A Comparison of Halogenated Fire Retardant Levels and Known Health Effects in Humans and Wildlife

Transcription

1 A Comparison of Halogenated Fire Retardant Levels and Known Health Effects in Humans and Wildlife Susan D. Shaw, DrPH Director Marine Environmental Research Institute Center for Marine Studies USA The Fire Retardant Dilemna in China: Exposure and Epidemiology Issues Green Science Policy Symposium, Western Academy of Beijing, China August 22, 2009

2 Brominated Flame Retardants Persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic O 209 congeners Br 4-10 Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) Br Br Br 3 isomers Br Br Br Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) Br H 3 C CH 3 Br HO Br Br OH Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)

3 Global Consumption of BFRs in 2001 Deca-BDE Octa-BDE Asia Other World (mt) 56,150 3,790 Penta-BDE HBCD TBBPA Americas Europe 0% 50% 100% 7,500 16, ,600 Data: BSEF 2003, Watanabe & Sakai, 2003

4 PBDE Levels in Americans 71 ng/g lipid ng/g lw blood/serum milk cord serum adipose

5 Comparison of PBDE Levels in Human Milk Asia ng/g lipid Payatas, Philippines Australia Europe North America Mexico Massachusetts, US Massachusetts, US Texas, US ng/g lw Pacific NW (50 ng/g)

6 PBDEs in Human Breast Milk from Asia <10 ng/g lipid Korea Japan China India Vietnam Cambodia Philippines Malaysia 2 ng/g lipid wt Indonesia Fig. 2. Geographical distribution of PBDEs in milk from Asia. Slide: S. Tanabe

7 Comparison of PBDE Levels in Human Blood Asia Europe ng/g lipid Haojiang, South China (190 ng/g) North America Quebec, Canada California, US Tenn/Washington, US Central America Urban site, Nicaragua Rural site, Nicaragua

8 Serum PBDE Levels in a California Family ng/g lipid wt ng/g lipid Father Mother Child Toddler Fisher et al. EHP 2006

9 Highly Exposed Populations E-waste Recycling Guangdong Province South China

10 Highest PBDE Levels in Blood of Humans at Waste Disposal Sites Children living & working onsite Sum PBDE BDE-209 ng/g lw e-waste reference WDS WDS reference Guiyu, China Haojiang, China Children working onsite Managua, Nicaragua (non e-waste site) Data: Bi et al. ES&T 2007, Athanasiadou et al. EHP 2007

11 PBDE Congeners in Blood of Humans, Guiyu and Haojiang, South China Deca-BDE 59% 68% Guiyu Haojiang % of total PBDE BDE Congener Data: Bi et al 2007

12 BFRs in Wildlife: Raptors Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) Potter et al. ET&C 2009, Johansson et al. ET&C 2009 Bald Eagle (H. leucocephalus) McKinney et al. 2006, ES&T, Gooddale 2008, BRDI Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) Goodale BDRI 2008, Rattner et al. Arch Env Cont Tox 2004, Toschik et al. ET&C 2005 Sparrow Hawk (Accipiter nisus) Chen et al. ES&T 2007, Voorspoels et al. ES&T 2007 Buzzard (Buteo buteo) Chen et al. ES&T 2007, Voorspoels et al. ES&T 2007 Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) Chen et al. ES&T 2007

13 Comparison of PBDE Levels in Raptors China Sparrowhawk, Beijing Japanese Sparrowhawk, Beijing Little Owl, Beijing Kestrel, Beijing (12300) ng/g lipid muscle Europe Greenland US Peregrine falcon, Sweden Peregrine falcon, Sweden Peregrine falcon Osprey, Maine eggs Bald eagle, Maine (8600) Peregrine falcon, CA (7850)

14 BFRs in Seabirds Caspian Tern (Sterna caspia) She et al. Chemosphere 2008 Least Tern (Sterna antillarum) She et al. Chemosphere 2008, Gooddale BRDI 2008 Forster s Tern (Sterna forsteri) She et al. Chemosphere 2008 Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) Gooddale BRDI 2008, Helgason et al. ET&C 2009 Chinese Pond Heron (Ardeola bacchus) Luo et al. ES&T 2008 Glaucous Gull (Larus hyberboreus) Vander Pol et al. Env Poll 2009, Verreault et al. ES&T 2005

15 Comparison of PBDE Levels in Seabirds China Europe Pond heron, Pearl River delta (e waste region) ng/g lipid muscle eggs Greenland Canada US Herring gull, Maine coast South Africa Caspian tern, WA Caspian tern, CA Forster s tern, CA Least tern, CA

16 BFRs in Pinnipeds Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina ) Shaw et al. 2008, Meng et al. 2009, Law et al Sea lion (Zalophus californianus) Meng et al. 2009, Stapleton et al Gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) Ikonomou & Addison 2008 Ringed seal (Pusa hispida ) Riget et al. 2006, Johansen et al No. elephant seal (M. angustirostris) Meng et al Harp seal (P. groenlandica) Johansen et al. 2004

17 Comparison of PBDE Levels in Pinnipeds Asia Europe No. Fur Seal, Japan coast Harbor Seal, Wadden Sea ng/g lipid Blubber Canada Harbor Seal, St Lawrence Estuary Canada US Greenland Ringed Seal Harbor Seal, SF Bay, CA Harbor Seal (3700 ng/g) NW Atlantic CA Sea Lion (55000 ng/g) CA Sea Lion (5800 ng/g) Sum PBDE (ng/g lw)

