Recurrent Disease Following Liver Transplantation for Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Cirrhosis

Transcription

1 LIVER TRAPLANTATION 15: , 2009 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Recurrent Disease Following Liver Transplantation for Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Cirrhosis Shahid M. Malik, 1 Michael E. devera, 2 Paulo Fontes, 2 Obaid Shaikh, 1 Eizaburo Sasatomi, 3 and Jawad Ahmad 1 1 Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, 2 Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, and 3 Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA Recurrence of the original disease following liver transplantation is not uncommon and can lead to graft failure. There are limited data on recurrent fatty liver disease following liver transplantation. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of recurrent fatty liver disease in patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, its effect on survival, and whether there are any predictive factors for recurrence. We analyzed patients undergoing liver transplantation for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis cirrhosis from 1997 to 2008 at a single center. Patients undergoing transplantation for cholestatic disease, alcohol, hepatitis C, or cryptogenic cirrhosis were controls. Ninety-eight patients underwent transplantation for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis cirrhosis. Recurrent fatty liver disease was seen in 70%, 25% had recurrent nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and 18% had stage II/IV or greater fibrosis at a mean of 18 months. No patients with recurrent nonalcoholic steatohepatitis developed graft failure or required retransplantation at a follow-up of 3 years. No recipient or donor factors were associated with disease recurrence, although patients with recurrent nonalcoholic steatohepatitis had a higher incidence of diabetes, weight gain, and dyslipidemia at the time of diagnosis of recurrence. One-third of patients with recurrent nonalcoholic steatohepatitis had normal liver enzymes at the time of diagnosis post-transplantation. In conclusion, recurrent fatty liver disease is common following liver transplantation for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis cirrhosis but does not lead to early allograft failure. Recurrent nonalcoholic steatohepatitis can occur despite normal liver enzymes, and features of metabolic syndrome are associated with disease recurrence. Liver Transpl 15: , AASLD. Received June 7, 2009; accepted August 17, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the developing world, affecting nearly 1 in every 3 individuals. 1-3 Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is considered the progressive form of NAFLD and can eventually lead to cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease. Recurrent disease post liver transplantation (LT) is an important problem. Depending on the etiology, recurrent disease can be a common cause of allograft loss. For instance, recurrent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection after LT is universal and can lead to advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis in 41% of patients within 6 to 10 years, with graft failure accounting for up to 45% of deaths. 4 The first reported case of recurrent fatty liver disease was documented in 1992, 5 and since that time, there have been several case reports and studies examining the recurrence of NASH post-lt However, NASH is a pathological diagnosis, and most of these studies were small and examined patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis (CC) who were assumed to have burnt-out NASH. 15 Recent data suggest that approximately 3% of individuals from developed countries have NASH. 16 Nine to Abbreviations: ACR, acute cellular rejection; ALD, alcoholic liver disease; BMI, body mass index; CC, cryptogenic cirrhosis; CIT, cold ischemic time; CTP, Child-Turcotte-Pugh; DM, diabetes mellitus; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HTN, hypertension; LOS, length of stay; LT, liver transplantation; MELD, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis;, not significant; PBC, primary biliary cirrhosis; PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis; WIT, warm ischemic time. Address reprint requests to Jawad Ahmad, M.D., F.R.C.P., Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh, PA Telephone: ; FAX: ; javbob@hotmail.com DOI /lt Published online in Wiley InterScience ( American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.

