Insights into Initial Demyelinating Episodes of Central Nervous System during Puerperium

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1 Original Artile Insights into Initial Demyelinating Episodes of Central Nervous System during Puerperium Qian Wu, Bo Chen, Na Liu, Yang Hu, Chao Pan, Ping Zhang, Zhou Ping Tang, Bi Tao Bu Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medial College, Huazhong University of Siene and Tehnology, Wuhan, Huei , China Astrat Bakground: Inflammatory demyelinating disease of entral nervous system (CNS) is an inflammatory disease haraterized y a high hildearing female predominane. Laor related alterations for postpartum demyelinating attaks are not entirely lear. This study aimed to summarize linial features of female patients of reprodutive age with initial CNS inflammatory demyelinating attaks during puerperium. Methods: Fourteen female patients with initial demyelinating events during puerperium etween January 2013 and Deemer 2016 were retrospetively studied. Reords of linial features, neuroimaging, serum antiodies, ererospinal fluid (CSF) findings, annualized relapse rate (ARR), and treatment were analyzed. Results: Among 14 patients, 5 patients were diagnosed with multiple slerosis (MS), four as neuromyelitis optia (NMO), two as longitudinal extensive transverse myelitis, two as linial isolated syndrome (CIS), and one as aute rainstem syndrome. All the 14 puerperal female patients presented with more than one manifestation of hemiplegia, paraplegia, uroshesis, visual loss or dysarthria, and with mild to moderate anormalities of CSF. Attaks ourred during the first trimester postpartum and esarean setion was the main delivery way (n = 10). Median Expanded Disaility Status Sale (EDSS) sores were 5.0 (range: ) at the onset and 2.5 (range: 0 7.0) at the end of follow ups. Patients with MS and CIS had a signifiantly lower EDSS sores than patients with NMO spetrum disorders (P < 0.05). Median ARR was 0.46 (range: ); all patients had a low ARR (0.49 ± 0.34, 95% onfidene interval: ) with standardized treatments. Conlusion: Laor related alterations in the mother s immune system might result in newly onset demyelinating diseases of entral nervous system. Key words: Cesarean Setion; Inflammatory Demyelinations; Postpartum Introdution Inflammatory demyelinating disease (IDD) of entral nervous system (CNS) is a rare autoimmune disorder, whih ontains multiple slerosis (MS), linial isolated syndrome (CIS), neuromyelitis optia spetrum disorders (NMOSDs), and aute disseminated enephalomyelitis. This disease preferentially affets the puerperous women, usually leading to moderate or severe disailities inluding lindness, paralysis, and ognitive impairment due to its reurrent CNS attaks. [1] Aording to retrospetive studies, IDDs are prone to relapse shortly after delivery. [2,3] However, insuffiient reognition of this disease ould ontriute to misdiagnosis, espeially for those young female patients with no history. Thus, we have onduted a retrospetive study in 14 female patients of hildearing age with newly onset Quik Response Code: Aess this artile online Wesite: DOI: / demyelinating attaks during puerperium and explored the possile pathogenesis. Methods Ethial approval The study was onduted in aordane with the Delaration of Helsinki and was approved y the Medial Ethial Committee of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medial College of Address for orrespondene: Prof. Bi Tao Bu, Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medial College, Huazhong University of Siene and Tehnology, No Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Huei , China E Mail: uitao@tjh.tjmu.edu.n This is an open aess artile distriuted under the terms of the Creative Commons Attriution NonCommerial ShareAlike 3.0 Liense, whih allows others to remix, tweak, and uild upon the work non ommerially, as long as the author is redited and the new reations are liensed under the idential terms. For reprints ontat: reprints@medknow.om 2017 Chinese Medial Journal Produed y Wolters Kluwer Medknow Reeived: Edited y: Xin Chen How to ite this artile: Wu Q, Chen B, Liu N, Hu Y, Pan C, Zhang P, Tang ZP, Bu BT. Insights into Initial Demyelinating Episodes of Central Nervous System during Puerperium. Chin Med J 2017;130: Chinese Medial Journal August 5, 2017 Volume 130 Issue

