April 28 ii. Outline/References. May 19 iii. Draft (Submission OPTIONAL) May 18 iv. Final Paper Due. June 2

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1 1. Cetacean Systematics & Evolution 2. Pinniped and Sirenian Taxonomy and Classification 3. Pinniped Systematics and Evolution I. Taxonomy What you need to know: a. Characteristics of i. Class Mammalia ii. Three Orders of marine mammals iii. Every Family, PLUS know one example (common and binomial name) of each Family. iv. Be able to compare/contrast Mysticeti and Odontoceti v. Be able to compare/contrast sub-families of Phocidae and Otariidae II. III. Term Paper Reminder a. 5-7 page research paper on a unique/individual topic b. Details, description and guidelines up on the website ( c. Milestones (Due via ): i. Selected Topic April 28 ii. Outline/References May 19 iii. Draft (Submission OPTIONAL) May 18 iv. Final Paper Due June 2 Trouble selecting a paper topic? Browse through: a. Marine mammal guide books i. Marine Mammals of the World (Eds. Jefferson, Webber, Pitman) ii. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (Eds. Perrin, Thewissen) b. Websites i. ii. iii. iv. v. Beware of Wikipedia Lecture 5: Cetacean Systematics & Evolution ) Define the following terms: a) Systematics b) Phylogeny c) Cladistics d) Characters

2 2) What is the hierarchical structure below called? What does it represent? What do we call each junction on the tree (where the red # 1 is, for example)? 3) If the structure above is organized correctly, organisms above a given node (typically to the right and/or up) on the tree to share common characters. What are those shared characters called? 4) A clade is any lineage, or area that is defined on a given tree. Define what is meant by a monophyletic clade? A polyphyletic clade? A paraphyletic clade? 5) True or false: Marine mammals are a monophyletic group? Why/Why not?

3 6) What are derived versus ancestral characters? What method is used distinguish between the two? 7) What 3 epochs are particularly important in cetacean evolution? What era are these part of? 8) What is another name for the ancient whales? Fill in the table below, then use the Family names to fill in the tree above. Family Time period Habitat Derived Character(s) Pakicetidae Ambulocetidae Remingtonocetidae Protocetidae Basilosauridae Dorudontidae Lecture 6: Pinniped, Sirenian, and Sea Otter (Taxonomy) ) Name three morphological differences between Otariids and Phocids. 2) What are two characters shared between odebenids and otariids, but not phocids? How about two characters shared between odebenids and phocids, but not Otariids? 3) What Order contains Pinnipeds? Sea otters? Polar Bears? 4) Contrast the vocal repertoire of ringed seals and ribbon seals. What about the ecology of these two species might explain those differences?

4 5) Fill in the table below with some traits of each taxonomic group, and one example of each Family: Name Example organism Some features Order Carnivora All carnivores -eat primarily animal tissue, low density, tend to be apex predators Suborder Pinnipedia ( feather footed ) Family Phocidae All seals, sea lions and walruses (3 families, 36 spp) Subfamily Phocinae Northern seals (10 spp) Subfamily Monochinae Family Otariidae Southern, Antarctic, Elephant and Tropical seals - smaller claws - more developed dentition - Include the crabeater seal, the most numerous marine mammal Subfamily Otariinae Seal lions (7 spp) Subfamily Arctocephalinae Fur seals (9 spp) Family Odobenidae Order Sirenia Family Dugongidae Family Trichechidae Family Mustelidae Dugongs/Manatees 2 Families (4 spp) Family Ursidae

5 Lecture 7: Pinniped Systematics and Evolution ) Are marine carnivores are a monophyletic group? Why/Why not? 2) Give one example of a homologous structure common to all pinnipeds. 3) Which order of marine mammals would you expect to be the most marine adapted? Why? List three lines of evidence to support your answer. 4) Which is more adapted to life in the marine environment seals or sea lions? Why? 5) What is the most primitive group of extant pinnipeds? 6) Compare the current and historical diversity of walruses. 7) What is the only extinct Order of marine mammals? 8) Place these in order from oldest to youngest: Phocids/Odobenids/Otariids/Sirenians/Polar Bears Oldest,,,, Youngest