Role of Medicines. Chapter 19 Lesson 1

Transcription

1 Role of Medicines Chapter 19 Lesson 1

2 Types of Medicine Medicines drugs that are used to treat or prevent diseases or other conditions Drugs substances other than food that change the structure or function of the body or mind All medicines are drugs = not all drugs are medicines Medicines classified into 4 categories: Help prevent disease Fight pathogens Relieve pain and other symptoms Manage chronic conditions, help maintain or restore health, and regulate body systems

3 Preventing Disease Vaccines preparation that prevents a person from contracting a specific disease Produces antibodies that fight disease causing pathogens Some vaccines must be must be re-given in time Tetanus, flu, etc

4 Fighting Pathogens Antibiotics destroy disease causing bacteria miracle drugs when first invented Do have some side effects (nausea, vomiting, stomach pain) Can develop a resistance Over use Not taking prescription as prescribed Antivirals/Antifungals to treat illness or take away symptoms, does not cure Will have flare ups

5 Relieving Pain Analgesics pain reliever Mild (asprin, tylenol) to narcotics (morphine and codeine) Generally used to relieve pain, reduce fever, fight inflammation, swelling May still cause side effects Can overuse or have body resistance Dependence physically or psychologically required for existence

6 Managing Chronic Conditions Allergy medicine antihistamine Body Regulating insulin, inhalers Antidepressant/Antipsycotic suffering from mental illness Cancer Treatment treatment of cancer, slows cell growth, or treatment of side effects

7 Taking Medication Oral by mouth, pass from digestive system into blood stream Topical applied to skin Transdermal patches medicate through skin Inhaled breathed in through mist or powder Injected shot directly into the blood stream

8 Reactions to Medications Side effects reactions to medicine other than one intended Drowsiness, upset stomach, dizziness, etc Tolerance body becomes used to the effect of medicine Withdrawal when you stop using the medication, or are psychologically dependent

9 Using Medication Safely FDA Food and Drug Administration Prescription meds only with written approval Over the Counter (OTC) medicines you can buy without a doctor s prescription Some are controlled Pay attention to the label! Ingredients, use, warnings, expiration date, purpose, directions or other information

10 Misuse & Abuse Misuse using a med in a way other than intended Not following instructions, taking too much or not enough, longer or shorter than recommended, mixing meds Abuse intentionally taking for nonmedical reasons Drug overdose strong sometimes fatal reactions taking a large amount of a drug

11 ND Statistics Percentage of students who have taken over-thecounter drugs to get high one or more times during their life. 11.2% Percentage of students who have taken a prescription drug (such as OxyContin, Percocet, Vicodin, Codeine, Adderall, Ritalin, or Xanax) without a doctor s prescription one or more times during their life. 16.2%

12 Tobacco Chapter 20

13 Tobacco Nicotine highly addictive, stimulant Increases the action of the central nervous system, heart, and other organs Raise blood pressure, increases heart rate Carcinogen cancer causing 87% of cancer deaths result from smoking

14 Smoking Tobacco Carbon monoxide colorless, odorless, and poisonous gas, depletes oxygen found in paint, rat poison, and toilet cleaner Tar thick, sticky, dark fluid produced when tobacco is burned Sticks to lungs, destroys air sacs which absorb oxygen Higher rates of bronchitis, pneumonia, emphysema

15 Smokeless tobacco Sniffed through the nose, held in the mouth, or chewed Effects last 3 times longer than that of a cigarette smoked Leukoplakia sores in the mouth that can develop into oral cancer Impacts mouth, throat, larynx, esophagus, stomach, and pancreas

16 Harmful Effects of Tobacco Short Term Brain chemistry changes cravings, experience withdrawal, headaches, nervousness, trembling about 30 minutes after last tobacco use Respiration and heart rate increase makes breathing during physical activity difficult, no endurance, irregular heart rate Taste buds dulled/appetite reduced Bad breath, yellowed teeth and skin, smelly hair and clothing

17 Harmful Effects, cont. Long Term Chronic bronchitis tar buildup, chronic coughing, excessive mucus Emphysema nearly impossible to breathe, 80% of all energy used just to breathe Lung cancer can not get rid of mucus (90% of lung cancer caused by smoking) Coronary heart disease and stroke constricts blood cells, cuts down blood flow to limbs, contributes to plaque buildup clogging arteries Weakened immune system lowers effectiveness and makes it more vulnerable to sickness and other disease