2 Huazhong University of Siene and Tehnology. Informed written onsents were otained from all patients efore their enrollment in this study. Patients Totally, 14 puerperal women with initial CNS aute demyelinating attaks who were admitted in Tongji Hospital from January 2013 to Deemer 2016 were enrolled into the study. All the patients were diagnosed ased on the diagnosti riteria revised y onsortium of MS enters [4] in 2016 or the diagnosti riteria revised y Wingerhuk et al. [5] in Reords of linial features, neuroimaging, serum antiodies, ererospinal fluid (CSF) findings, annualized relapse rate (ARR), and treatment were analyzed. The follow up information was otained through telephone alls and out patient examination. All patients were assessed using Expanded Disaility Status Sale (EDSS) on admission and at the end of follow ups. Statistial analysis Statistial analysis was performed using SPSS version 19.0 for Windows (SPSS In., Chiago, IL, USA). Data were expressed as median (range). The differene of onset age, ARR, EDSS sores etween MS and CIS group and NMOSDs group were ompared with the Mann-Whitney U-test. Statistial signifiane was set at P < Results Patients linial manifestations Tale 1 summarizes the aseline demographi and linial harateristis of these 14 patients. Among 14 patients, 5 patients were diagnosed with MS, four as neuromyelitis optia (NMO), two as longitudinal extensive transverse myelitis (LETM), two as CIS, and one as aute rainstem syndrome. Median onset age was 30.5 years (range: years). Five patients suffered preeding upper respiratory trat infetion. Common neurologial symptoms inluded lim weakness (n = 13), paresthesia (n = 11), uroshesis (n = 7), mild headahe and visual loss (n = 5), speeh disturane (n = 3), and vertigo (n = 2). Median EDSS sores were 5.0 (range: ) at the onset and 2.5 (range: 0 7.0) at the end of follow ups. All the patients were divided into two groups: NMOSDs group and MS and CIS group. There was no signifiant differene in median age of onset etween NMOSDs group and MS and CIS group (31.0 years vs years, P = 0.275; Figure 1). In omparison with patients in MS and CIS group, patients in NMOSDs group had signifiantly higher median EDSS sores on admission and at the end of follow-ups (on admission: 4.5 vs. 7.5, P = 0.002; at the end of followups: 1.5 vs.3.0, P = 0.008; Figure 1 and 1d). Delivery ways and reastfeeding In this study, 8 patients were multiparas and 6 were primiparas. Exept for two misarriages, other 12 patients were suessfully delivered. Nine patients insisted on reastfeeding after delivery. Median interval time etween hildirth and IDD attaks was 18 days (range: 7 41 days), namely, all events assemled during the first trimester postpartum [Supplementary Material 1]. a Figure 1: Comparisons of onset age (a), ARR () and EDSS sores ( and d) etween MS and CIS group and NMOSDs group (n = 7 in eah group). EDSS sores revealed that patients in MS and CIS group had relatively mild linial symptoms and etter prognosis ompared with patients in NMOSDs group. EDSS: Expanded Disaility Status Sale; ARR: Annualized relapse rate; MS: Multiple slerosis; CIS: Clinial isolated syndrome; NMOSDs: Neuromyelitis optia spetrum disorders. d 1792 Chinese Medial Journal August 5, 2017 Volume 130 Issue 15

