Implementation from an Airline Perspective: Challenges and Opportunities

Transcription

1 Implementation from an Airline Perspective: Challenges and Opportunities

2 Outline Operator roles, responsibilities, needs and challenges Scientific principles and their application What is FRMS? Guidance Gap analysis Scientific advice Data collection and models Lessons learned IATA - Dominican Republic 2

3 Fatigue ICAO Definition A physiological state of reduced mental or physical performance capability resulting from sleep loss or extended wakefulness, circadian phase, or workload (mental and/or physical activity) that can impair a crew member s alertness and ability to safely operate an aircraft or perform safety related duties Fatigued vs. Tired There is a difference IATA - Dominican Republic 3

4 The Operator Role: Own and manage their fatigue related risk to an acceptable level of safety Within the regulatory framework provided, identify the most appropriate means of managing their fatigue-related risk Provide the operational environment to allow a pilot to manage their fatiguerelated risk on any given day or time 4 IATA - Dominican Republic

5 Operator Needs Operate competitively within the global aviation environment A level playing field amongst global carriers Operational flexibility to react quickly to unforeseen circumstances Data-driven and/or results-oriented resource allocation Free-flow of information from pilots 5

6 Challenges for the Operator Limited Resources o o o o Data collection Undertaking scientific research Effective application of available information In-house expertise Regulatory demands Information Sharing o Protection of data Company Individual o Competitive or proprietary issues o Data collection, analysis and interpretation of findings across studies o Responding to scientists needs IATA - Dominican Republic 6

7 Science in FTL regulations shall be based upon scientific principles and knowledge rules based on scientific knowledge and best practices taking into account the latest scientific and technical evidence IATA - Dominican Republic 7

8 NTSB Recommendation: flight duty limits based on fatigue research, circadian rhythms, and sleep and rest requirements ICAO Definition: A data driven means of continuously monitoring and managing fatigue-related safety risk based upon scientific principles and knowledge as well as operational experience IATA - Dominican Republic 8

9 The underlying philosophy of the rule is that no single element of the rule mitigates the risk of fatigue to an acceptable level; rather, the FAA has adopted a system approach, whereby both the carrier and the pilot accept responsibility for mitigating fatigue. The carrier provides an environment that permits sufficient sleep and recovery periods, and the crewmembers take advantage of that environment. Both parties must meet their respective responsibilities in order to adequately protect the flying public. IATA - Dominican Republic 9

10 Not Complicated Science IATA - Dominican Republic 10

11 Basic Human Physiology IATA - Dominican Republic 11

12 Scientific Principles Getting enough sleep (both quantity and quality) on a regular basis is essential for restoring the brain and body. Reducing the amount or the quality of sleep, even for a single night, decreases the ability to function and increases sleepiness the next day. The circadian body clock affects the timing and quality of sleep and produces daily highs and lows in performance on various tasks. Workload can contribute to an individual s level of fatigue. Low workload may unmask physiological sleepiness while high workload may exceed the capacity of a fatigued individual IATA - Dominican Republic 12

13 Sleep Sleep is a critical and basic human biological requirement for survival. Even partial sleep deprivation can lead to serious consequences. Most people need between 6 and 10 hours of sleep The average adult requires 8 hours Regularly sleeping less than 6 hours can reduce performance IATA - Dominican Republic 13

14 Continuous Wakefulness Hours of Continuous Wakefulness is another factor related to fatigue The longer you go without sleep, the worse your alertness and performance become Sleep is the only way to restore alertness IATA - Dominican Republic 14

15 Circadian Factors Humans are hard-wired to experience two periods of physiological sleepiness each day: 2-6 a.m. (Window of Circadian Low, or WOCL) 2-6 p.m. (Afternoon Nap Window) IATA - Dominican Republic 15

16 Workload The nature and amount of work to be done (including time on task, task difficulty and complexity, and work intensity). Time constraints (including whether timing is driven by task demands, external factors, or by the individual). Factors relating to the performance capacity of an individual (for example experience, skill level, effort, sleep history, and circadian phase). IATA - Dominican Republic 16

