Pinnipeds. Andrew W Trites Marine Mammal Research Unit Fisheries Centre, UBC
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1 Pinnipeds Andrew W Trites Marine Mammal Research Unit Fisheries Centre, UBC
2 Pinniped Outline 1. Species in Canada & Pinniped Families 2. Life Cycles Arrival on land or ice Delivery, lactation, attendance, weaning Mating Moulting Migration / dispersal 3. Case Histories harbour seals & Steller sea lions 4. Family Comparisons phocids vs otarids vs odobenids
3 3 Families 33 species Phocids (18) Southern phocids (monachinae) - 8 Northern phocids (phocinae) - 10 Otarids (14) Sea lions (Otariinae) - 5 Fur seals (Arctocephalinae) - 9 Odobenids (1)
4 12 Species in Canada Breeders Atlantic walrus Ribbon seal, ringed seal, bearded seal Hooded seal, harp seal Grey seal, harbour seal Steller sea lion Migrants Northern elephant seal California sea lion Northern fur seal
5 Life Cycle DEC NOV OCT SEP JAN FEB MAR APR Fattening and lactation Moulting AUG JUL JUN MAY Mating Pupping
6 Life Cycle Arrival on land or ice Delivery Suckling / lactation Attendance Weaning Mating Moulting Migration / dispersal
7 Arrival on land or ice Male before female Stimulates birth
8 Delivery Single pup precocious Cephalic / breech Umbilical cord / placenta Most females vocalize Pups many species cease vocalizing after weaning
9 Suckling Pups nurse within hours of birth On land / ice (except walrus) Bouts ~ 11 min phocids every 3.4 h ~17 min otarids every 2.7 h Teats Otarids & Odobenids 4 Phocids 2 (except monk & bearded 4)
10 Lactation Lactation 4 d to 4 years Phocids brief (4 d several weeks); rich milk; rapid pup growth Otarids long (several months - > 2 years); slow growth Odobenids 2+ years; slow pup growth
11 Attendance Relocation (odour, sound) Phocids Females tend to not leave their pups Pups solitary Pups fatten rapidly Otarids Pups sedentary until female leaves of first feeding trip Pups gather in pods / interact with other pups Males more active than females
12 Weaning Phocids: abrupt Post weaning fast weeks Otarids: gradual
13 Mating / copulations Phocids: at end of weaning Otarids: ~1 week after birth Usually on land Fertilized egg Blastocyst: hollow ball of cells Dormant months Moves to 1 of 2 uterine horns Implants in wall of uterus Cue for implantation: photoperiod?
14 Moult Adults Phocids short period on land Otarids shed continuously over 1-2 months Pups Before weaning In utero (harbour seal)
15 Why do pinnipeds haul out? Breeding season Place to have pup Thermo-regulation: pups Predator avoidance Mate selection Other times of year Resting / sleeping Thermo-regulation Moulting: skin cell maintenance Predator avoidance
16 Arrival on land or ice Delivery Suckling / lactation Attendance Weaning Mating Moulting Migration / dispersal Life Cycle Moulting OCT NOV SEP AUG Mating DEC JUL Fattening & lactation JAN JUN FEB MAR MAY APR Pupping
17 Pinniped Life Histories Steller sea lions & harbour seals
18 BC Abundance bounty (200, ,000 killed) hunted for pelts 1970 ~10, ~85, ~130, ~140,000
19 Haulouts # hauled out correlates with tide, air temperature, winds & precipitation 35-60% of total population haul out Mid-day peak or early afternoon common
20 Easily disturbed Haulouts Under what conditions do haulouts form? Abundance estimates need to correct for proportion at sea Spend 2/3 of time in water
21 Colonization Pacific colonized twice 670,000 years ago 380,000 years ago
22 5-6 weeks (Pacific) Lactation 3-4 weeks (Atlantic)
23 Mating Females come into estrus around the time of weaning Males make visual & auditory displays in the water Males are vigilant
24 Moult Numbers hauled out increase in the fall while seals moult
25 Steller Sea Lions
26 Steller Sea Lion Rookeries
27 Rookery bulls pups females
28 Haulout (mixed) Bulls Yearlings Females
29 Rookery Season: May Aug Births: June
30 Bulls 40 days 2 years First to arrive Fight for territories
31 Body Size Bulls: 3.0 m Females: 2.3 m Pups: 0.5 m Bulls: 750 kg Females: 300 kg Pups: 20 kg
32 Birth Single pup Milk Perinatal period 7 days
33 Mating 1 week after birth 8.5 month gestation Delayed implantation
34 Foraging Trips Summer: ½ 2 days Winter: 1-4 days herring, sandlance, salmon, cod, rockfish, octopus, squid, pollock, Atka mackerel
35 Foraging Trips Prefer coastal shelf within 45 km of shore Can be found >100 km & >2000 m deep Shallow, short dives (3 min aerobic)
36 Reuniting Vocal & olfactory cues Accept only their pups
37 Pups Can walk and swim soon after birth Enter water when 4-6 weeks olds
38 Nursing Some 1 year Some 2 years A few 3 years
39 Vital Statistics Sexual maturity females 3-4 y males 7-8 y Survival females > males females : males 3:1 by age 10 y
40 Predators Killer whales Sharks? humans
41 Other Sources of Mortality? Disease Starvation
42 Steller Sea Lion Rookeries Western Stock Eastern Stock
43 Family Characteristics In some ways the families are similar mammals Adapted to aquatic existence Give birth on land or ice (unable to give birth in water) In other ways the families differ Morphology Behaviour Abundance Distribution
44 Ears Morphology Otarids ear flaps (others none) Teats Otarids & Odobenids 4 Phocids 2 (except monk & bearded 4) Skeleton Otarids enlarged thoracic & cervical vertebrae to support muscles for walking & swimming Phocids enlarged lumbar vertebrae for swimming
45 Flippers Morphology (cont.) Otarids hairless drawn under Phocids hair covered drag Sexual dimorphism All otarids & odobenids; some phocids Swimming propulsion Otarids front Phocids & Odobenids hind
46 Behaviour Breeding systems Phocids variable Otarids all polygynous Odobenids polygynous (mobile lekking)
47 Behaviour Timing of mating Phocids variable (during lactation or after weaning) Otarids few days after birth Odobenids during lactation
48 Behaviour Lactation Phocids brief (4 d several weeks) Otarids long (several months - > 2 years) Odobenids 2+ years
49 Behaviour Moult Phocids short period on land Otarids shed continuously over 1-2 months
50 Abundance 33 species 70 million 90% phocids 10% otarids & odobenids Decreasing order of abundance Crabeater,ringed seal, harp seal, northern fur seals
51 Distribution Phocids inhabit widest range of habitats Fresh waster lakes, river,s estuaries, ocean But not in tropics (except monk seals) Otarids only inhabit the marine environment But not extreme polar regions Don t use ice Most fur seals in southern hemisphere
52 Distribution No pinnipeds in some parts of the world Asia & India Fewer species inhabit the Antarctic than Arctic, but numbers much higher in Antarctic
53 Pinniped Outline 1. Species in Canada & Pinniped Families 2. Life Cycles Arrival on land or ice Delivery, lactation, attendance, weaning Mating Moulting Migration / dispersal 3. Case Histories harbour seals & Steller sea lions 4. Family Comparisons phocids vs otarids vs odobenids
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