Indiana College Substance Use Survey 2009

Transcription

1 Indiana Collegiate Action Network Results of the Indiana College Substance Use Survey 2009

2 Results from the Indiana College Substance Use Survey 2009 by Rosemary King, M.P.H. Mi Kyung Jun, Ph.D. Carla Janáe Brown, M.S. Junghun Lee, M.S. Indiana University Indiana Prevention Resource Center 50 N. Morton St., Suite 0 Bloomington, IN Funded by the Indiana Family and Social Services Administration, Division of Mental Health and Addiction through a contract with the Indiana Collegiate Action Network

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables and Figures... iii Introduction... Methodology... 2 Key Findings... 4 Annual Prevalence... 6 Monthly Prevalence... 7 Binge Drinking... 8 Consequences... 9 Risk Factors... Age of First Time Use... 3 Alcohol Selection and Availability... 4 Perception of Peer Behaviors... 6 Characteristics of Survey Participants... 7 References... 9 Tables... 2 ii

4 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table. Response rate... 3 Table 2. Number of usable surveys... 3 Table 3. age of students reporting use of select substances in past year Table 4. age of students reporting use of select substances in past month Table 5. age of students reporting binge drinking in the past two weeks Table 6. Mean number of days of binge drinking reported by students in the past month... 8 Figure. Number of times students reported binge drinking in the past two weeks Table 7. age of students reporting select consequences as a result of their drinking Table 8. age of students reporting select consequences as a result of their drug use Table 9. Average age of first time use of select substances Table 0. Three easiest ways of getting alcohol by underage students Figure 2. Methods underage students use to purchase alcohol Figure 3. Places where underage students purchase alcohol Figure 4. Usual types of alcohol students drink Table. Perception of mean number of drinks the typical student consumes Table 2. Perception of other students approval/disapproval of select behaviors... 6 Table 3. Demographic characteristics of survey participants... 7 iii

5 INTRODUCTION Substance use by college students has long been recognized as a serious problem on our nation s campuses, with alcohol being the most widely used substance. Rates of alcohol and drug use have been relatively steady over the past decade, with over 80% of college students using alcohol in the past year and approximately one in three using illicit drugs (Johnston et al., 2008). In 998, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism undertook a comprehensive assessment of the problem of drinking on college campuses, concluding that social and environmental influences present on most campuses have created a culture of drinking, where alcohol consumption has become a rite of passage. College student drinking to excess (binge drinking) is widespread among college students, with serious consequences (NIAAA, 2002). In 2006, the Indiana Collegiate Action Network (ICAN) provided funding for the first uniform assessment of substance use across institutions of higher education in Indiana, utilizing the Core Alcohol and Drug Survey. Beginning in 2008, the Indiana Division of Mental Health and Addiction (DMHA) awarded funding to ICAN to continue the statewide collection and analysis of data on the prevalence of substance use by Indiana college students. ICAN, in conjunction with the Indiana Prevention Resource Center (IPRC) developed a new survey instrument in 2009, called the Indiana College Substance Use Survey, to collect information on items of interest to Indiana colleges. This report summarizes the findings of the Indiana College Substance Use Survey conducted by the Indiana Prevention Resource Center in Spring, The survey was administered through a contract with ICAN, with funding by DMHA. Findings on the statewide prevalence of alcohol, tobacco and other drug use, consequences, availability, and student perceptions of peer behaviors are presented. Findings have been analyzed across gender and age variables, as well as between two and four year schools. National prevalence data from the Monitoring the Future Study has been included to facilitate comparison between Indiana college students and the national rates, where available. The Monitoring the Future data is the most recent national data (2008) available on college student prevalence rates of substance use.

6 METHODOLOGY The Indiana College Substance Use Survey was developed by the Indiana Collegiate Action Network (ICAN) and the Indiana Prevention Resource Center (IPRC), with input from Indiana institutions of higher education and the Indiana State Epidemiology and Outcomes Workgroup. Survey items were adapted from several sources, including the Core Alcohol and Drug Survey (Core Institute, Southern Illinois University Carbondale), the National College Health Assessment II (American College Health Association), and the Monitoring the Future Survey (Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan). The Indiana survey was developed to assess substance use and consequences, as well as variables identified in the research literature as associated with use (availability, peer attitudes and norms, and age of first use). The survey is intended to provide meaningful data at both the campus and state levels, to understand substance use problems and develop effective plans for reducing substance use by college students. Each participating school receives a report of their results. Data from each participating school is the property of that institution, and is not released without their permission. The survey instrument can be accessed at All two and four year colleges in Indiana were invited to participate in the survey. Seven colleges participated, including five four year colleges and two two year colleges. Students were surveyed during a two week period which ended either before spring break, or in the case of one school, one month after spring break. The period immediately following spring break was avoided because of the historically higher rates of use during that time. Participating schools chose either an online or paper format. Six schools used the online version and one used the paper format. Selection of students was determined by the participating school. All schools but one chose to survey an entire population of the student body; either all students, all undergraduate students, or all students residing in dormitories. One school chose a random sampling of undergraduate students. For the online surveys, students received an invitation via , and a reminder midway through the survey period. Participation in the survey was voluntary and anonymous. Incentives were offered by some schools to improve participation rates (e.g., cash, gift cards, etc.). The survey procedures were reviewed by the Indiana University Bloomington Institutional Review Board to ensure protection of participants as required by federal Human Subjects regulations. A total of 25,788 students were invited to participate in the 2009 Indiana College Substance Use Survey, including 25,440 using the online format and 348 using paper surveys. A total of 5,440 students responded to the survey, for a response rate of 2%. 2