3 Serum and ererospinal fluid findings The expression of anti doule stranded DNA antiodies, antinulear antiodies, anti SSA antiodies, and anti aquaporin 4 antiodies were examined y indiret immunofluoresene. Four patients, inluding 2 NMO and 2 MS, had serum immunologial anormalities. One NMO patient also had Sjögren syndrome. CSF tests revealed slight inreases in nulear ell ount and total protein level in 2 LETM patients. High IgG index and positive oligolonal and whih indiated intratheal IgG synthesis were found in one MS patient [Supplementary Material 2]. Lesion loations and neuroimaging features Magneti resonane imaging showed sattered multifoal, irregular, or atypial wedge shaped lesions of long T1/T2 without enhanement, whih involved ortial and suortial area in MS and CIS patients [Figure 2]. In NMO and LETM patients, the maulate enhanement lesions mainly loated in the entral of ervial and thorai spinal ord [Figure 3]. Case no. 6 diagnosed as aute optial Tale 1: The aseline demographi and linial harateristis of 14 patients Charateristis Values Onset of age (years) 30.5 ( )* Delivery ways, n Natural laor 2 Cesarean setion 10 Artifiial aortion 1 Spontaneous aortion 1 Interval time etween hildirth and IDD attaks 18.0 ( )* (days) EDSS sore on admission 5.0 ( )* Follow up times (months) 32.5 ( )* EDSS sore at the end of follow ups 2.5 (0 7.0)* Positive AQP4 IgG, n/n 5/11 Data was presented y n or median (range). *: median (range). IDD: Inflammatory demyelinating disease; EDSS: Expanded Disaility Status Sale; AQP4: Aquaporin 4; IgG: Immunogloulin G. neuritis had ilateral papilledema. Optial oherene tomography showed a derease in retinal nerve fier layer thikness [Figure 4]. Treatment and follow ups Median follow up time was 32.5 months (range: months). All the patients reeived methylprednisolone treatment intravenously at aute phase. Individualized therapy was onsidered in remission time. NMO patients were presried small doses of prednisone omined with immunosuppressants as their maintenane treatment and 4 MS patients reeived suutaneous β interferon injetions as immunomodulatory therapy. Eleven patients had relapsing remitting ourse and the remaining 3 patients presented with the monophasi ourse. Median ARR was 0.46 (range: ); all patients had low ARR (95% onfidene interval: ) with standardized treatments. Median ARRs were 0.48 in NMOSDs group and 0.45 in MS and CIS group. ARR of MS and CIS patients seemed to e lower than that of NMOSDs patients, ut there was no statistial differene etween two groups [P = 0.564; Figure 1]. Disussion This study summarizes the linial features of puerperal female patients with initial CNS inflammatory demyelinating attaks and suggests that pathophysiologial state of puerperium may not only inrease the relapse rate of IDD ut also e related to newly onset IDD. In this study, 14 patients had their CNS demyelinating events during puerperium. To diagnose newly onset IDD during puerperium, a omination of aute neurologial funtion impairment, typial neuroimaging hanges, evidene of positive serum antiodies is needed. Furthermore, it is essential to rule out reversile posterior leukoenephalopahy syndrome [6,7] and other intraranial multifoal diseases. Although previous reports onfirmed that epidural anesthesia and esarean delivery were innouous, esarean setion was the main delivery way in this study. [8,9] Next, this study summarized a Figure 2: Head MRI images showed lesion distriutions in patients with MS and CIS. (a) T2 fluid attenuated inversion reovery of patient no. 5 showed atypial wedge shaped high signal fous in left parietal suortial area (arrows). () T2 weighted MRI of patient No. 8 showed a relatively long T2 mass like lesion in the rainstem and ereellum (arrows). () T2 fluid attenuated inversion reovery of patient No. 10 showed some small irular lesions that vertial to lateral ventriles (arrows). MS: Multiple slerosis; CIS: Clinial isolated syndrome; MRI: Magneti resonane imaging. Chinese Medial Journal August 5, 2017 Volume 130 Issue