18 Smoke-free environments Second hand smoke smoke in the air from a smoker Eye irritation, headaches, ear infections, and coughing Third hand smoke remaining parts of smoke left on items

19 ND Statistics Percentage of students who ever tried cigarette smoking, even one or two puffs. 44.1% Percentage of students who smoked cigarettes on one or more of the past 30 days. 19.4% Among students who reported current cigarette use, the percentage who ever tried to quit smoking cigarettes during the past 12 months. 52.8%

20 Alcohol Chapter 21

21 Factors that Influence Effects: Body size smaller feel effects faster Gender females faster than males Food slows down passage of alcohol into blood Rate of intake faster drinks taken in, harder for liver to break down Amount amount consumed raises alcohol in bloodstream Medicine can interfere with effects (absorb more slowly, decrease effectiveness, change chemicals)

22 Short-term effects Depressant slows down body systems Slows reaction time Impairs vision Diminishes judgment Intoxication state when the body is poisoned by alcohol or other substances, physical and mental control reduced Page 568

23 Long Term Effects Damage brain cells Increase blood pressure, heart attacks and strokes Buildup of fat cells in the liver, lead to death of liver Damage to digestive lining causing ulcers and cancer Destruction of pancreas Destruction of social relationships If stop using, can reduce some effects but can never repair everything Page 570

24 Binge Drinking & Alcohol Poisoning Binge drinking drinking five or more alcoholic drinks at one sitting Alcohol poisoning a severe and potentially fatal physical reaction to an alcohol overdose Mental confusion and stupor Coma Vomiting and seizures Slow respiration Irregular heart beat Hypothermia Call 911 immediately!

25 Risks of Alcohol Use Law illegal to possess, buy, or consume Leads to arrests, sentencing, conviction Violence fights much more likely, victim or perpetrator of violent crimes (rape, aggravated assault and robbery) Sexual activity impairs judgment, lowers inhibitions, compromise values Increases risks for not using protection Family neglect, abuse, isolation, economic, mental illness School kills brain cells, takes away concentration, poor grades

26 Impact of Alcohol Abuse Alcoholism disease that affects the person who drinks and others around him/her Stage 1 abuse Stage 2 dependence Stage 3 addiction Alcoholic person addicted to alcohol The more you use the braver you get, the more risks that you are willing to take Driving Pregnancy

27 ND statistics Percentage of students who had at least one drink of alcohol on one or more days during their life. 68.3% Percentage of students who had at least one drink of alcohol on one or more of the past 30 days. 38.8% Percentage of students that believe drinking among teenagers is un-acceptable in their community. 42.6%

28 Choosing to Live Alcohol Free Find supportive people Find a positive focus Set goals Maintain a healthy body

29 Illegal Drugs Chapter 22

30 Factors Influencing Teens Peer pressure Family members Role models Media messages Perceptions of drug behavior Misleading information

31 Substance Abuse Unnecessary or improper use of chemical substances for non-medical purposes Leading cause of crime, suicide, and unintentional injuries Illegal chemicals that people of any age can not lawfully manufacture, possess, buy or sell Illicit drug use use or sale of any substance that is illegal or not permitted Sale of prescription meds

32 How Drugs Affect Your Health Physical Health serious risk of overdose, if needles are in use higher risks of hepatitis B and HIV Mental Health alter and impair ability to reason and think, plays a huge roll in controlling emotions Social Health may lose friendships, relationships with family may become strained, may deal with the law

33 Other effects Tolerance requires the body to have more and more to achieve same high Psychological dependence a person beliefs that a drug is needed in order to feel good or function normally Physiological dependence body develops a chemical need for the drug, withdrawal occurs Addiction persistent, compulsive use, difficulty stopping on their own Even small amounts can lead to a serious cycle of addiction

34 Marijuana Plant whose leaves, buds, and flowers are smoked because of the intoxication Most widely used illegal drug Nicknamed weed, grass, pot Hashish or hash stronger form Considered as a gateway drug 60s weed is not the same as today s weed What it does to the body? - Page 599

35 Consequences of Marijuana Similar risks as tobacco users Weaken the immune system Affects reproductive system Males reduces testosterone, Females raises testosterone (can lead to infertility) Raises levels of dopamine feel good drug Slows mental reflexes Short term memory harm Distorted perception, loss of coordination, trouble thinking and problem solving May lead to being very sleepy

36 ND Statistics Percentage of students who tried marijuana for the first time before age 13 years. 6.3% Percentage of students who used marijuana one or more times during the past 30 days. 15.3%

37 Inhalants Substances whose fumes are sniffed or inhaled to get the side effects Solvents, aerosols, glues, paints, varnishes, gasoline Most depress nervous system Glassy stare, slurred speech, impaired judgment, nausea, coughing, nosebleeds, fatigue, lack of coordination Permanent brain damage, damage to liver and kidneys, blindness, paralysis, cardiac arrest, death Be sure to work in well ventilated areas

38 Steroids Anabolic-androgenic synthetic, similar to male sex hormones Some steroids prescribed by a doctor, but must be under doctor care Unnatural muscle growth, lack of support from tendons and ligaments Weight gain, acne, high blood pressure, liver and kidney tumors Usually injected with needles, risk of HIV or Hepatitis B Violent mood swings, depression, paranoia, baldness, shrinking testicles, lower sperm count, development of breasts, increased risk of prostate cancer

39 Psychoactive Drugs Chemicals that affect the central nervous system and change activity in the brain 4 types: Stimulants, depressants, opiates, hallucinogens Some have medicinal value Page 604

40 Club Drugs Can be disguised in food, drinks = taken without knowledge Designer drugs made to impersonate other drugs, normally MUCH stronger than original Ecstasy stimulant and hallucinogen, gives euphoria Rohypnol roofies depressant or sedative that slows CNS date rape drug GHB depressant can also be used as a date rape drug Ketamine used to treat animals, hallucinations and respiratory failure when used in humans Methamphetamine stimulant, euphoria depression paranoia, delusions, death LSD (acid) cause hallucinations, flashbacks, extreme euphoria to panic or terror, can lead to death

41 Other Stimulants Cocaine highly addictive stimulant, white powder, surge of confidence and euphoria, then deep depression, fatigue, paranoia Sometimes injected HIV or Hepatitis B Crack more dangerous form of cocaine, reaches the brain in seconds, in the blood the heart rate and blood pressure soar to dangerous levels, death, fatal if mixed with alcohol (liver failure) Amphetamines some used to stay alert, improve athletic performance, lose weight irregular heart beat, paranoia, aggressive behavior, heart failure

42 Other Depressants Barbiturates mood changes, excessive sleepiness, coma, intoxication, combined with alcohol can be fatal Tranquilizers relieve anxiety, muscle spasms, sleeplessness, and nervousness coma and death

43 Hallucinogens Overload the brain s sensory controls Alter mood, impair judgment, thoughts, sense of perception X, ketamine, LSD Increase heart and respiratory rates PCP angel dust one of the most dangerous, distorted sense of time, increased violent feelings, inability to feel pain, mental flashbacks of pain, confusion DXM cough suppressant OTC paranoia, panic attacks, nausea, increased heart rate and blood pressure, seizures, and addiction Mushrooms poisoning and death with toxic species

44 Opiates Generally used to control pain when directed by a health care profession Codeine highly addictive, causes dizziness, labored breathing, low blood pressure, seizures, respiratory arrest Allergic reactions Morphine used only a short time, fast or slow heart beat, seizures, blurred vision, rashes, difficulty swallowing Heroin slows breathing and pulse rate, cause infection of the heart, liver disease, HIV and hepatitis B Oxycodone suppression of respiratory system, cause death from respiratory failure

45 Other ND Drug Statistics Percentage of students who used any form of cocaine, including powder, crack, or freebase one or more times during their life. 6.0% Percentage of students who sniffed glue, breathed the contents of aerosol spray cans, or inhaled any paints or sprays to get high one or more times during their life. 11.6% Percentage of students who used a needle to inject any illegal drug into their body one or more times during their life. 2.0% Percentage of students who were offered, sold, or given an illegal drug by someone on school property during the past 12 months. 20.8%