7 Table. Response rate Number of students invited to participate Number of respondents Response Rate 25,788 5,440 2% Three criteria were used to clean the data. Surveys were discarded if any of the following conditions were met: gender information missing, age information missing (paper version only), inconsistent responses on substance use across time measures (monthly vs. annually) for more than one third of the substances queried, A total of 555 surveys were rejected due to meeting at least one of the criteria, leaving 4,885 usable surveys (89%). Table 2. Number of usable surveys No gender reported Uncertain age information due to missing data (paper version only) 46 0 Surveys rejected due to error check 85 number of usable surveys 4, ,440 3

8 KEY FINDINGS Eight in ten Indiana college students reported drinking alcohol in the past year, including three fourths of the students under 2 years of age. Almost three in ten reported using cigarettes (28.9%), and approximately one fourth used marijuana (24.9%). Annual prevalence rates for all substances queried are provided in Table 3. Male students used tobacco, marijuana, hallucinogens and misused prescription drugs during the past year at rates significantly higher than females. Annual prevalence rates of cigarette and alcohol use were significantly higher for students 2 or older, while use of opiates and over the counter medications to get high were significantly higher for students under 2. Students attending two year schools reported significantly higher rates of cigarette use, prescription drug misuse, and methamphetamine use, while students attending four year schools were more likely to use alcohol and smoke tobacco with a water pipe. Three fourths (74%) of the Indiana students reported using alcohol in the past month, compared to 69% nationally (Johnston et al., 2009). One in five of the students used cigarettes in the past month, and 4.9% reported marijuana use over the same period (Table 4). Monthly prevalence rates for male college students in Indiana were statistically higher than females for all substances queried, except alcohol and over the counter medications. Students at two year colleges reported statistically higher monthly use of cigarettes, chewing tobacco, and prescription medication misuse than students at four year colleges. They also reported statistically lower rates of monthly use of alcohol, cocaine, and tobacco use via water pipe/hookah. Students 2 or older reported significantly higher rates of cigarette and alcohol use in the past 30 days, but lower rates of smoking cigars and misuse of over the counter medications than students under 2. Binge drinking was defined in the Indiana College Substance Use Survey as four or more drinks in one sitting for females and five or more drinks in one sitting for males. This gender specific standard follows the definition established by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA, 2004). As a group, college students are significantly and substantially more likely to binge drink than non college peers (Johnston et al., 2008). Students who binge drink experience significantly more adverse consequences than those who do not. One study found that college students who binge drank occasionally were five times more likely to experience five or more alcohol related problems compared to students who did not binge drink. Students who were frequent binge drinkers (binge drinking three or more times in the past two weeks) were 4 to 5 times more likely to experience a particular problem than non binge drinkers (Wechsler et al., 2000b). In Indiana, almost half of the students surveyed reported binge drinking in the past two weeks, with male students reporting statistically higher rates than female students. Students over 2 4

9 and students attending four year schools also reported statistically higher rates than their counterparts (Table 5). Students who reported binge drinking in the past month did so on an average of five days. Male students who binge drank in the past month reported an average of 5.9 days in the past month, while female students reported an average of 4 days of binge drinking over the same period (Table 6). Consequences resulting from underage alcohol use include violence, unintentional injuries, risky sexual behavior, diminished academic performance and use of other drugs, affecting not only the individuals consuming alcohol, but those around them as well (NIAAA, 2004/2005; Wechsler & Nelson, 2008). Researchers estimated that alcohol related problems experienced by 8 24 year old U.S. college students in 200 included,700 student deaths from alcohol related injuries, approximately 599,000 unintentional injuries while under the influence of alcohol, and approximately 696,000 students assaulted by other students who had been drinking, including 97,000 sexual assaults (Hingson et al., 2005). The Indiana College Substance Use Survey asked students to indicate the number of times they experienced select consequences due to their drinking or drug use. The most commonly experienced consequences of alcohol use included feeling bad about their drinking (30%), missing a class or assignment (9%), and driving while under the influence of alcohol (7%). Consequences of drug use included feeling bad about their drug use (%), using more than one drug at a time (0.9%), and driving while under the influence of drugs (9%). 5

10 ANNUAL PREVALENCE Table 3. age of students reporting use of select substances in past year. All Students By Gender By Age By School Type Substance Indiana U.S. Males Females Under 2 Cigarettes *** ** *** Cigars *** ** Chewing/smokeless tobacco *** *** Smoking tobacco with hooka/water pipe *** *** Alcohol *** 69 8 *** Marijuana *** Cocaine Hallucinogens * Opiates * 3 2 Designer drugs Inhalants Steroids.9 2 Other illegal drugs Prescription pills not prescribed to student 2 0 * *** Prescription medicines to get high 2 or Over 2 Year Schools 4 Year Schools *** *** Over the counter ** medications to get high Methamphetamine 0 2 * Note: Statistically significant difference between genders, ages, or school types at: * p < 5, **p <, ***p < 0 National data is from the 2008 Monitoring the Future survey, Johnston et al.,

