Subphylum Cheliceriformes. Biology 300 Invertebrates in Film. Spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions, horseshoe crabs. Arachnid Biology
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1 Biology 300 Invertebrates in Film Subphylum Cheliceriformes Spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions, horseshoe crabs Arachnid Biology General Characteristics Body composed of two tagmata; the prosoma and opisthoma. Appendages on prosoma are: 1. Chelicerae 2. Pedipalps 3. 4 pairs of walking legs (uniramous) 4. No antennae General Characteristics Gas exchange by book gills, book lungs or trachaea Simple median and lateral compound eyes. Gut with 2-6 pairs of digestive cecae. Most are gonochoristic.
2 Major Taxa 1. Class Chelicerata a. Subclass Merostomata 1. Order Eurypterida - extinct water scorpions a. up to 6 feet! b. possible context for armored Devonian fish Class Chelicerata 1. Subclass Merostomata 2. Order Xiphosura a. horseshoe crabs
3 Subclass Arachnida 1. Characteristics a. Prosoma with carapace b. Lots of variation in opisthoma c. eyes - median and lateral 1. Medians are not compound; 2. Secondary eyes have lens with reflective surface. d. Opisthomal appendages (stings, spinnerets, etc. e. Nearly all terrestrial - with attendant adaptations Order Scorpiones 1. Probably among the most ancient terrestrial arthropods a. invaded land during Carboniferous (355 myr) b. 1,200 species in varied habitats c. can be big - 18 cm!!!!! Order Scorpiones 2. Body divided into 3 regions a. prosoma - head 1. with median eyes 2. legs come from this segment 3. chelicerae are reduced 4. pedipalps are enlarged, chelate b. mesosoma - thorax region of body c. metasoma 1. long, thin, with sting at the end, poison gland Order Uropygi Subclass Arachnida c. Order Palpigradi d. Order Schizomida e. Order Ricinulei
4 Order Amblypygi Order Pseudoscorpionida 1. Prosoma with carapace like shield 2. Resemble scorpions without long opisthoma Order Solpugida 1. Enlarged chelicera - jawlike 2. Pedipalps elongated held forward 3. Predators, can get large! Subclass Arachnida h. Order Opiliones 1. daddy longlegs 2. prosoma and opisthoma broadly joined 3. pedipalps long and leglike 4. often with mite 5. male parental care in tropical species Subclass Arachnida Order Araneae - spiders 1. general chracters 2. systematics a. two major suborders 1. Suborder Mesothelae - the segmented spiders 2. Suborder Opisthothelae - modern spiders a. most of what looks like spiders
5 Subclass Arachnida 3. Two Superfamilies of modern spiders a. Superfamily Mygalomorphae 1. Tarantulas a. Have fangs that move parallel with body axis b. Often large bodies c. Can have powerful venom Superfamily Mygalomorphae a. Theraphosidae tarantulas d. breeding biology of tarantulas 1. males go searching, usually in fall 2. have to hold females upright to insert pedipalp. Superfamily Mygalomorphae b. Ctenizidae - trap door spiders b. Dipluridae - funnel web spiders - Atrax - Australia
6 Subclass Arachnida b. Superfamily Araneomorphae 1. typical spiders a. have fangs that move perpendicular to body axis b. usually smaller, with some exceptions Subclass Arachnida Families a. Loxoscelidae - brown spiders (brown recluse) b. Theridiidae - widow spiders (black widow) Agelenidae funnel web spiders b. Uloboridae, Araneidae - orb weavers c. Tetragnathidae - orbs too d. Lycosidae - wolf spiders - some nasty ones e. Salticidae - jumping spiders
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9 1 to 4 pairs of spinnerets release the silk. The cribellar glands are only found in the cribellate spiders and this area contains small tubes ( 100 to even 50000) from which a strand is released with a smallest diameter of mm. The scientific name of this region is: cribellum. Depending of the type of silk that is to be made the spider mixes the fluid from the different glands and regulates the speed and volume of release. Silk is for more than 50% a polymerized protein called fibroine with a molecular weight of When looking at silk at a molecular scale one can see that the proteins strands are regularly orientated. Spider Silk The silk is produced by the silk glands in the form of a liquid with a molecular weight of As one would expect protein and other organic molecules distribution differs for the various types of silk the spider produces. Before the silk is released from the spinnerets it hardens (polymerizes). At least seven types of glands have been recognized. But there is no known family with all seven types. There is a special gland (glandula aggregata) that produces the sticky material. The other six are: gl. Ampulleceae major and minor for the production of the walking threads gl. Pyriformes for the attaching threads gl. Aciniformes produces silk for the encapsulation of the prey gl. Tubiliformes for the silk of the egg-sac gl. Coronatae threads for the axis of the sticking threads. Spider Silk Three major suborders according to B&B 1. Opilioacariformes - primitive mites 2. Parasitiformes - parasitic ticks and mites 3. Acariformes - mites and chiggers Order Acari
Course Information. Course Website. Biology 300 Invertebrates in Film Summer I 2009 Spiders! Stephen M. Shuster Professor of Invertebrate Zoology
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