2 1844 MALIK ET AL. 20% of patients who have NASH progress to cirrhosis, and up to one-third of these patients will die from complications from liver failure or require LT. 1 It is not surprising then that NASH cirrhosis is projected to surpass HCV as the leading indication for LT in the next 10 years. 17 With no foreseeable change in the number of deceased donor organs available for transplantation, maximizing the life of each allograft is critical. The aims of the present study were 3-fold: first, to determine the incidence of recurrent NASH in patients transplanted for NASH cirrhosis; second, to determine if recurrent NASH affects graft or patient survival; and third, to determine what factors are predictive of recurrent disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the records of all adult patients undergoing LT for a diagnosis of NASH cirrhosis with a prospectively collected database at a single center. Patients were considered to have a diagnosis of NASH cirrhosis on the basis of histopathology and if they fulfilled the following clinical criteria: the absence of a history of alcohol and the exclusion of all other forms of chronic liver disease based on a combination of history, laboratory testing, histology, and an absence of potential exposures to hepatotoxins or medications associated with hepatic steatosis. All patients underwent extensive serological testing prior to LT, including testing for hepatitis B virus (HBV; hepatitis B surface antibody, surface antigen, and core antibody), HCV (hepatitis C second-generation enzymelinked immunosorbent assay, EIA-2, and HCV RNA), hemochromatosis (serum iron, saturation percentage, total iron binding capacity, ferritin, and HFE genetic testing if indicated), Wilson disease (ceruloplasmin levels), alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (alpha 1-antitrypsin levels and phenotype), autoimmune hepatitis (antinuclear antibody titers, anti smooth muscle antibody titers, anti liver-kidney microsomal antibody titers, and quantitative immunoglobulin levels: immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, and immunoglobulin A), and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC; antimitochondrial antibody titers). All explant biopsy reports and available biopsy reports pre-transplant were reviewed to ensure findings consistent with NASH or NASH cirrhosis. Histological criteria for NASH included macrovesicular hepatic steatosis, Mallory s hyaline, ballooning degeneration, scattered predominantly neutrophilic inflammation, and pericentral, perisinusoidal fibrosis. 18 Patients who did not undergo liver biopsy pre-transplantation or who did not have explant features diagnostic of NASH were excluded. The collected demographic data included recipient characteristics [age, sex, race, body mass index (BMI), history of alcohol or illicit drug use, past medical history, laboratory data, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) score, and dialysis or intubation pre-transplant], patient survival in days, retransplantation, and cause of death. Donor characteristics included age, sex, race, BMI, cause of death, and steatosis percentage on biopsy (when available). Surgical cold ischemia times and warm ischemia times were also noted. Immunosuppression was tacrolimus-based with or without the use of corticosteroids. The length of stay post-transplant was defined as the number of hospital days (intensive care unit or otherwise) for patients who were eventually discharged from the hospital to home, rehabilitation, or a nursing facility. Patient survival was defined as short-term (24 hours and 30 days) and long-term (1, 3, and 5 years) from the time of LT. A majority of the patients in our NASH cohort were biopsied because of clinical and biochemical concerns based on abnormal liver function studies or imaging. Since 2007, 1-year protocol biopsy has been implemented for patients transplanted for NASH cirrhosis. Acute cellular rejection (ACR) episodes (diagnosed by histopathology) and treatment with high-dose steroids were also noted. Recurrent fatty liver disease was defined as the presence of macrovesicular or mixed macrovesicular/microvesicular steatosis with or without inflammation. Macrovesicular and mixed macro/microvesicular steatosis was graded on a scale of 0 to IV (0, no steatosis; I, 10%; II, 10%-33%; III, 33%-66%; and IV, 66% of hepatocytes with fat accumulation). The diagnostic criteria for post-lt steatohepatitis were the same as those used to diagnose NASH pre-lt and are documented above. Fibrosis was scored as follows: stage 0, none; stage I, expanded portal tracts, stage II, periportal fibrosis; stage III, bridging fibrosis; and stage IV, cirrhosis. Comparison Groups Patients with NASH cirrhosis were compared to patients in 4 control groups: in a 1:1 ratio with patients transplanted for CC and in a 1:2 ratio with patients transplanted for cholestatic liver disease [PBC and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)], alcoholic liver disease (ALD), or HCV (total of 686 patients). The control groups were matched (in order of priority) for age, sex, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score, and year of transplantation. The most recent post-lt biopsy specimens in all 4 groups were used for comparison. Statistical Analysis Continuous variables were compared with the Student t test. Categorical variables were compared with the chi-square test. Survival after LT was calculated with the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the logrank test. Data are expressed as means. All analysis LIVER TRAPLANTATION.DOI /lt. Published on behalf of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases

3 RECURRENT NASH FOLLOWING IT FOR NASH CIRRHOSIS 1845 was performed with Stata 8.0 (Statacorp, College Station, TX). This study was approved by the institutional review board of the University of Pittsburgh. RESULTS Figure 1. Flow-diagram of 2012 adult LT recipients demonstrating criteria used for diagnosis of NASH cirrhosis and results of post LT biopsies. Abbreviations: LT, liver transplantation; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Among the 2012 adult patients who underwent LT at our center from July 6, 1997 to June 28, 2008, we identified 143 patients with a diagnosis of NASH cirrhosis. After a thorough review and with the defined diagnostic criteria, 45 patients were eliminated for the following reasons: CC (n 12), evidence of alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (n 7), autoimmune hepatitis (n 5), alcohol use (n 5), hemochromatosis (n 4), HCV (n 3), HCV/ALD (n 2), Wilson disease (n 2), methotrexate-induced liver injury (n 2), possible acetaminophen toxicity (n 1), fulminant hepatic failure (n 1), and HBV/ALD (n 1); this left 98 patients (4.9% of the 2012 adults who underwent LT) transplanted with a primary diagnosis of NASH cirrhosis. The baseline recipient and donor characteristics for all study patients (NASH and controls) have been described elsewhere. 19 Seventy-one of 98 patients had pretransplant biopsy specimens consistent with a diagnosis of NASH. The remaining 27 patients included in the cohort had explant biopsy findings diagnostic for NASH. Of the 71 patients that had pre-lt biopsy specimens diagnosing NASH, 49 had explant findings consistent with NASH, whereas 32 (45%) had developed significant fibrosis or complete cirrhosis with few remaining diagnostic features of NASH. Thirteen of the 98 NASH cirrhosis patients received live donor transplants. All patients post-lt (in both the NASH and control cohorts) were initially placed on tacrolimus-and prednisone-based immunosuppression. Of the 98 patients, 79 (81%) underwent biopsy at a mean of 65 weeks post-lt. Twenty-one patients in the NASH cohort underwent yearly protocol biopsy. Fiftyfive (69.6%) had evidence of fatty liver disease. Of the patients who underwent biopsy post-lt, 36 (45.6%) had bland steatosis, 19 (24.1%) had evidence of NASH (Fig. 1), and 14 (17.7%) had stage II/IV fibrosis or greater. No patients had histological evidence of cirrhosis. The earliest histological evidence of NASH was 4 weeks post-lt. The mean time frame from LT to the diagnosis of NASH was weeks (range: weeks). Of the 21 patients who underwent protocol biopsy, 16 had histological evidence of steatosis, and 6 had NASH. Seventeen of the 21 patients (80.9%) undergoing protocol biopsy had normal liver function tests, and the remainder had only minor elevations. Baseline recipient characteristics comparing patients with no histological evidence of steatosis (n 24) to those with NASH (n 19) are outlined in Table 1. Patients with no evidence of fatty liver post-lt were older and heavier pre-lt than those with NASH, but the pretransplant rates of diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN) were similar. Baseline donor characteristics between the 2 groups are compared in Table 2. Patients with recurrent NASH had a tendency to have younger donors. There was no difference in the donor steatosis percentage between the 2 groups. Of the 19 patients who had recurrent NASH post-lt, 6 (31.6%) had normal enzymes at the time of biopsy. The mean liver enzyme levels of the 19 patients with recurrent NASH were as follows: total bilirubin, (normal: mg/dl); aspartate aminotransferase, (normal: IU/L); alanine aminotransferase, (normal: IU/L); alkaline phosphatase, (normal: IU/L); and gamma glutamyl transferase, (normal: 0-41 IU/L). With a mean follow-up of just over 3 years, no patient in the recurrent NASH cohort developed cirrhosis or graft failure. One-year mortality was significantly lower among patients with recurrent NASH (Table 3). Fiveyear survival was 83%. However, Kaplan-Meier 5-year survival curves illustrated no significant difference in survival between the 2 groups (Fig. 2). There was no difference in the length of stay post-lt. At the time of postoperative biopsy, patients with NASH had a higher incidence of DM, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome in comparison with those without histological evidence of steatosis (Table 3). Of the 19 patients who developed post-lt NASH, 12 gained weight from the time of transplant to the time of diag- LIVER TRAPLANTATION.DOI /lt. Published on behalf of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases

4 1846 MALIK ET AL. TABLE 1. Pre-LT Baseline Recipient Characteristics of 24 Patients with Post-LT Biopsies Showing No Evidence of Steatosis Versus 19 Patients with Evidence of NASH Nonsteatosis (n 24) NASH (n 19) P Value Age (years) (range: 49-75; median: 63) (range: 40-67; median: 58) 0.01 Sex (female) 18 (75.0%) 10 (55.5%) Race (white) 24 (100.0%) 18 (100.0%) BMI (kg/m 2 ) BMI 30 kg/m 2 18 (75.0%) 11 (61.1%) DM 15 (62.5%) 12 (66.7%) HTN 14 (58.3%) 7 (38.9%) DM HTN 11 (45.8%) 6 (33.3%) Albumin (g/dl) Creatinine (mg/dl) CTP score MELD Intubated 1 (4.2%) 1 (5.6%) Dialysis 2 (8.3%) 1 (5.6%) Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CTP, Child-Turcotte-Pugh; DM, diabetes mellitus; HTN, hypertension; LT, liver transplantation; MELD, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease; NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis;, not significant. TABLE 2. Pre-LT Baseline Donor Characteristics and Surgical Ischemia Times of 24 Patients with Post-LT Biopsies Showing No Evidence of Steatosis Versus 19 Patients with Evidence of NASH Nonsteatosis (n 24) NASH (n 19) P Value Age (years) Sex (female) 12 (50.0%) 7 (38.9%) Race (white) 22 (91.7%) 15 (83.3%) BMI (kg/m 2 ) BMI 30 (kg/m 2 ) 10 (41.7%) 5 (27.8%) Live donor 3 (12.5%) 4 (22.2%) Steatosis (assuming no biopsy 0%) 2.2% 4.1% 5.0% 7.2% Steatosis 20% 4 (16.7%) 1 (5.6%) CIT (minutes) WIT (minutes) Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CIT, cold ischemic time; LT, liver transplantation; NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis;, not significant; WIT, warm ischemic time. nosis of recurrent NASH (the mean weight gain was 4.0 kg), 2 developed de novo DM and HTN, and 4 developed new-onset hypertriglyceridemia (defined as serum triglycerides 150 mg/dl). There was no difference in the number of episodes of ACR between patients with post-lt NASH and those without evidence of steatosis (Table 4). There was also no difference in the quantity or duration of steroid therapy between the 2 groups. Of the 686 control patients, 569 (82.9%) underwent biopsy at a mean of 81 weeks post-lt. A comparison of the postoperative specimens with all 4 control groups showed that patients transplanted for NASH had a higher incidence of mild (grade I and II) steatosis (Table 5). The incidence of severe steatosis (grade IV) was higher in comparison with patients with PBC/PSC or HCV. The incidence of recurrent steatohepatitis was highest in the NASH group. The number of donors with greater than 20% steatosis was also highest in the NASH cohort. Of the 7 patients with high donor steatosis, 3 developed recurrent NAFLD, but only 1 developed recurrent NASH. There were more patients diagnosed with ACR in the PBC/PSC, ALD, and HCV groups in comparison with NASH (Table 5). The development of severe fibrosis/cirrhosis was highest in the HCV group. The rate of death from graft failure was higher in patients with ALD and HCV. DISCUSSION The present study demonstrates that recurrent disease is very common after LT for NASH cirrhosis. The incidence of recurrent steatosis at a mean follow-up of almost 18 months post-lt was 70%. Recurrent NASH is also not uncommon, with an incidence of approximately 25%, but recurrent disease in patients transplanted for NASH cirrhosis does not seem to lead to early patient death or graft failure. However, a signifi- LIVER TRAPLANTATION.DOI /lt. Published on behalf of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases

5 RECURRENT NASH FOLLOWING IT FOR NASH CIRRHOSIS 1847 TABLE 3. Mortality, LOS, and Rates of Retransplantation for 24 Patients Transplanted for NASH Cirrhosis with Post-LT Biopsies Showing No Evidence of Steatosis Versus 19 Patients with Post-LT Biopsies with NASH Nonsteatosis (n 24) NASH (n 19) P Value Mortality Immediate (24 hours) days 1 (4.2%) 0 1 year 7 (29.2%) years 9 (33.3%) 2 (11.1%) years 9 (33.3%) 3 (16.7%) LOS (days) Retransplant 2 (8.3%) 1 (5.6%) Abbreviations: LOS, length of stay; LT, liver transplantation; NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis;, not significant. Figure 2. Kaplan-Meier survival curve for 24 patients transplanted for NASH cirrhosis with no evidence of fatty liver disease or post LT biopsies compared to 19 with recurrent NASH. p 0.10 by log rank. Analysis time in days. Abbreviation: NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. cant number of patients developed stage II or greater fibrosis despite the relatively short follow-up period. The only significant pre-lt factors associated with recurrent NASH were younger recipients and a lower BMI (Table 1), with a tendency for younger donors (Table 2). This would appear to be counterintuitive as NASH in a native liver is associated with a higher BMI and typically presents in older people. In addition, pretransplant DM and HTN were not more common in the recurrent NASH cohort, although overall these are very prevalent in NASH patients. However, at the time of posttransplant biopsy, patients with recurrent NASH were more likely to have developed DM, dyslipidemia, weight gain, and metabolic syndrome since the transplant (Table 4), and this suggests that the development of recurrent NASH after LT is associated with factors similar to those for NASH occurring in the native liver. 