11 MONTHLY PREVALENCE Table 4. age of students reporting use of select substances in past month. All Students By Gender By Age By School Type Substance Indiana U.S. Males Females Under 2 Cigarettes *** 7 2 *** 34 7 *** Cigars *** 3 * 2 Chewing/smokeless tobacco *** *** Smoking tobacco with hooka/water pipe 3 9 *** 7.9 ** Alcohol *** *** Marijuana *** Cocaine * 0 * Hallucinogens 0 *** 0 0 Opiates 0 0 ** Designer drugs * Inhalants *** Steroids * Other illegal drugs 0 ** 0 Prescription pills not prescribed to student ** *** Prescription medicines to get high 2 or Over 2 Year Schools 4 Year Schools *** * Over the counter 0.9 * medications to get high Methamphetamine ** Note: Statistically significant difference between genders, ages, or school types at: * p < 5, **p <, ***p < 0 National data is from the 2008 Monitoring the Future survey, Johnston et al.,

12 BINGE DRINKING Table 5. age e of students repo Substance Binge Drinking Note: Statistically signif National data is from t 48 ficant difference betwe he 2008 Monitoring the rting binge drinkin All Students Indiana a U.S. 40 een genders, ages, or sc e Future survey, Johnst g in the past two weeks. By Gend der Males Fe 55 4 chool types at: **p < on et al., males 42 ***, ***p < 0 Under 2 46 By Ag ge 2 or Over 50 ** N Table 6. Mean num mber of days of bin nge drinking report Substan nce Mean Standard Deviation All Students Indiana 5 4 ted by students in t By Gen nder Males Fe emales the past month (ra ange = 30; n = 2,655). 4 *** 4 Under By Age 2 or Over 5 * 4 Note: Statistically signif ficant difference betwe een genders, or ages: *p < 5 ; ***p < 0 Figure. age of stude ents reporting sele ect number of time s they binge drank in the past two we eeks By Scho ool Type 2 Year 4 Year Schools Schools 3 50 *** By Scho ool Type 2 Year 4 Year Schools Schools B 8

13 CONSEQUENCES Table 7. age of students who reported select consequences as a result of drinking. Consequence % Spouse/partner or parents worried or complained about your drinking 3 Felt bad about your drinking 30 Been unable to stop drinking when you wanted to 9 Attended Alcoholics Anonymous Created problems between you and your spouse/partner Gotten into trouble at work or school because of drinking 6 Neglected your obligations, your family, or your work for 2 or more days in a row because you were drinking 5 Gone to anyone for help to reduce your drinking or your potential problems due to drinking 2 Been in the hospital because of drinking Been arrested even for a few hours because of drinking 2 Been arrested for drunk driving or driving after drinking 0 Driven a car while under the influence 7 Gotten into physical fights when drinking 6 Experienced unwanted sexual attention such as being touched when you don t want to be, forced kissing, etc. Engaged in risky sexual behavior such as having unprotected sex or sex with someone you just met because you were drinking.9 Missed class or assignments 9 9

14 Table 8. age of students who reported select consequences as a result of drug use. Consequence Abused more than one drug at a time 0.9 Been unable to stop using drugs when you wanted to 3 Ever had blackouts or flashbacks as a result of drug use 6 Ever felt bad or guilty about your drug use Had your spouse/partner complain about your involvement with drugs 4 Neglected your family because of your use of drugs 2 Engaged in illegal activities in order to obtain drugs 3 Gotten into physical fights because you were using drugs Ever experienced withdrawal symptoms (felt sick) when you stopped taking drugs 2.9 Had medical problems as a result of your drug use (e.g. memory loss, infections, convulsions, bleeding) 2 Driven a car while under the influence of drugs 9 Gotten in trouble at work because of drug use 0.9 Been in very vulnerable situations, such as a situation in which you could have been hurt and/or date raped when using drugs 2 Engaged in risky sexual behavior such as having unprotected sex or sex with someone you just met because you were using drugs 3 Failed a class because of drug use Missed class or assignments due to drug use 4 % 0

