Fundamentals of Supervision

Transcription

1 National Drug Court Institute Drug Court Training Fundamentals of Supervision SPECIALTY COURT OPERATIONS Developed by: Vanessa Price

2 Presentation Objectives Identify the various roles of law enforcement in drug court operations 2

3 Presentation Objectives Explain the drug court model Describe the benefits of the drug court model for offenders which include: Improved public safety Reductions in recidivism Providing alternatives to incarceration 3

4 The Drug Court Model Collaborative approach to treating substance abusing offenders in the community Program Participants receive: Frequent drug and alcohol testing Intensive supervision by local or state probation agencies Appropriate levels of treatment for substance abuse disorders Regular contact with the supervising judge 4

5 Who Benefits from Drug Courts? Offenders Law enforcement The community 5

6 Conclusion Drug courts are designed to provide intensive treatment for substance abusing offenders in the community. Program participants are supervised rigorously and held accountable for their actions by the court. The target population for drug courts is individuals with high risk and need factors. 6

7 The Ten Key Components Written in Functionality Program evaluation tool Extensively researched 7

8 The Ten Key Components 1. Justice and Treatment Integration 2. Non-adversarial Approach 3. Early Identification 8

9 The Ten Key Components 4. Continuum of services 5. Drug Testing 6. Coordinated Strategy 7. Judicial Supervision 9

10 The Ten Key Components 8. Monitoring and Evaluation 9. Interdisciplinary Education 10. Forging Partnerships 10

11 Conclusion The drug court model is a complex approach to a difficult problem. Each of the Key Components is critical to programmatic success. Drug courts require collaboration to be successful. 11

12 Targeting the Right Population Adult Drug Courts are not designed to treat all drug-involved offenders (Marlowe, 2012). Drug Courts can serve offenders with a variety of criminal offenses, even non drug-related offenses. Assessment is critical when determining drug court eligibility. 12

13 High Prognostic Risk Additionally, those with high levels of prognostic risk are well suited for this intervention. Prognostic risk refers to the likelihood that an offender will not succeed on standard supervision and will continue to engage in the same pattern of behavior that got him or her into trouble in the first place (Marlowe, 2012). This is NOT necessarily a risk of violence measure. 13

14 Risk Factors Age Age of onset of criminality Age of onset of substance use/abuse. Seriousness of criminal history. Psychopathy Antisocial personality disorders Criminal associations Family history 14

15 Criminogenic Needs Individuals that present with high levels of needs related to substance abuse are appropriate for this intervention. Needs refer to personal issues that can be treated to reduce further criminogenic behavior. 15

16 Criminogenic Needs Major psychiatric disorders Trauma or brain injury Lack of living or employment skills 16

17 Recidivism Seven independent meta-analyses all conclude that drug courts significantly reduce recidivism rates (Huddleston and Marlowe, 2011). Recidivism rates measured by arrest tend to show continuing reductions for several years after the intervention (Gottfredson et al, 2005, 2006). Recidivism is reduced when compared to pre-program arrest statistics (Heck, Roussell & Culhane, 2009). 17

18 Other Benefits Drug courts significantly reduce substance abuse during program (Heck, 2011). High functioning drug courts assist participants with employment skills and educational attainment (Finigan, Carey & Cox, 2007). Drug courts save money (Belenko et al, 2005, U.S. G.A.O., 2005). 18

19 Trends Two major trends with powerful impact Institutionalization of community policing Helps to suppress criminal activity Rapid development of drug court programs New way of doing business addresses the underlying cause of criminality associated with drug use Model of community policing 19

20 Drug Court as COPS Model Prevention Empowerment Collaboration Cooperative Problem Solving Law Enforcement is CRITICAL 20

21 Interdisciplinary Team Judge Coordinator Prosecuting Attorney Defense Attorney Treatment Providers Case Managers Probation Officers Law Enforcement 21

22 Roles Traditional First Line of Defense against crime Address criminal activity to help communities heal Frustration with the revolving door of criminal justice Drug Court Team Best position to recommend participants Monitor participants to ensure compliance Facilitate swift response for participants who fail to comply 22

23 Introduction to Drug Court Role Referrals and Identification of clients Key Component #3: identifying offenders early and enrolling them quickly Familiar with the high risk/high need offenders Familiar with the cross between criminal justice and substance abuse in jurisdiction Initial Screener at arrest Criminal History, associates, gang involvement of referrals 23

24 Introduction to Drug Court Role Ongoing program involvement Field services assistance Warrant service Home visits/monitor Curfew Employment verification Inpatient transports Interdisciplinary Education (Key Component #9) 24

