360 17;18) ± Λ Body Mass Index(kg/m 2 ) 2 NEC MT11 3.5cm 3 1,000Hz MMT Manual Muscle Test MVC: Maximal Voluntary Contraction 5 30 ffi

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1 Vol. 14 No Λ1 Λ2 19ο ± ffi 60 ffi 90 ffi 2 MVC: Maximal Voluntary Contraction %MVC 30 ffi %MVC 90 ffi 60 ffi %MVC 1 5) 6) 4;7 10) 11) 9) 7) kinetics 7;12;13) 14 16) kinematics 12;14 16) Floyd 13) Adams 11) FRP Flexion-Relaxation Phenomenon Λ1 Λ

2 360 17;18) ± Λ Body Mass Index(kg/m 2 ) 2 NEC MT11 3.5cm 3 1,000Hz MMT Manual Muscle Test MVC: Maximal Voluntary Contraction 5 30 ffi 60 ffi 90 ffi 5 30 ffi 4;6;17) 30 ffi 30 ffi 2 BIMUTAS 2flII Hz 5 MVC %MVC 2 2 ROM Range of Motion) OEM P/N SPSS 1 2 ANOVA post hoc Pearson 5% 1 2 %MVC 30 ffi 60 ffi 90 ffi 30 ffi 60 ffi 30 ffi %MVC 60 ffi 90 ffi 60 ffi 90 ffi %MVC 30 ffi 90 ffi

3 361 1 a ff b a ( ACTR b ff ACTR EL ML 2 %MVC (%) 2 ANOVA post hoc Λ y Λ y p< ffi 2 2 %MVC 30 ffi 60 ffi 90 ffi ffi 60 ffi 90 ffi 4 30 ffi 60 ffi 90 ffi 3 %MVC 2 30 ffi %MVC r= p= ffi r=0.122 p= ffi r=0.082 p=0.821

4 362 3 ± n.s 1 ANOVA. n.s: not significant a ff ACTR EL ML 2 %MVC Pearson n.s: not significant Fingertip-to- Floor Test 12 16) 10) 8;12;16) %MVC 30 ffi 60 ffi 90 ffi 30 ffi 60 ffi 8;10;12;16) FRP 90 ffi FRP ffi %MVC 60 ffi 90 ffi 60 ffi 90 ffi 17) 4;17) FRP %MVC 30 ffi %MVC 30 ffi %MVC

5 363 19) 1.3 %MVC 30 ffi 90 ffi 60 ffi 30 ffi 90 ffi 60 ffi 60 ffi 90 ffi 1;4) 60 ffi 90 ffi 90 ffi %MVC 20;21) 22) ) 23) %MVC 30 ffi 60 ffi 90 ffi 60 ffi 60 ffi 24) 52ο56 ffi 19;23) 19ο ±2.4 %MVC 30 ffi 60 ffi 90 ffi 60 ffi 90 ffi

6 364 1 Dieën JHV Hoozemans MJM and Toussaint HM: Stoop or squat: a review of biomechanical studies on lifting technique Cli biomech Alexandrov AV Frolov AA and Massion J: Biomechanical analysis of movement strategies in human forward trunk bending I Modeling II Experimental study Biol Cybern Dolan P Earley M and Adams MA: Bending and compressive stresses acting on the lumbar spine during lifting activities J Biomech Anderson CK Chaffin DB Herrin GD and Matthews LS: A biomechanical model of the lumbosacral joint during lifting activities J Biomech Nachemson AL: The lumber spine; an orthopaedic change Spine Perret C Poiraudeau S Fermanian J and Revel M: Pelvic mobility when bending forward in standing position: validity and reliability of 2 motion analysis devices Arch Phys Med Rehabili Paquet N Malouin F and Richards CL: Hip-spine movement interaction and muscle activation patterns during sagittal trunk movements in low back pain patients Spine Nelson JM Walmsley RP and Stevenson JM: Relative lumber and pelvic motion during loaded spinal flexion/extension Spine Kippers Vand Parker AW: Posture related to myoelectric silence of erectors spinae during trunk flexion Spine Adams MA Hutton WC and Stott JRR: The resistance to flexion of the lumbar intervertebral joint Spine Tanii K and Masuda T: A kinesiologic study of erectors spinae activity during trunk flexion and extension Ergonomics Floyd WF and Silver PH: The function of the erectores spinae muscles in certain movements and postures in man J Physiol Sakamoto K and Swie YW: EMG characteristics of low back and lower limb muscle during forward bending posture Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol Chaffin DB Anderson GBJ and Martin BJ: Occupational Biomechanics 3rd ed John Wiley & Sons New York Steindler A: Kinesiology of the human body under normal and pathological conditions Charles C Thomas Springfield Wells KF: Kinesiology the scientific basis ofhuman motion 4th ed Saunders Philadelphia

7 365 Electromyographic Analysis of the Erector Spinae and Lower Limb Muscles during Handling of Objects on Low Surfaces from a Standing Position Kazuo MARUTA and Susumu WATANABE (Accepted Nov. 30, 2004) Key words : erector spinae, electromyography, angle of forward trunk inclination, handling objects on low surfaces while standing, Japanese life style Abstract The traditional Japanese life style includes tatami rooms in the home. Such rooms contain low surfaces and when objects are handled while standing, the angle of forward trunk inclination (AFI) is increased. It has been postulated that this increases stress on the joint and bone system of the spine. No studies have been done on the effects of AFI on the muscular activity of the erector spinae (ES) and the gluteus maximus and quadriceps of the lower limb (LM). This study was designed to compare differences between the knee flexed (KF) and knee extended positions (KE) on the muscular activity of the ES and LM when handling objects on low surfaces while standing. Ten healthy male subjects aged 19 to 27 years, mean age 20.4 ± 2.4 years old participated in the study. Simulatious of handling objects on low surface were done with angles of 30 ffi,60 ffi,90 ffi. The AFI and knee joint angle were analyzed using a two-dimensional movement analysis system. The electromyography (EMG) of the ES and LM were measured, the raw data rectified, and the integrated EMG normalized relative tovalues obtained for maximum voluntary contractions (%MVC). The results showed that the %MVC of ES with an AFI of 30 ffi was significantly larger than that 90 ffi for both KE and KF. The %MVC of the ES at 60 ffi was significantly larger for KE than KF. No significant differences were found in the muscular activity of LM. Correspondence to : Kazuo MARUTA Malta Research Institute, Rehabilitation Science and Healthy Longevity Kanazawa, , Japan (Kawasaki Medical Welfare Journal Vol.14, No.2, )

± Λ Body Mass Index(kg/m 2 ) 2 EMGVer2.00Oisaka 3.5cm 3 1,000Hz Hz MVCMaximal Voluntary Contraction%MVC MMT Manual Muscle T

± Λ Body Mass Index(kg/m 2 ) 2 EMGVer2.00Oisaka 3.5cm 3 1,000Hz Hz MVCMaximal Voluntary Contraction%MVC MMT Manual Muscle T Vol. 15 No. 2 2006 463 469 Λ1 Λ2 Λ2 20ο2120.5±0.511 MVC Maximal Voluntary Contraction%MVC FRP Flexion Relaxation Phenomenon ADLActivities of Daily Living ADLActivities of Daily Living 1) ROM Range of Motion