4 a d e Figure 3: Neuroimaging features of NMO and other NMOSDs. (a ) T2 weighted MRI of patient No. 1 showed long T2 lesion in the ervial spinal ord and T2 fluid attenuated inversion reovery showed high signal lesions of opti nerve (arrows). (d and e) T2 weighted MRI of patient No. 4 showed long T2 lesion in the thorai spinal ord (arrows). (f) T2 fluid attenuated inversion reovery of patient No. 14 showed high signal medulla lesions around the fourth ventrile (arrow). NMOSDs: Neuromyelitis optia spetrum disorders; NMO: Neuromyelitis optia; MRI: Magneti resonane imaging. f the sharp hormonal hanges efore and after hildirth that may ause newly onset IDD during puerperium. [2,10] While linial evidene is insuffiient regarding the enefit of estrogen at risk for IDDs exaerations, the data of animal experiment demonstrated that estrogen and progesterone potentiated neuroprotetive effets. Pregnany related hormones an affet lymphoyte differentiation. During pregnany, levels of estrogen, progesterone, gluoortioids, h human horioni gonadotropin (h HCG), and thyroid hormones were inreased to some degrees. [11 13] High level of serum HCG may drive an expansion of interleukin 10 (IL 10) produing regulatory B ells, a sutype of B lymphoytes with strong immunosuppressive funtions, during pregnany. [14] Th2 ells mainly serete IL 6, IL 4 whih an stimulate the ativation of B lymphoytes. Sereted y orpus luteum and plaenta, estrogen an enhane the humoral immunity y the way of prompting differentiation of Th0 lymphoytes into Th2 ells and inhiiting the funtion of Th1. [15] After delivery, pregnany related hormones derease sharply, and inhiited immune response egin to e ative. Pregnany related hormones ould adjust the levels of immune response. [14] It has een reported that estrogen reeptors (ER) existed in almost all the tissues, and the physiologial effets of estrogen strongly depended on its serum level and the numer of ER in the target ells. The physiologial effets of estrogen depended strongly on the level of estrogen and the numer of ER in the target ells. [3] Estrogen partiipated in the regulation 1794 of immune response to protet CNS from autoimmune attaks. Experimental allergi enephalomyelitis animal experiment has proved that estrogen has mediates neuroprotetive and anti inflammatory effets through ER signal and toll like reeptors on astroytes and oligodendroytes. [16] Progesterone an also protet neuron y thikening myelin sheath and enhaning the firil onnetion. [11,17,18] Methylprednisolone therapy has high lood drug onentration and short half life whih is helpful to ontrol illness aggravation. All patients reeived methylprednisolone in priority during the aute stage while patients who were refratory to methylprednisolone ould e treated with immunogloulin or plasma exhange as a resue treatment. [19] During remission stage, individualized therapy should e performed. Although there has een no evidene supporting that oral estrogen ould e used as a prophylaxis treatment, estrogen supplementation therapy in the first trimester postpartum was likely to e a promising treatment to redue IDD relapse during the postpartum period, whih was orresponded with previous studies. [20,21] In onlusion, this study showed that IDD female patients of hildearing age might suffer initial attaks in the first trimester postpartum. Laor assoiated IDD attaks might e assoiated with sharply dereased progesterone/estrogen levels after hildirth. Prospetive multienter linial studies are needed to verify asolute risk of newly onset IDD during puerprium period. Chinese Medial Journal August 5, 2017 Volume 130 Issue 15

5 a d Figure 4: Examinations and hanges of opti nerve at aute opti neuritis onset. (a) Bilateral fundus of patient No. 6 showed edematous papillary. () Fudus flurosene angiography showed normal vessels without fluoresent leakage. ( and d) Optial oherene tomography showed thinning thikness of nasal retinal nerve fier layer in left eye. Supplementary information is linked to the online version of the paper on the Chinese Medial Journal wesite. Finanial support and sponsorship Nil. Conflits of interest There are no onflits of interest. Referenes 1. Ramien C, Taenzer A, Lupu A, Hekmann N, Engler JB, Patas K, et al. Sex effets on inflammatory and neurodegenerative proesses in multiple slerosis. Neurosi Bioehav Rev 2016;67: doi: /j.neuiorev Zare Shahaadi A, Langroodi HG, Azimi