15 RISK FACTORS Age of First Use: Early onset of substance use has been correlated with the development of a range of substance related problems, including involvement in motor vehicle crashes, unintentional injuries, and alcohol and/or drug dependence. (Behrendt et al., 2009; Dawson et al, 2008; Grant & Dawson 998; Hingson et al, 2006; Hingson & Wenxing, 2009; Warner & White, 2003) Individuals who begin drinking in their mid teens are four times more likely to become alcohol dependent during their lifetime compared to those who do not drink before the age of 2 (Grant & Dawson 998). The Indiana College Substance Use Survey asked students how old they were when they first used select substances. Responses consisted of two year intervals for ages 0 through 7 (i.e., 0 years, 2 3 years, etc.), a three year interval for students aged 8 through 20, a four year interval for ages 2 through 25, and open ended ranges for extreme responses ( under 0 or 26+ ). The mean age of first use was calculated using the midpoints of the intervals and the upper and lower endpoints for the extreme responses. The mean age of first time use of inhalants was the lowest of all substances queried, at 5 years. The average age of first time use of cigarettes was 6 years, followed closely by alcohol (6 years). Over the counter medication misuse (6 years), steroids (6 years), and other drugs (6 years) had earlier mean ages of first use than alcohol (Table 9). Indiana college students attending two year institutions were significantly younger than those attending four year schools when they first used cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, or prescription pills not prescribed to them. Male students were significantly younger than females when they first used cigars, smokeless tobacco, steroids or other illegal drugs. Availability: College students access to alcohol is strongly correlated with increased levels of drinking (Wechsler et al., 2000a). Students under 2 routinely report that alcohol is easy to obtain from a variety of sources (Brown et al., 2009; Fabian et al., 2008; Wechsler et al., 2002). The Indiana survey asked underage students to identify the three easiest ways they obtain alcohol. Older friends was the most often cited response for the easiest way to get alcohol. The most common response for the second easiest method was off campus parties, followed closely by on campus parties (Table 0). Six percent of underage students reported buying alcohol without an ID, while 5% reported using a fake ID and 3% used someone else s ID (Figure 2). Figure 3 illustrates the locations where underage students reported purchasing alcohol, with liquor stores, bars, and grocery stores being the most common places. All students (regardless of age) were asked what type of alcohol they usually drink. Beer was the most common alcoholic beverage consumed by students (35%), followed by liquor (28%) and wine (8%) (Figure 4).

16 Peer Perceptions: Many college students overestimate both the amount of drinking and drug use, and the approval of use by their peers (Borsari & Carey, 2003; Martens et al., 2006). These misperceptions have been shown to be positively correlated with the student s own drinking and drug use levels. Students who believe their peers drink or use drugs are more likely to drink or use drugs themselves (Kilmer et al., 2006; Neighbors et al 2007; Perkins et al., 2005). The Indiana College Substance Use Survey asked students how many alcoholic drinks they thought the typical student at their school had the last time he or she partied/socialized. Students could provide any figure between The average of the responses was 6 drinks, with males estimating an average of 7 drinks and females estimating 6 drinks. Responses did not differ significantly between students by age categories (under 2 vs. 2+). However, responses by students at two year schools were dramatically higher than those at four year schools, with students at two year schools believing the typical student consumed 9 drinks the last time he or she partied, while the average response for students at fouryear schools was 6 drinks (Table ). The survey also asked participants how they thought other students on their campus felt about using certain substances. Only one in three (33%) thought their peers would disapprove of having five or more drinks in one sitting, and only 3% thought their peers would disapprove of taking one or two drinks nearly every day. Less than one fourth of the students (22%) thought their peers would disapprove of trying marijuana once or twice, while two fifths (39.9%) felt their peers would disapprove of smoking it occasionally. Two thirds of the respondents (66%) thought regular use of marijuana would be disapproved of by other students. Eight in ten students thought their peers would disapprove of trying cocaine (79.9%), LSD (79%), or amphetamines (79%) once or twice, with slightly higher percentages of students believing their peers would disapprove of regular use of those substances (cocaine 89%, LSD 88%, amphetamines 86%) (Table 2). 2

17 AGE OF FIRST TIME USE Table 9. Average age of first time use of select substances. All Students By Gender By Age By School Type Substance Indiana Males Females Under 2 Cigarettes *** Cigars ** 7 8 *** 7 7 ** Chewing/smokeless tobacco ** 6 7 ** 6 7 *** Smoking tobacco with hooka/water pipe *** 8 8 Alcohol *** *** Marijuana *** 6 7 *** Cocaine *** 8 8 Hallucinogens *** Opiates ** * Designer drugs *** 7 8 Inhalants ** 5 5 Steroids ** 3 9 ** 8 6 Other illegal drugs * * 6 6 Prescription pills not prescribed to student *** ** Prescription medicines to get high 2 or Over 2 Year Schools *** 6 7 Over the counter medications to get high * 6 6 Methamphetamine * 8 6 Note: Statistically significant difference between genders, ages, or school types at: * p < 5, **p <, ***p < 0 Average age was calculated using the mid points of the age ranges that were provided as responses. 4 Year Schools 3

18 ALCOHOL SELECT TION AND AVAIL LABILITY Table 0. Three eas siest ways of gettin ng alcohol as repor rted by students w ho are under 2 an nd who used alcoh ol during the past year (n =2,04). First Easie est Second Ea asiest Of Third Easi est Of Studen ts were asked to identi Most common resp ponse Older friends (44. ff campus parties (2 ff campus parties (2 9%) 25%) 22%) So 2 nd most commo On campus parti On campus parti omeone else on ca n response ies (5%) ies (20%) ampus (5.9%) fy the first, second, and third easiest ways tha at they obtain alcohol. The top three response es in each category are 3 rd most co ommon response Off campu Older fr On campus s parties (0%) riends (8%) s parties (5%) reported in the table. Figure 2. age of stud ents under 2 who reported purchas sing alcohol by sele ect methods (n=2,6 608) Used a fake ID Used someone else's ID Bo ought without ID A 4

19 Figure 3. ag ge of students unde er 2 who reported select locations as the easiest place to purchase alcoh hol (n=2,608). Winery or microb brewery I nternet Liquo or store 3 Dru ug store Convenienc ce store Discoun nt store Grocer ry store 2 Res taurant Bar Figure 4. ag ge of students who reported select c ategories as the us sual type of alcoho ol they drank in the past month