1,3 Nearly one-third of the patients with recurrent NASH had normal liver function tests at the time of diagnosis post-transplant. Fourteen of the 19 patients (73.7%) with recurrent NASH had aspartate aminotransferase/ alanine aminotransferase ratios less than 1 (mean ratio: 0.69), which is similar to that seen in patients with NASH pre-lt. 20 The poor correlation of liver enzymes with the diagnosis of NASH has been well documented in the pre-lt population, 21,22 and the current study suggests that the same is true post-lt. Because of the lack of reliability of blood work for the diagnosis of recurrence, we have adopted yearly protocol biopsy for patients transplanted for NASH in order to better monitor patients with more progressive disease. Despite the frequency of recurrent disease, short- TABLE 4. Features of Metabolic Syndrome at the Time of Post-LT Biopsies and Episodes of ACR in 24 Patients Transplanted for NASH Cirrhosis with No Evidence of Steatosis Versus 19 Patients with NASH Nonsteatosis (n 24) NASH (n 19) P Value BMI (kg/m 2 ) BMI (kg/m 2 ) DM HTN 8 10 Dyslipidemia Metabolic syndrome Episodes of ACR 7 8 Episodes of ACR treated with high-dose steroids Abbreviations: ACR, acute cellular rejection; BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; HTN, hypertension; LT, liver transplantation; NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis;, not significant. LIVER TRAPLANTATION.DOI /lt. Published on behalf of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases

6 1848 MALIK ET AL. TABLE 5. Donor Steatosis, Recipient NAFLD/NASH Grades and Stages, Episodes of ACR, Deaths from Graft Failure, and Retransplantation as a Result of Recurrent Disease Post-LT in Patients Transplanted for NASH Cirrhosis Versus Controls Macro/mixed steatosis NASH (n 79) PBC/PSC (n 158) ALD (n 164) HCV (n 171) CC (n 76) Donor steatosis 20% 8.9% 3.2% P % 4.1% 1.3% P 0.04 Steatosis % 62.7% 62.2% 51.5% 44.7% P 0.05 Steatosis I 28.6% 29.7% 28.7% 40.9% 44.7% Steatosis II 17.3% 3.2% 3.0% 1.8% 0.0% Steatosis III 4.1% 3.2% 3.0% 4.7% 6.6% Steatosis IV 6.1% 1.3% 3.0% 1.2% 3.9% Steatohepatitis 24.1% 1.9% 4.9% 2.3% 5.3% Fibrosis % 45.6% P % P % P % P 0.03 Fibrosis I 50.6% 34.8% 36.6% P % 39.5% Fibrosis II 10.1% 9.5% 7.9% 15.2% 9.2% Fibrosis III 7.6% 8.3% 6.7% 16.4% P % Fibrosis IV 0 1.9% P % P % P Patients with at least 1 episode of ACR 26.6% 44.3% 38.4% P % P % Death from graft failure 0.0% 4.2% 5.5% 8.9% 0.0% P 0.07 P 0.03 Retransplantation as a result of disease recurrence 0.0% 3.0% 0.61% 2.2% 0.0% Mean follow-up from transplantation to the most recent biopsy (days) P P Abbreviations: ACR, acute cellular rejection; ALD, alcoholic liver disease; CC, cryptogenic cirrhosis; HCV, hepatitis C virus; LT, liver transplantation; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis;, not significant; PBC, primary biliary cirrhosis; PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis. term mortality was not affected. There was a higher 1-year mortality rate in the recipients without steatosis (Table 3 and Fig. 2). We suspect that this is likely a reflection of a higher number of patients in the nonsteatosis group meeting criteria for what we previously concluded was high-risk NASH (a combination of older age and a higher BMI with pre-lt DM and HTN) and that this is independent of recurrent disease in the allograft. 19 Inherently, patients with recurrent disease after LT have to live long enough for the recurrence to occur. The older donor age for the nonsteatosis recipients may also have been a factor in the higher early mortality seen in this cohort. With longer follow-up, there was no difference in mortality, and this suggests that deaths occurring in the recurrent NASH cohort occurred after 1 year (Table 3). Not surprisingly, NASH patients were much more likely to develop recurrent steatosis and recurrent NASH than controls. Cryptogenic patients showed some similarities in steatosis and fibrosis rates, and this perhaps suggests that many of these patients actually had NASH as an underlying etiology. The highest fibrosis rates were seen in HCV patients, even after only 18 months of follow-up. This is not surprising given the universal incidence of recurrent disease in patients transplanted for HCV and, to a lesser extent, may be a reflection of aggressive diseases such as fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis. The progression of severe fibrosis post-lt in our HCV cohort was higher than that in previously published reports 4 and may be a result of advanced age because the mean age of the patients in the current study was 60 years. Despite an increased incidence of donor steatosis in the NASH cohort, this was not associated with recurrent NASH. The reasons for the higher donor steatosis in the NASH cohort compared to the controls are unclear, but because NASH is a more recent diagnosis, the higher donor steatosis may be a reflection of the general LIVER TRAPLANTATION.DOI /lt. Published on behalf of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases

7 RECURRENT NASH FOLLOWING IT FOR NASH CIRRHOSIS 1849 acceptance of more marginal allografts in the transplant community over the last few years. ACR seems to be less of a problem in NASH recipients compared to controls (Table 4). All patients were on tacrolimus-and steroid-based immunosuppression, but three-quarters of NASH patients did not have a single episode of acute rejection. Although the incidence of ACR is highly variable and seems to be centerdependent, the overall incidence of ACR in our study population was consistent with previously published data. 23 Besides lower levels of immunosuppression, several factors have been implicated in the development of ACR, including lower recipient age, fewer human leukocyte antigen donor matches, longer cold ischemia times, and cytomegalovirus status. 24 Traditionally, ALD has been associated with a lower incidence of ACR, and conversely, autoimmune diseases such as PBC have been associated with a higher incidence. 25 We could not relate any of the aforementioned recipient or donor factors to the lower incidence of ACR in our NASH cohort. Future studies may be warranted to further investigate this. Unlike previously published data, 9 in our study, the use of steroids did not seem to be a risk factor for recurrent disease in patients transplanted for NASH (Table 3). Recurrent disease post-lt is variable and is largely dependent on the etiology of the underlying liver disease. It is nearly universal in patients transplanted for HCV and is a significant cause of death, graft failure, and retransplantation, 26 although there is evidence of improved outcomes with treatment. 27 In contrast, recurrent disease has largely been reduced in patients with HBV with prophylactic regimens. 28 In autoimmune liver diseases, recurrence can occur but rarely affects allograft survival, except for PSC, for which retransplantation rates of 15% can be seen, although it is unclear what percentage is a result of recurrent disease. 32,33 Alcohol recidivism post-lt for ALD rarely leads to early allograft failure, although it may increase the risk of long-term death from malignancy. 34,35 Hepatocellular carcinoma is a special case for which recurrence is largely dependent on tumor staging and genetic analysis pre-lt, with most recurrent cancers appearing within 3 years of LT NASH cirrhosis is projected to become a leading indication for LT, and so it is imperative to better understand the incidence and impact of recurrent disease in this patient population. There have been at least 6 studies and case series looking at fatty liver post- LT, 5,8,10-13 but a majority of these patients were transplanted with a diagnosis of CC (184 patients: 158 with CC and 28 with NASH). The incidence of the development of post-lt steatosis in these studies ranged anywhere from 25% to 100%, and the incidence of NASH ranged from as low as 10% to as high as 37.5%. Recurrent NASH occurred as quickly as 6 weeks in 1 patient, 6 but most developed recurrence within 1 to 2 years post- LT. A handful of patients developed histological evidence of bridging fibrosis and cirrhosis, but only 1 patient with CC was retransplanted as the result of decompensation attributed to the development of severe NASH in the allograft. 14 The current study demonstrates that mild steatosis (less than 10% steatosis) is very common post-lt, regardless of the etiology of the underlying disease, with an overall incidence of 34.9%. This corresponds to estimates of fatty liver disease in the general population. 1-3 NASH patients who developed recurrent disease were initially treated with a combination of vitamin C, vitamin E, and ursodiol 41 without obvious improvement, and 2 patients were started on pioglitazone after the recent study demonstrating its effectiveness in patients with NASH with or without insulin resistance. 42,43 It remains to be seen if this is effective therapy post-lt. There are several limitations to the current study. We have only recently begun to perform protocol biopsy at our institution for patients transplanted for NASH. A majority of the patients biopsied in the study cohort were biopsied when there was concern about allograft disease, which was typically identified by abnormal liver enzymes. Nineteen patients were not biopsied post-transplant. We chose not to include nonbiopsied patients with normal liver function tests within the nonsteatosis subgroup. The current study and previous studies in which protocol biopsy was performed have demonstrated that normal biochemical profiles do not necessarily correspond to a lack of disease activity. 