25 Introduction to Drug Court Role Drug Testing Key Component #5 Supplemental testing (breath, saliva) Keeps offenders honest and accountable Provide additional information for the team to make treatment and court response adjustments 25

26 Introduction to Drug Court Role Liaison Officer Time assignment usually depends on staffing levels Larger jurisdictions will assign officers full time Smaller jurisdictions can work to support program Participate in Staffing Attend court sessions Liaison between team and other law enforcement 26

27 Introduction to Drug Court Role Communication Part of team approach at staffing Attendance: Judge, defense counsel, prosecutor, treatment and law enforcement When one of this group was missing; outcomes dropped by 50% 27

28 Information shared about contact outside of the courtroom and treatment helps the team to develop a more effective response. Community Risk Local Criminal Problems Signs of Relapse Communication 28

29 National Drug Court Institute Drug Court Training Field Services

30 You cannot visit and test too much, but you CAN do too little. This group presents a clear and present danger, and alcohol consumption is difficult to monitor. Get out there!

31 Caseload sizes MUST be kept in check to allow field visits and testing on a frequent basis. These caseloads are defined within an overall work load. Get out there!

32 Law Enforcement Competencies Essential for DWI Court Experienced supervision and law enforcement officers provide for most effective supervision Maintain a balanced view 32

33 Supervision and Research Findings Research demonstrates that addicts who enter treatment without the coercion of law enforcement are less successful than those who are ordered by the court into substance abuse treatment. Read more: Role of Law Enforcement in Substance Treatment ehow.com 33

34 Supervision and Prevention Law enforcement officers, and programs, can be effective as agents of prevention of alcohol and other drug abuse Read more: Role of Law Enforcement in Substance Treatment ehow.com 34

35 Challenge of Effective Supervision BALANCED APPROACH Develops a working relationship with the DWI Court team and monitors offender progress. 35

36 Local Laws, Guidelines, Requirements Is there any legal authority allowing you to enforce rules and guidelines related to DWI Court Have you considered what exist as part of the development of program procedures and guidelines? 36

37 Is this important? No, it is critical. Including law enforcement on the drug court team is practiced more rarely but is clearly associated with more positive outcomes. Working on the street, law enforcement can contribute a unique perspective to the drug court team. Law enforcement can improve referrals to the program and can extend the connection of the drug court team into the community for further information gathering and monitoring of participants (e.g., in the form of home visits). This all contributes to positive outcome costs. Exploring the Key Components of Drug Courts: A Comparative Study of 18 Adult Drug Courts on Practices, Outcomes and Costs NIJ March 2008 Shannon Carey PhD

38 Establish Terms & Conditions Specialized Terms and Conditions Curfew Checks Location Restrictions Assess / review terms and conditions over time to ensure they are still working for clients. Continue to update participants on changes

39 Skill Sets to Develop Understanding of incentives and sanctions Relapse prevention Motivational interviewing Stages of Change Role limitations and authority of the other disciplines on the team Culture of Participants Field Safety Arrest Techniques 39

40 Major Supervision Differences Supervision must be proactive and aggressive in monitoring participants and as a support to recovery at a level not generally required with all drug court folks. Field work, home visits, searches, aggressive testing are necessary. This is not a program wish, it is a necessity.

41 Major Supervision Differences Visits and testing tied to assessment, behaviors, and client triggers, and in constant coordination with the team. Constant communication with treatment is a must.

42 Announced and Unannounced Different time and days of the week Non-governmental hours Event visits, etc. Condition of the home: Safe? Cleanliness? Home Visits

43 Unhappy Surprises Found During Home Visits and Searches

44 How is The House Functioning? Assess the recovery environment!

45 Engagement of family? Test (breathalyzer or urinalysis) Curfew checks Catch them doing something right Home Visits

46 Pre or Post plea court? 4th amendment waivers Extent of search activities have to be framed by nature of court order or waivers & consents to search Search

47 Signs of poly substance abuse? (Oxy? Xanax?...) Alcohol based substances? The more you look, the more the client has to think twice before violating the terms and conditions Search

48 Prepare for Non Alcohol Surprises

49 Prepare for Ugly Surprises Always be aware of officer safety

50 Learn Things You Did Not Know! Gang activity is a case management issue and a safety threat

51 National Drug Court Institute Drug Court Training Collaboration Developed by: Vanessa Price

52 Unit Objective Identify the barriers to collaboration Identify and discuss the methods to improve the connections between law enforcement and drug courts 52

53 Barriers to Collaboration Cultural Issues Roles and Responses Communication 53

54 Cultural Issues Professionals and Participants Honor diverse rolls and professions Attitudes and Assumptions Build Trust Expectations Roles in Recovery Process Cultural Proficiency 54