20 PERCEPTION OF PEER BEHAVIORS Table. Mean number of drinks respondents thought the typical student consumed the last time he/she partied/socialized (range = 0 99). All Students By Gender By Age By School Type Indiana Males Females Under 2 2 or Over Mean * *** Standard Deviation Note: Statistically significant difference between genders, or school types at: *p < 5; ***p < 0 2 Year Schools 4 Year Schools Table 2. age of students who thought other students on campus would approve/disapprove of select behaviors. Strongly approve Somewhat approve Neither approve or disapprove Somewhat disapprove Strongly disapprove Trying marijuana once or twice Smoking marijuana occasionally Smoking marijuana regularly Trying cocaine once or twice Taking cocaine regularly Trying LSD once or twice Taking LSD regularly Trying amphetamine once or twice Taking amphetamine regularly Taking one or two drinks of an alcoholic beverage nearly every day Taking three or four drinks nearly every day Having five or more drinks in one sitting Taking steroids for body building or improved athletic performance

21 CHARACTERISTICS OF SURVEY PARTICIPANTS A majority of the survey respondents were female (57%) and under 2 years of age (53%). Most respondents were White (86.9%) and non Hispanic (93.9%) This compares to the total enrollment of all Indiana institutions of higher education, which is comprised of 55% female, 78% White and 97% non Hispanic (National Center for Education Statistics, n.d.). Almost all of the survey respondents (95%) were full time, and 9% estimated their Grade Point Average (GPA) at an A or B level. Three fifths of the students lived on campus, with over half living in a residence hall. Table 3. Demographic characteristics of survey participants. % Gender Male 2, Female 2, Age Under 2 2, or older 2, Race White 4, Black/African American 3 2 Asian 79 3 Native American/Alaskan Native 2 0 Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 22 0 More than one race 46 3 Other Ethnicity Hispanic Non Hispanic 4, Classification Freshman,46 29 Sophomore,47 23 Junior Senior 89 8 Grad/professional Not seeking a degree 5 0 Other

22 Table 3 (continued). Demographic characteristics of survey participants. % School 2 year 54 4 year 4, Student status Full time 4, Part time Approximate GPA A 2, B 2, C D 27 0 F Location of residence On campus 3, Off campus, Type of residence House/apartment/etc., Residence hall 2,55 52 Fraternity/Sorority 20 4 Other campus housing 99 2 Other

23 REFERENCES Behrendt, S., Wittchen, H. U., Höfler, M., Lieb, R., & Beesdo, K. (2009). Transitions from first substance use to substance use disorders in adolescence: Is early onset associated with a rapid escalation? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 99( 3), Borsari, B., & Carey, K. B. (2003). Descriptive and Injunctive Norms in College Drinking: A Meta Analytic Integration. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 64(3), 33. Brown, R. L., Matousek, T. A., & Radue, M. B. (2009). Legal Age Students' Provision of Alcohol to Underage College Students: An Exploratory Study. Journal of American College Health, 57(6), Dawson, D. A., Goldstein, R. B., Chou, S. P., Ruan, W. J., & Grant, B. F. (2008). Age at first drink and the first incidence of adult onset DSM IV alcohol use disorders. Alcoholism, Clinical And Experimental Research, 32(2), Fabian, L. E. A., Toomey, T. L., Lenk, K. M., & Erickson, D. J. (2008). How Do Underage College Students Get Alcohol? Journal of Drug Education, 38(), Grant, B. F., & Dawson, D. A. (998). Age of onset of drug use and its association with DSM IV drug abuse and dependence: results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey. Journal Of Substance Abuse, 0(2), Hingson, R.W., & Wenxing, Z. (2009). Age of Drinking Onset, Alcohol Use Disorders, Frequent Heavy Drinking, and Unintentionally Injuring Oneself and Others After Drinking. Pediatrics, 23(6), Hingson, R.W., Heeren, T., & Winter, M.R. (2006). Age at drinking onset and alcohol dependence: age at onset, duration, and severity. Archives Of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 60(7), Hingson, R.W., Heeren, T., Winter, M., & Wechsler, H. (2005). Magnitude of alcohol related mortality and morbidity among U.S. college students age 8 24: Changes from 998 to 200. Annual Review of Public Health, 26, Johnston, L.D., O Malley, P.M., Bachman, J.G., & Schulenberg, J.E. (2008). Monitoring the Future, National Survey Results on Drug Use, Volume II: College Students and Adults Ages NIH Pub. No B. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse. Johnston, L.D., O'Malley, P.M., Bachman, J.G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2009). Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, Volume I: Secondary school students. NIH Publication No Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse. Kilmer, J. R., Walker, D. D., Lee, C. M., Palmer, R. S., Mallett, K. A., Fabiano, P., et al. (2006). Misperceptions of College Student Marijuana Use: Implications for Prevention. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 67(2), Martens, M. P., Page, J. C., Mowry, E. S., Damann, K. M., Taylor, K. K., & Cimini, M. D. (2006). Differences Between Actual and Perceived Student Norms: An Examination of Alcohol Use, Drug Use, and Sexual Behavior. Journal of American College Health, 54(5), National Center for Education Statistics, n.d. Accessed at: 9