5,8 Thus, the current study likely underestimates the incidence of recurrent disease in patients with NASH. Another limitation of the study is the relatively short follow-up; the mean follow-up from the time of transplantation to the time of the most recent biopsy in patients with post-lt NAFLD was around 18 months, and the mean patient follow-up was only 3 years. It may be that allograft function deteriorates in NASH patients with recurrent disease after longer follow-up, particularly in patients who had already developed bridging fibrosis. Despite the short follow-up, 18% of the NASH patients developed stage II/IV or greater fibrosis, and this suggests that allograft cirrhosis is a real risk with longer follow-up. We have previously commented on the advanced age of patients transplanted for NASH cirrhosis versus other etiologies of chronic liver disease. 19 With longer follow-up and older recipients, the histological progression of fatty liver disease post-transplant has to be a concern. In conclusion, recurrent disease is relatively common post-lt for NASH cirrhosis at a mean follow-up of over 3 years, but this does not seem to lead to allograft failure or an increase in mortality. Nearly 1 of every 3 patients with recurrent NASH had normal enzymes at the time of diagnosis, and this argues for yearly protocol biopsy in this cohort to better monitor disease progression. New-onset diabetes, weight gain, and dyslipidemia after LT were associated with NASH recurrence. The development of stage II/IV or greater fibrosis in 18% of NASH patients after LT in the short follow-up period suggests that longer follow-up may lead to significant rates of allograft failure or the need for retransplantation. LIVER TRAPLANTATION.DOI /lt. Published on behalf of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases

8 1850 MALIK ET AL. REFERENCES 1. Ong JP, Younossi ZM. Epidemiology and natural history of NAFLD and NASH. Clin Liver Dis 2007;11: Browning JS, Szcepaniak LS, Dobbin LS, Nuremberg R, Horton JD, Cohen JC, et al. Prevalence of hepatic steatosis in an urban population in the United States: impact of ethnicity. Hepatology 2004;40: Bedogni G, Miglioli L, Masutti F, Tiribelli C. Prevalence and risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: the Dionysos nutrition and liver study. Hepatology 2005;42: Yilmaz N, Shiffman ML, Stravitz RT, Sterling RK, Luketic VA, Sanyal AJ, et al. A prospective evaluation of fibrosis progression in patients with recurrent hepatitis C virus following liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2007;13: Burke GW, Cirocco R, Hensley G, Ranjan D, Reddy R, Jeffers L, et al. Liver transplantation for cirrhosis following jejuno-ileal bypass regional cytokine differences associated with pathological changes in the transplant liver. Transplantation 1992;54: Kim WR, Poterucha JJ, Porayko MK, Dickson ER, Steers JL, Wiesner RH. Recurrence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis following liver transplantation. Transplantation 1996; 62: Carson K, Washington MK, Treem WR, Clavien PA, Hunt CM. Recurrence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in a liver transplant recipient. Liver Transpl Surg 1997;3: Molloy RM, Komorowski R, Varma RR. Recurrent nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl Surg 1997;3: Contos MJ, Cales W, Sterling RK, Luketic VA, Shiffman ML, Mills AS, et al. Development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease after orthotopic liver transplantation for cryptogenic cirrhosis. Liver Transpl 2001;7: Cauble MS, Gilroy R, Sorrell MF, Mailliard ME, Sudan DL, Anderson JC, et al. Lipoatrophic diabetes and end-stage liver disease secondary to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with recurrence after liver transplantation. Transplantation 2001;71: Charlton M, Kasparava P, Weston S, Lindor K, Maor-Kendler Y, Wiesner RH, et al. Frequency of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis as a cause of advanced liver disease. Liver Transpl 2001;7: Ong J, Younossi ZM, Reddy V, Price LL, Gramlich T, Mayes J, et al. Cryptogenic cirrhosis and posttransplantation nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Transpl 2001; 7: Ayata G, Gordon FD, Lewis WD, Pomfret E, Pomposelli JJ, Jenkins RL, et al. Cryptogenic cirrhosis: clinicopathological findings at and after liver transplantation. Hum Pathol 2002;33: Sanjeevi A, Lyden E, Sunderman B, Weseman R, Ashwathnaravan R, Mukherjee S. Outcomes of liver transplantation for cryptogenic cirrhosis: a single-center study of 71 patients. Transplant Proc 2003;35: Caldwell SH, Oelsner DH, Iezzoni JC, Hespenheide EE, Battle EH, Driscoll CJ. Cryptogenic cirrhosis: clinical characterization and risk factors for underlying disease. Hepatology 1999;29: Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Caldwell SH. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: summary of an AASLD single topic conference. Hepatology 2003;37: Charlton M. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a review of current understanding and future impact. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004;2: Brunt, EM. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: definition and pathology. Semin Liver Dis 2001;21: Malik SM, devera M, Fontes P, Shaikh O, Ahmad J. Outcome after liver transplantation for NASH cirrhosis. Am J Transplant 2009;9: Diehl AM, Goodman Z, Ishak KG. Alcohol like liver disease in nonalcoholics. A clinical and histological comparison with alcohol-induced liver injury. Gastroenterology 1988; 95: Gholam PM, Flancbaum L, Machan JT, Charney DA, Kotler DP. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in severely obese subjects. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102: Minervini MI, Ruppert K, Fontes P, Volpes R, Vizzini G, de Vera ME, et al. Liver biopsy findings from potential living liver donors: reasons for disqualification, silent diseases and correlation with liver injury tests. J Hepatol 2009;50: Laurel RF, Henley KS, Lucy MR. Acute cellular rejection after liver transplantation: variability, morbidity and mortality. Liver Transpl 2005;15: Wiesner RH, Demetris AJ, Belle SH, Seaberg EC, Lake JR, Zetterman RK, et al. Acute hepatic allograft rejection: incidence, risk factors, and impact on outcome. Hepatology 1998;28: Neuberger J, Adams DH. What is the significance of acute liver allograft rejection? J Hepatol 1998;29: Forman LM, Lewis JD, Berlin JA, Feldman HI, Lucey MR. The association between hepatitis C infection and survival after orthotopic liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 2002;122: Veldt BJ, Poterucha JJ, Watt KD, Wiesner RH, Hay JE, Kremers WK, et al. Impact of pegylated interferon and ribavirin treatment on graft survival in liver transplant patients with recurrent hepatitis C infection. Am J Transplant 2008;8: Roche B, Samuel D. Liver transplantation for hepatitis B virus-related liver disease: indications, prevention of recurrence and results. J Hepatol 2003;39:S181 S Jacob DA, Neumann UP, Bahra M, Klupp J, Puhl G, Neuhaus R, et al. Long-term follow-up after recurrence of primary biliary cirrhosis after liver transplantation in 100 patients. Clin Transplant 2006;20: Duclos-Vallee JC, Sebagh M, Rifai K, Johanet C, Ballot E, Guettier C, et al. A 10 year follow up study of patients transplanted for autoimmune hepatitis: histological recurrence precedes biochemical recurrence. Gut 2003;52: Vogel A, Heinrich E, Bahr MJ, Rifai K, Flemming P, Melter M, et al. Long-term outcome of liver transplantation for autoimmune hepatitis. Clin Transplant 2004;18: Alexander J, Lord JD, Yeh MM, Cuevas C, Bakthavatsalam R, Kowdley KV. Risk factors for recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2008;14: Maheshwari A, Yoo HY, Thuluvath PJ. Long-term outcome of liver transplantation in patients with PSC: a comparative analysis with PBC. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99: Bellamy CO, DiMartini AM, Ruppert K, Jain A, Dodson F, Torbenson M, et al. Liver transplantation for alcoholic cirrhosis: long term follow-up and impact of disease recurrence. Transplantation 2001;27: Cuadrado A, Fabrega E, Casafont F, Pons-Romero F. Alcohol recidivism impairs long-term patient survival after orthotopic liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. Liver Transpl 2005;11: Marsh JW, Dvorchik I, Subotin M, Balan V, Rakela J, Popechitelev EP, at al. The prediction of risk of recurrence and time to recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after orthotopic liver transplantation: a pilot study. Hepatology 1997;26: Roayaie S, Schwartz JD, Sung MW, Emre SH, Miller CM, Gondolesi GE, et al. Recurrence of hepatocellular carci- LIVER TRAPLANTATION.DOI /lt. Published on behalf of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases

9 RECURRENT NASH FOLLOWING IT FOR NASH CIRRHOSIS 1851 noma after liver transplant: patterns and prognosis. Liver Transpl 2004;10: Island ER, Pomposelli J, Pomfret EA, Gordon DF, Lewis DW, Jenkins RL. Twenty-year experience with liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Arch Surg 2005; 140: Zavaglia C, DeCarlis L, Alberti AB, Minola E, Belli LS, Slim AO, et al. Predictors of long-term survival after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100: Chan EY, Larson AM, Fix OK, Yeh MM, Levy AE, Bakthavatsalam, R, et al. Identifying risk for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation: implications for surveillance studies and new adjuvant therapies. Liver Transpl 2008;14: Abdurrahman K, Raphael B, Merriman MB, Bass NM. Medical treatment for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Clin Liver Dis 2007;11: Belfort R, Harrison SA, Brown K, Darland C, Finch J, Hardies J, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone in subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med 2006;355: Aithal GP, Thomas JA, Kaye PV, Lawson A, Ryder SD, Spendlove I, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone in nondiabetic subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology 2008;135: LIVER TRAPLANTATION.DOI /lt. Published on behalf of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases