20 (13,9) pozitivna 157 (500) 99 (563) 58 (423) negativna 134 (427) 74 (420) 60 (438) Iskašljaj/aspirat traheje: nije uzet 209 (666) 120 (680) 90 (652) pozitivan 30 (96) 13 (74) 17 (123) negativan 74 (236) 43 (246) 31 (225) stepwise logistička analiza, P<0001 stepwise logistička analiza, P=0049

18 Čimbenici rizika za JIL smrtnost APACHE II 15 kod prijema, razvitak septičkog šoka i ne adekvatan izbor empirijskog antibiotika Valles J, Rello J, Ochagavia A, Garnacho J, Alcola MA for the Spanish collaborative group for infections in intensive care units Community acquired bloodstream infection in critically ill adult patients: impact of shock and inappropriate antibiotic therapy on survival Chest 2003;123: SOFA kod prijema, sterilna hemokultura kod prijema, razvitak septičkog šoka tijekom JIL liječenja i ne adekvatan izbor empirijskog antibiotika Degoricija V, Sharma M, Legac A, Gradišer M, Šefer S, Vučičević Ž The impact of ICU performance and empirical antimicrobial therapy on sepsis outcome Intensive Care Med 2006;32(suppl 1):S20

19 Analiza ishodišta infekcije u septičnih bolesnika liječenih u JIL-u u periodu Broj(%) bolesnika Karakteristika ukupno (n=314) živi (n=176) umrli (n=138) P* Izvor infekcije: nepoznat 2 (06%) 2 (11) - gornji respiratorni trakt 5 (16%) 2 (11) 3 (22) donji respiratorni trakt 44 (140%) 15 (85) 29 (210) 0001 urinarni trakt 168 (535) 100 (568) 68 (493) 0186 žuč i žučni vodovi 17 (54) 12 (68) 5 (36) 0226 gastro-intestinalni trakt 6 (19) 3 (17) 3 (22) rana/drenaža 10 (32) 6 (34) 4 (29) strano tijelo 2 (06) 1 (06) 1 (07) centralni venski kateter 2 (06) 2 (11) - koža/meko tkivo 58 (185) 33 (188) 25 (181) 0889 * 2 test

20 Mikroorganizmi izolirani u biološkim materijalima septičnih bolesnika kod prijema u JIL Broj (%) epiizoda sepse Patogen iinfekcije s pozitivnom infekcije urinarnog infekcije respiratornog ukupno hemokulturom(n=154) trakta (n=157) trakta (n=32) (n=343) Gram-negatiivni organizmi: Escherichia coli 44 (286) 61 (388) 2 (63) 107 (312) Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4 (27) 26 (166) 3 (94) 33 (96) Proteus mirabilis 7 (45) 20 (127) - 27 (79) Klebsiella pneumoniae 7 (45) 10 (63) 3 (94) 20 (58) Serratia marcenscens 3 (19) 3 (19) 1 (31) 7 (21) Acinetobacter species 2 (13) 4 (24) 6 (17) Salmonella enteritidis 4 (27) (12) Hemophylus influenzae (31) 1 (03) Druge enterobakteriacee 3 (19) 12 (77) - 15 (44) Gram pozitivni organizmi: MSSA 19 (123) 3 (19) 2 (63) 24 (70) SCN 18 (117) (53) MRSA 9 (58) 1 (06) 4 (125) 14 (41) Streptococcus pneumonia 13 (84) 1 (06) 7 (219) 20 (58) Enterococcus 3 (19) 4 (24) 1 (31) 8 (23) Streptococcus pyogenes 4 (27) - 1 (31) 5 (14) Streptococcus agalactiae 3 (19) 1 (06) - 4 (12) Clostridium species 1 (06) (03) Polimikrobijalne infekcije 10 (66) 5 (31) 2 (62) 17 (49) Druge enterobakteriacee: Enterobacter species (4), Klebsiella oxytoca (1), Klebsiella species (3) Morganella morgani (3), Providencia rettgeri (1), Providentia species (3) MSSA-methicillin sensitive staphylococcus aureus; MRSA-methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus; SCN-staphylococcus coagulase negative

21 Kaplan-Meier krivulja preživljenja za dužinu bolničkog liječenja u bolesnika s adekvatnim i ne adekvatnim antimikrobnim liječenjem 1,0,8,6,4,2 0, Hospital stay (days) Log-rank, p=0,001

22 Terapijski protokoli s dokazima za poboljšanje ishoda u sepsi Rekombinantni humani aktiviran protein C Redukcija smrtnosti za 61% u bolesnika sa teškom sepsom i APACHE II 25 Bernard GR, Vincent JL, Laterre PF, LaRosa SP, Dhainaut JF, Lopez-Rodriguez A, et al Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis N Engl J Med 2001;344: Kontrola glikemije kontinuiranom infuzijom inzulinom Poboljšanje ishoda u postoperativnom periodu ako je razina GUK mmol/l Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F Verwaest C, Bruyninckx F, Shetz M, et al Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients N Eng J Med 2001;345: Primjena steroida u skupini bolesnika s relativnom adrenalnom insuficijencijom i teškim septičkim šokom Hidrokortizon mg/dan Annane D, Cavaillon JM Corticosteroids in sepsis: from bench to bedside? Shock 2003;20: Mehanička ventilacija malim volumenom u ARDS-u 9% redukcija smrtnosti uz volumen 6 ml/kg i tlak <30 cm H2O Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network N Engl J Med 2000;342:

23 Terapijski protokoli s dokazima za poboljšanje ishoda u sepsi 2003 Garnacho-Montero smrtnost sepsa 114%, teška sepsa 50%, i septički šok 681% Adekvatni izbor empirijskog antibiotika smanjio je smrtnost za 434% u septičkom šoku 231% kod teške sepse 198% u sepsi Garnacho-Montero J, Garcia-Garmendia JL, Barrero-Almodovar A, Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Perez-Paredes C, Ortiz-Leyba C Impact of adequate empirical antibiotic therapy on the outcome of patients admitted to the intensive care unit with sepsis Crit Care Med 2003;31:

24 Zaključci Klinički i demografski profil ove studije potvrđuje da se sepsa najčešće javlja u vulnerabilnim skupinama bolesnika kao što su stariji bolesnici s višestrukim komorbiditetom Stopa smrtnosti sepse bila je neprihvatljivo visoka Težina bolesti septičnih bolesnika podcijenjena je u hitnoj službi Klinike, što je rezultiralo ne odgovarajućom i zakašnjelom primjenom rane resuscitacijske terapije i vremenskim odmakom prijema u JIL što može biti fatalno za ishod bolesti

25 Zaključci Vjerojatnost lošeg ishoda u septičnih bolesnika bila je povezana s: liječenjem na drugom odjelu prije prijema u JIL zimskim periodom ograničenom pokretljivošću bolesnika višim SOFA brojem bodova prvog dana liječenja anamnezom kroničnog globalnog srčanog zatajenja i kroničnom respiratornom bolesti uslijed KOPB-a prisutnošću septičkog šoka tijekom liječenja

26 Zaključci Čimbenici s protektivnim učinkom za ishod sepse bili su: duže liječenje u JIL-u pozitivan nalaz hemokulture adekvatno empirijsko antimikrobno liječenje

27 Ishod sepse-poruka za ponijeti kući

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