24 National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). (2004). NIAAA council approves definition of binge drinking. NIAAA Newsletter (3), 3. Accessed at: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) Interdisciplinary Team on Underage Drinking Research. (2004/2005). The Scope of the Problem. Alcohol Research & Health, 28(3), 20. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). (2002). A Call to Action: Changing the Culture of Drinking at U.S. Colleges. NIH Pub. No Bethesda, MD: NIAAA. Neighbors, C., Lee, C. M., Lewis, M. A., Fossos, N., & Larimer, M. E. (2007). Are Social Norms the Best Predictor of Outcomes Among Heavy Drinking College Students? Journal of Studies on Alcohol & Drugs, 68(4), Perkins, H. W., Haines, M. P., & Rice, R. (2005). Misperceiving the College Drinking Norm and Related Problems: A Nationwide Study of Exposure to Prevention Information, Perceived Norms and Student Alcohol Misuse. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Warner, L. A., & White, H. R. (2003). Longitudinal Effects of Age at Onset and First Drinking Situations on Problem Drinking. Substance Use & Misuse, 38(4), Wechsler, H., & Nelson, T. F. (2008). What We Have Learned From the Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study: Focusing Attention on College Student Alcohol Consumption and the Environmental Conditions That Promote It. Journal of Studies on Alcohol & Drugs, 69(4), Wechsler, H., Kuo, M., Lee, H., & Dowdall, G. W. (2000a). Environmental correlates of underage alcohol use and related problems of college students. American Journal Of Preventive Medicine, 9(), Wechsler, H., Lee, J. E., Kuo, M., & Lee, H. (2000b). College Binge Drinking in the 990s: A Continuing Problem. Journal of American College Health, 48(5), 99. Wechsler, H., Lee, J. E., Nelson, T. F., & Kuo, M. (2002). Underage College Students' Drinking Behavior, Access to Alcohol, and the Influence of Deterrence Policies. Journal of American College Health, 50(5),

25 FREQUENCY TABLES Substance use during the last 2 months: Cigarettes 2 No Yes Substance use during the last 2 months: Cigars 7 No Yes Substance use during the last 2 months: Chewing or smokeless tobacco 35 No Yes Substance use during the last 2 months: Smoking tobacco with hooka or water pipe 20 No Yes Substance use during the last 2 months: Alcohol 9 No Yes

26 Substance use during the last 2 months: Marijuana No Yes Substance use during the last 2 months: Cocaine 35 No Yes Substance use during the last 2 months: Hallucinogens 32 No Yes Substance use during the last 2 months: Opiates No Yes Substance use during the last 2 months: Designer drugs No Yes

27 Substance use during the last 2 months: Inhalants 39 No Yes Substance use during the last 2 months: Steroids No Yes 8 Substance use during the last 2 months: Other illegal drugs 4 No Yes Substance use during the last 2 months: Prescription pills that are not prescribed to you 9 No Yes 564 Substance use during the last 2 months: Prescription medicines to get high 37 No Yes

28 Substance use during the last 2 months: Over-the-counter medications to get high 49 No Yes Substance use during the last 2 months: Methamphetamine 55 No Yes 78 Number of days in the past month substance was used: Cigarettes day days days days days days All 30 days Number of days in the past month substance was used: Cigars day days days days days days 8 All 30 days 7 24

29 Number of days in the past month substance was used: Chewing or smokeless tobacco day days days days days days All 30 days 47 Number of days in the past month substance was used: Smoking tobacco with hooka or water pipe day days days days days days 5 99 All 30 days 8 Number of days in the past month substance was used: Alcohol day days days days days days All 30 days 22 25

30 Number of days in the past month substance was used: Marijuana day days days days days days All 30 days 63 Number of days in the past month substance was used: Cocaine day days days days days days 2 All 30 days 3 Number of days in the past month substance was used: Hallucinogens day days days days days 2 All 30 days 26

31 Number of days in the past month substance was used: Opiates day days days days days days All 30 days 3 Number of days in the past month substance was used: Designer drugs day days days days days days 2 All 30 days Number of days in the past month substance was used: Inhalants day days days days days days 2 27

32 Number of days in the past month substance was used: Steroids day days days days days days All 30 days 5 Number of days in the past month substance was used: Other illegal drugs day days days days days days All 30 days 4 Number of days in the past month substance was used: Prescription pills that are not prescribed to you day days days days days days 7 All 30 days 6 28

33 Number of days in the past month substance was used: Prescription medicines to get high day days days days days days 7 All 30 days 6 Number of days in the past month substance was used: Over-the-counter medications to get high day days days days days days 3 All 30 days Number of days in the past month substance was used: Methamphetamine day days days days days 4 All 30 days 3 29

34 Use of substance in the past year without a prescription: Adderall 53 Did not use Once per year times a year Once a month Once a week times a week 4 5 times a week 3 Every day 4 Use of substance in the past year without a prescription: Ritalin 72 Did not use Once per year times a year 2 99 Once a month 99 Once a week 5 3 times a week 5 5 times a week 2 Use of substance in the past year without a prescription: Xanax 7 Did not use Once per year times a year Once a month Once a week times a week 5 5 times a week 4 Every day 30

35 Use of substance in the past year without a prescription: Codeine 72 Did not use Once per year times a year Once a month 7 99 Once a week 3 3 times a week 5 times a week 4 Every day 2 Use of substance in the past year without a prescription: Hydrocodone 7 Did not use Once per year times a year Once a month Once a week times a week times a week 7 Every day 3 Use of substance in the past year without a prescription: Percocet 78 Did not use Once per year times a year Once a month 6 99 Once a week times a week 4 5 times a week 4 3

36 Use of substance in the past year without a prescription: Oxycontin 75 Did not use Once per year times a year 2 99 Once a month 4 99 Once a week times a week 3 5 times a week 4 Every day Use of substance in the past year without a prescription: Morphine 75 Did not use Once per year times a year 8 99 Once a month 7 99 Once a week times a week 3 5 times a week 2 Every day 3 Use of substance in the past year without a prescription: Methadone 76 Did not use Once per year times a year 5 99 Once a month 4 99 Once a week times a week times a week 4 Every day 5 32

37 Age of first time use: Cigarettes 90 Did not use Under Age of first time use: Cigars Did not use Under

38 Age of first time use: Chewing or smokeless tobacco Did not use Under Age of first time use: Smoking tobacco with hooka or water pipe Did not use Under

39 Age of first time use: Alcohol 33 Did not use Under Age of first time use: Marijuana Did not use Under

40 Age of first time use: Cocaine Did not use Under Age of first time use: Hallucinogens Did not use Under

41 Age of first time use: Opiates Did not use Under Age of first time use: Designer drugs Did not use Under

42 Age of first time use: Inhalants Did not use Under Age of first time use: Steroids Did not use Under

43 Age of first time use: Other illegal drugs Did not use Under Age of first time use: Prescription pills not prescribed to you Did not use Under

44 Age of first time use: Prescription medicines to get high Did not use Under Age of first time use: Over-the-counter medications to get high Did not use Under

45 Age of first time use: Methamphetamine Did not use Under Alcohol use in the past 6 months Yes No N/A - Paper version Consequences of alcohol use: Spouse, partner or parents worried or complained about your drinking Never Once Twice times times times 4 4

46 Consequences of alcohol use: Felt bad about your drinking Never Once Twice times times times 69 Consequences of alcohol use: Been unable to stop drinking when you wanted to Never Once Twice times times times Consequences of alcohol use: Attended Alcoholics Anonymous Never Once Twice times times times 6 42

47 Consequences of alcohol use: Created problems between you and your spouse or partner Never Once Twice times times times 24 Consequences of alcohol use: Gotten into trouble at work or school because of drinking Never Once Twice times times times 2 Consequences of alcohol use: Neglected your obligations, family, or work due to drinking Never Once Twice times times times 28 43

48 Consequences of alcohol use: Gone to anyone for help to reduce your drinking Never Once Twice times times times 9 Consequences of alcohol use: Been in the hospital because of drinking Never Once 4 99 Twice times times 4 0+ times 3 Consequences of alcohol use: Been arrested even for a few hours because of drinking Never Once Twice times times 2 0+ times 6 44

49 Consequences of alcohol use: Been arrested for drunk driving or driving after drinking Never Once Twice times times 2 0+ times 4 Consequences of alcohol use: Driven a car while under the influence Never Once Twice times times times 69 Consequences of alcohol use: Gotten into physical fights when drinking Never Once Twice times times times 0 45

50 Consequences of alcohol use: Experienced unwanted sexual attention Never Once Twice times times times 22 Consequences of alcohol use: Engaged in risky sexual behavior Never Once Twice times times times 33 Consequences of alcohol use: Missed class or assignments Never Once Twice times times times 59 46

51 Any drug use in the past year Yes No N/A - Paper version Consequences of drug use: Abused more than one drug at a time Never Once Twice times times times Consequences of drug use: Been unable to stop using drugs when you wanted to Never Once Twice times times times 76 47

52 Consequences of drug use: Had blackouts or flashbacks as a result of drug use Never Once Twice times times times 50 Consequences of drug use: Felt bad or guilty about your drug use Never Once Twice times times times 68 Consequences of drug use: Had your spouse or partner complain about your involvement with drugs Never Once Twice times times times 25 48

53 Consequences of drug use: Neglected your family because of your use of drugs Never Once Twice times times times 9 Consequences of drug use: Engaged in illegal activities in order to obtain drugs Never Once Twice times times times 52 Consequences of drug use: Gotten into physical fights because you were using drugs Never Once Twice times times 5 0+ times 6 49

54 Consequences of drug use: Experienced withdrawal symptoms when you stopped taking drugs Never Once Twice times times times 20 Consequences of drug use: Had medical problems as a result of your drug use Never Once Twice times times times 2 Consequences of drug use: Driven a car while under the influence of drugs Never Once Twice times times times

55 Consequences of drug use: Gotten in trouble at work because of drug use Never Once 0 99 Twice times times times 9 Consequences of drug use: Been in very vulnerable situations Never Once Twice times times times 2 Consequences of drug use: Engaged in risky sexual behavior Never Once Twice times times times 26 5

56 Consequences of drug use: Failed a class because of drug use Never Once 4 99 Twice times times 5 0+ times 4 Consequences of drug use: Missed class or assignments due to drug use Never Once Twice times times times 3 Perception of peer approval/disapproval: Trying marijuana once or twice 58 Strongly approve Somewhat approve Neither approve or disapprove Somewhat disapprove Strongly disapprove

57 Perception of peer approval/disapproval: Smoking marijuana occasionally 62 Strongly approve Somewhat approve Neither approve or disapprove Somewhat disapprove Strongly disapprove Perception of peer approval/disapproval: Smoking marijuana regularly 69 Strongly approve Somewhat approve Neither approve or disapprove Somewhat disapprove Strongly disapprove Perception of peer approval/disapproval: Trying cocaine once or twice 69 Strongly approve 67 2 Somewhat approve Neither approve or disapprove Somewhat disapprove Strongly disapprove

58 Perception of peer approval/disapproval: Taking cocaine regularly 67 Strongly approve 53 2 Somewhat approve 68 3 Neither approve or disapprove Somewhat disapprove Strongly disapprove Perception of peer approval/disapproval: Trying LSD once or twice 7 Strongly approve Somewhat approve Neither approve or disapprove Somewhat disapprove Strongly disapprove Perception of peer approval/disapproval: Taking LSD regularly 74 Strongly approve 52 2 Somewhat approve 68 4 Neither approve or disapprove Somewhat disapprove Strongly disapprove

59 Perception of peer approval/disapproval: Trying amphetamine once or twice 79 Strongly approve Somewhat approve Neither approve or disapprove Somewhat disapprove Strongly disapprove Perception of peer approval/disapproval: Taking amphetamine regularly Strongly approve 57 3 Somewhat approve Neither approve or disapprove Somewhat disapprove Strongly disapprove Perception of peer approval/disapproval: Taking one or two drinks of an alcoholic beverage nearly every day 64 Strongly approve Somewhat approve Neither approve or disapprove Somewhat disapprove Strongly disapprove

60 Perception of peer approval/disapproval: Taking three or four drinks nearly every day 64 Strongly approve Somewhat approve Neither approve or disapprove Somewhat disapprove Strongly disapprove Perception of peer approval/disapproval: Having five or more drinks in one sitting 86 Strongly approve Somewhat approve Neither approve or disapprove Somewhat disapprove Strongly disapprove Perception of peer approval/disapproval: Taking steroids for body building or improved athletic performance 72 Strongly approve 82 3 Somewhat approve Neither approve or disapprove Somewhat disapprove Strongly disapprove Age 2 or older Under N/A - Paper version

61 Students under 2: st easiest way to get alcohol Older friends Older siblings On-campus parties Fraternity or sorority houses Off-campus private parties Someone else on campus Buying it yourself Stealing it from store 8 95 From parents without their knowledge From parents with their knowledge Students under 2: 2nd easiest way to get alcohol Older friends Older siblings On-campus parties Fraternity or sorority houses Off-campus private parties Someone else on campus Buying it yourself Stealing it from store 8 95 From parents without their knowledge From parents with their knowledge

62 Students under 2: 3rd easiest way to get alcohol Older friends Older siblings On-campus parties Fraternity or sorority houses Off-campus private parties Someone else on campus Buying it yourself Stealing it from store 4 9 From parents without their knowledge From parents with their knowledge Students under 2: Never bought alcohol I do not drink alcohol I drink alcohol but I do not buy it Students under 2: Most common method to purchase alcohol Used a fake ID Used someone else's ID Bought alcohol without using an ID

63 Students under 2: Easiest place to purchase alcohol Bar Restaurant Grocery store Discount store 4 93 Convenience store Drug store 8 95 Liquor store Internet 8 99 Winery or microbrewery Usual type of alcohol 85 I did not drink alcohol Beer Malt beverages Wine coolers Wine Liquor Some other type 47 59

64 of binge drinking during the last two weeks Number of days of binge drinking during the last 30 days

65 Number of days of binge drinking during the last 30 days Perceived number of alcoholic drinks consumed by the typical student at the last party

66 Perceived number of alcoholic drinks consumed by the typical student at the last party Male Female Gender Hispanic Non-Hispanic Ethnicity 62

67 Race 34 White Black Asian Native American or Alaskan Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander More than one race Other Marital status 25 Single, never married Single, living with partner Married Separated 5 98 Divorced Widowed 7 Employment status 2 Full-time Part-time No

68 Approximate GPA 2 A B C D 27 F 4 Student status 28 Full-time Part-time Classification 2 Freshman or first year Sophomore or second year Junior Senior Grad or professional Not seeking a degree 5 99 Other 25 Location of current residence 30 On-campus Off-campus

69 Housing type 5 House or apartment Residence hall Fraternity or sorority Other campus housing Other 74 Alone Yes With roomates Yes With parents Yes With spouse Yes

70 With children Yes Other Yes

71 Results from the Indiana College Substance Use Survey 2009 by Rosemary King, M.P.H. Mi Kyung Jun, Ph.D. Carla Janáe Brown, M.S. Junghun Lee, M.S. Funded by the Indiana Family and Social Services Administration, Division of Mental Health and Addiction through a contract with the Indiana Collegiate Action Network Contact: Indiana Prevention Resource Center 50 North Morton Street Suite 0 Bloomington, IN drugprc@indiana.edu Toll Free: Fax: IPRC Indiana Prevention Resource Center