55 Roles and Responses Team Members Clients Integration of public health and public safety Key Component 9 Clearly defined, written, and continual reassessment of roles and responses help to build collaborative responses. 55

56 Communication Key to successful transitions Information sharing Safety concerns Success and Failures Rural and small department challenges 56

57 Training Multidisciplinary Team Team Meetings Review program policy and procedural manual and update team and participants on any program changes: Statutory Agency Changes Any changes that will impact operation of program 57

58 Training Interdisciplinary Professionals Peer Professionals on program updates Professional Mandates Agency Policy which impacts staff responses 58

59 Training Community Education Key Component 10 Partnership Local support B.O.G (Boots On the Ground) Champions 59

60 Information Sharing Networks Databases Non-traditional Audiences Narcotics Officers ER Physicians Child Welfare 60

61 The Approach: Talking to People 61

62 Delusions Paranoid - the person believes that there are people who are trying to hurt him or her, someone is out to get me. They may even report this to the police. Grandiose - I own four states and two countries, superhuman abilities, related to famous people, believes to have great wealth (but can t get access), etc. 62

63 Hallucinations False perceptual experience through one of the senses. Auditory (voices) Visual 63

64 Problem in organizing thoughts, may be hard for the person to communicate or make himself understood. Disorganized Thinking 64

65 Mood disorders Major Depressive Disorder Psychological pain Fatigue Loss of energy Poor concentration Poor memory 65

66 Bipolar Once called manicdepression Manic episodes Feeling exceptionally Irritable and aggressive. Grandiose delusions. High level of energy Paranoid. 66

67 Major Depressive Major depressive disorder with psychotic features the person is so depressed that the depression leads to psychotic symptoms. 67

68 Sense of being Danger Worry Fear Threatened Anxiety Disorders 68

69 Anxiety Disorders Obsessive compulsive disorder Generalized anxiety disorder Panic disorder 69

70 Impulse Control Disorder Outbursts Aggressive feelings, Poor frustration tolerance 70

71 Caused by exposure to, or witnessing, an event that threatened death or serious injury, along with a sense of fear, horror, or helplessness. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 71

72 Events that are beyond expectable experience and overwhelm the person s psychological resources. Think of the war veteran where the family said he was never the same after he returned. Trauma 72

73 Recent traumatic event Chronic PTSD Types Trauma Delayed PTSD Chronic abuse, in childhood or later 73

74 Dissociation Cutting off awareness and connection to memory, thoughts, and feelings. 74

75 Always on the edge Memories and thoughts remain unbearably intense Thoughts are intrusive and cannot be stopped Nightmares are frequent People react as if they are back at the traumatic scene 75

76 Following a Traumatic Event Person may be: Confused Numbed Calm Severely distressed. 76

77 Trauma Speaking quickly Matter of fact tone 77

78 Talking to People Caveat: Follow your training and department policies to assure safety at the scene, safety, as you already know, is the priority. This module will build on your knowledge of mental illness and trauma to help you add skills, but this material does not replace previous training nor department policy guidance. 78

79 Talking to People That being said, engagement is the key Engagement is not only good for the person you are responding to, it is also a good risk reduction strategy when it is appropriate. 79

80 People with Psychosis Do not reason instead, emphasize with emotions: Feelings first: It sounds like you feel... Don t try to talk them out of unusual ideas What you re telling me is Given all that you told me it must be very difficult to 80

81 People with Psychosis Give them your full attention. I m sorry I have to interrupt but I need to take care of this quickly. Add I m sorry about that you were telling me about before I had to interrupt. Maintain calm and open body language. Silences are okay. 81

82 If asked do you believe the delusion just simply say, I want to hear more about what you re having to deal with, can you help me understand? People with Psychosis Ask him or her: I want to check if I m getting this right, is this it?? 82

83 People who are Agitated De-escalation: Communication that calms someone One person takes lead communicating Take your time Speak slowly and calmly An attitude of trying to help, vs. threats or arguing 83

84 People who are Agitated Eye contact neither too much or too little Maintain safe distance Sit with person if seated, perhaps at side But, avoid unrealistic statements or promises. 84

85 Talking to People -- Agitation Show empathy Acknowledge a grievance Use open ended questions Emphasize the person s point of view, not yours Tell me what happened and What can I do to help? I want to help but it s hard for me to understand when you re shouting. 85

86 National Drug Court Institute Drug Court Training THANK YOU Vanessa Price, Inspector Retired Law Enforcement Cosnsultant