18 PBDEs in North American Pinnipeds California sea lion (range ) Ringed seal Greenland 5800 California sea lion 3700 NW Atlantic harbor seal Pacific harbor seal Hooded seal Gray seal So. California sea lion Pacific harbor seal No. elephant seal 2000 ng/g lipid wt

19 BFRs in Cetaceans Beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) Law et al. 2003, Lebeuf et al Harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) Law et al. 2002, Beineke et al Killer whale (Orinicus orca) Rayne et al. 2002, Krahn et al Bottlenose dolphin (T. truncatus) Fair et al. 2007, Johnson-Restrepo et al White-sided dolphin (L. obliquidens) Tuerk et al Striped dolphin (S. coeruleoalba) Isobe et al. 2009

20 Comparison of PBDE Levels in Cetaceans Asia Humpback Dolphin, Hong Kong ng/g lipid Blubber Europe Australia Canada Harbor porpoise, UK Beluga Whale, St. Lawrence Estuary Bottlenose Dolphin UK (7700 ng/g) US Brazil (liver) Killer Whale, Alaska Bottlenose dolphin, Florida Bottlenose dolphin, Texas Gulf of Mexico Killer Whale, CA coast (13000 ng/g) Killer Whale, Puget Sd (6800 ng/g) Bottlenose Dolphin SC (6800 ng/g) Sum PBDE (ng/g lw)

21 PBDE Levels in North American Cetaceans Residents Killer whales Offshore Killer whale Harbor porpoise Transients Residents 6800 Beluga whale 2000 ng/g lipid wt 3100 Bottlenose dolphin White-sided dolphin

22 PBDE Levels in Cetaceans from Asia Finless porpoise Porpoise Kajiwara et al. (2006) Striped dolphin Coastal species Offshore species 200 ng/g lipid weight Melon-headed Whale JAPAN Dall s porpoise HONG KONG INDIA PHILIPPINES

23 Temporal Trends Northern Fur Seal

24 PBDEs Increasing in North America Sum PBDE (ng/g lw) Doubling time~2-5 years US Human Blood Figure: Shaw and Kannan Rev Env Health 2009 dungeness crab whitefish bull shark cormorant great blue heron beluga whale bottlenose dolphin harbor seal-ca harbor seal-canada harbor seal-ne US human-us Data: Schecter et al. 2005, Ikonomou et al 2002, 2006, Rayne et al 2003, Johnson-Restrepo et al 2005, Elliott et al 2005, Lebeuf et al 2004, She et al 2002, Shaw et al 2008

25 PBDEs Constant, HBCDs Increasing in Northern Fur Seals, Japan PBDEs 80 HBCD (ng/g lipid weight) nd Data: Kajiwara et al. 2004, 2006

26 BFRs Increasing in Porpoise, South China Sea HBCDs PBDEs PCBs DDTs CHLs HCHs HCB :1990 :2000/ *** (ng/g lipid wt) *** ***: p < Data: Kajiwara et al. 2006

27 Toxic Effects of Penta-BDE in Wildlife Complete reproductive failure in mink Eggshell thinning, infertility in kestrels, peregrine falcons, osprey Altered thyroid hormones, low survival in seals Data: Zhang et al. Env Tox Chem 2008, Martin et al. Env Tox Chem 2007, Fernie et al. ES&T 2009, McKernan et al. Env Toxicol Chem 2009, Johnansson et al. Environ Toxicol Chem 2009, Hall et al. Env Poll 2003, Hall and Thomas Env Tox Chem 2007, Hall et al. Env Sci Technol 2009

28 New BFRs - Potentially Persistent, Bioaccumulative, Toxic PBDE Alternatives Chemical Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) Decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) 1,2-Bis(2,4,6 tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) Pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) Hexabromobenzene (HBB) Dechlorane Plus Firemaster 550 Primary Uses insulation, textiles, thermoplastics printed circuit boards, thermoplastics thermoplastics thermoplastics textiles, adhesives, coatings, polyurethane foam thermoplastics? electrical wires/cables, computer connectors, plastic roofing materials polyurethane foam

29 新的溴化阻燃剂 潜在持久性, 生物蓄积性, 有毒 PBDE 的替代物 Chemical 六溴环十二烷 (HBCD) 四溴双酚 A (TBBPA) Primary Uses 绝缘, 纺织材料, 热塑性塑料 印制电路底板, 热塑性塑料 十溴二苯乙烷 (DBDPE) 1,2- 二 (2,4,6- 三溴苯氧基 ) 乙烷 (BTBPE) Pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) 六溴苯 (HBB) 得克隆, 双 ( 六氯环戊二烯 ) 环辛烷 (DRCP) [Dechlorane Plus ] 聚氨酯软泡沫 (FPF) 阻燃剂 [Firemaster 550 ] 热塑性塑料热塑性塑料纺织材料, 粘合剂, 涂料, 聚氨酯泡沫热塑性塑料? 电线, 电缆, 电子连接插件, 塑料屋面材料聚氨酯泡沫

30 致谢 Arlene Blum, Green Science Policy Institute, U. of California, Berkeley, CA Linda Birnbaum, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, USA Olaf Paepke, Eurofins-ERGO, Hamburg, Germany Kurunthachalam Kannan, State U. of New York, Albany NY Shinsuke Tanabe, Tomohiko Isobe, Karri Ramu, Ehime University, Japan Susan Klosterhaus, San Francisco Estuary Institute, CA Michelle Berger, Isabelle Richardson, Marine Environmental Research Institute, Maine ---and my colleagues worldwide