17 Here is how these principles are used to create regulatory limitations IATA - Dominican Republic 17

18 Flight Time Limitations Sleep Circadian Workload ****Limits Are Hard**** Maximum Flight Time Limits: Unaugmented Flightcrew Time of Report (Acclimated) Maximum Flight Time (hours) Time Awake : : :00 Maximum Flight Time Limits: Augmented Flightcrew 13 Hours: 3 Pilots 17 Hours: 4 Pilots IATA - Dominican Republic 18

19 Sleep Time Awake Workload Flight Duty Period Limits: Unaugmented Operations Sleep Circadian IATA - Dominican Republic 19 Workload Operational Knowledge

20 FRMS Fatigue Risk Management Systems ICAO Definition: A data driven means of continuously monitoring and managing fatigue-related safety risk based upon scientific principles and knowledge as well as operational experience that aims to ensures relevant personnel are performing at adequate levels of alertness IATA - Dominican Republic 20

21 SMS and FRMS SMS Framework FRMS Safety policy and objectives FRMS policy and documentation Safety risk management Safety assurance Safety promotion FRM processes Identification of hazards Risk assessment Risk mitigation FRMS safety assurance processes FRMS performance monitoring Management of operational and organizational change Continuous FRMS improvement FRMS promotion processes Training programs FRMS communication plan IATA - Dominican Republic 21

22 Guidance IATA - Dominican Republic 22

23 Implementation IATA - Dominican Republic 23

24 Guidance IATA - Dominican Republic 24

25 Gap Analysis What do we already know? What do we already do? IATA - Dominican Republic 25

26 Literature search/benchmarking + Data + Scientific studies + Biomathematical models + Operational experience IATA - Dominican Republic 26

27 Crew Fatigue Safety Performance Indicators for Fatigue Risk Management Systems Crew Sleep: Pre-flight On board Post flight Recovery PVT Data Subjective Ratings: KSS/SP IATA - Dominican Republic 27

28 IATA - Dominican Republic 28

29 Data Collection What do we need to know? Human performance related to sleep Mitigations and their effect IATA - Dominican Republic 29

30 Human Performance Data IATA - Dominican Republic 30

31 Scientific Studies IATA - Dominican Republic 31

32 Effects of sleep/wake history and circadian phase on proposed pilot fatigue safety performance indicators IATA - Dominican Republic 32

33 Examples IATA - Dominican Republic 33

34 Operational Knowledge and Experience Non-scientific knowledge acquired through conducting specific operations over time Hands-on experience managing fatigue related risk in those specific types of operations Organizational culture-likely behaviour and customs in the workforce IATA - Dominican Republic 34

35 Data Collection, Biomathematical Models, and FRMS What have we learned? IATA - Dominican Republic 35

36 Data Collection and Biomathematical Models It s all about sleep IATA - Dominican Republic 36

37 Models: Challenges Straight Science vs. Reality Over Reliance by Stakeholders User Education Accuracy of Predictions-Limited Data Validation Accounting for Crew Mitigations Additional Constraint During Optimization IATA - Dominican Republic 37

38 Models: Current State No International Standards No International Validation Process Experience with Most has Been Outside of Aviation IATA - Dominican Republic 38

39 Lessons Learned Operational experience counts. Education and availability of information are important. Data collection is necessary. Develop relevant KPIs/SPIs. Science/scientists are needed, but don t overrely on them. IATA - Dominican Republic 39

40 Lessons Learned Cultural issues from previous employers, different nationalities or fleet types vary greatly. Change is difficult and needs to be managed with care. It s better to keep the regulator involved. Pilots contribute more when they see that their data/input affects operational decisions. IATA - Dominican Republic 40

41 Lessons Learned Time of day for departures is a factor. Social factors should be considered. Longer layover time isn t necessarily better. Clear guidance needs to be given to operational managers for irregular operations. IATA - Dominican Republic 41

42 Thank you for your attention