AR, Sahraian MA, Harirhian MH, Baghanian SM. Neuromyelitis optia and pregnany. Ata Neurol Belg 2016;116: doi: /s x. 3. Fong A, Chau CT, Quant C, Duffy J, Pan D, Ogunyemi DA. Multiple slerosis in pregnany: Prevalene, soiodemographi features, and ostetrial outomes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2017;10:1 6. doi: / Traoulsee A, Simon JH, Stone L, Fisher E, Jones DE, Malhotra A, et al. Revised reommendations of the onsortium of MS enters task fore for a standardized MRI protool and linial guidelines for the diagnosis and follow up of multiple slerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2016;37: doi: /ajnr.A Wingerhuk DM, Banwell B, Bennett JL, Care P, Carroll W, Chitnis T, et al. International onsensus diagnosti riteria for neuromyelitis optia spetrum disorders. Neurology 2015;85: doi: /WNL Kraemer M, Weer R, Herold M, Berlit P. Reversile ereral vasoonstrition syndrome assoiated with fingolimod treatment in relapsing remitting multiple slerosis three months after hildirth. Mult Sler 2015;21: doi: / Igel C, Garretto D, Roins MS, Swerdlow M, Judge N, Dayal A. Neuromyelitis optia in pregnany ompliated y posterior reversile enephalopathy syndrome, elampsia and fetal death. J Clin Med Res 2015;7: doi: /jomr2031w. 8. Lu E, Zhao Y, Dahlgren L, Preston R, van der Kop M, Synnes A, et al. Ostetrial epidural and spinal anesthesia in multiple slerosis. J Neurol 2013;260: doi: /s Drake E, Drake M, Bird J, Russell R. Ostetri regional loks for women with multiple slerosis: A survey of UK experiene. Int J Ostet Anesth 2006;15: doi: /j.ijoa Shimizu Y, Fujihara K, Ohashi T, Nakashima I, Yokoyama K, Ikeguh R, et al. Pregnany related relapse risk fators in women with anti AQP4 antiody positivity and neuromyelitis optia spetrum disorder. Mult Sler 2016;22: doi: / Christianson MS, Mensah VA, Shen W. Multiple slerosis at menopause: Potential neuroprotetive effets of estrogen. Maturitas 2015;80: doi: /NXI Bove R, Chitnis T. The role of gender and sex hormones in determining the onset and outome of multiple slerosis. Mult Sler 2014;20: doi: /pnas Liu SM, Zhou YZ, Wang HB, Sun ZY, Zhen JR, Shen K, et al. Fators assoiated with effetiveness of treatment and reprodutive outomes in patients with thin endometrium undergoing estrogen treatment. Chin Med J 2015;128: doi: / Davoudi V, Keyhanian K, Bove RM, Chitnis T. Immunology of neuromyelitis optia during pregnany. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2016;3:e288. doi: /jnr D hooghe MB, D Hooghe T, De Keyser J. Female gender and reprodutive fators affeting risk, relapses and progression in multiple slerosis. Gyneol Ostet Invest 2013;75: doi: / Offner H. Neuroimmunoprotetive effets of estrogen and derivatives in experimental autoimmune enephalomyelitis: Therapeuti impliations for multiple slerosis. J Neurosi Res 2004;78: doi: /j.lineuro Voumvourakis KI, Tsiodras S, Kitsos DK, Stamoulis E. Gender hormones: Role in the pathogenesis of entral nervous system disease and demyelination. Curr Neurovas Res 2008;5: doi: /arhneur Xue W, Deng Y, Wang YF, Sun AJ. Effet of half dose and standard dose onjugated equine estrogens omined with natural progesterone or dydrogesterone on omponents of metaoli syndrome in healthy postmenopausal women: A randomized ontrolled trial. Chin Med J 2016;129: doi: / Ruio Taares J, Amaya Gonzalez PF. Plasma exhange therapy for a severe relapse of Devi s disease in a pregnant woman: A ase report and onise review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2016;148: doi: /j.jns Alonso A, Jik SS, Olek MJ, Asherio A, Jik H, Hernán MA. Reent use of oral ontraeptives and the risk of multiple slerosis. Arh Neurol 2005;62: doi: /arhneur Itoh N, Kim R, Peng M, DiFilippo E, Johnsonaugh H, MaKenzie Graham A, et al. Bedside to enh to edside researh: Estrogen reeptor eta ligand as a andidate neuroprotetive treatment for multiple slerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2017;304: doi: /j.jneuroim Chinese Medial Journal August 5, 2017 Volume 130 Issue

6 Supplementary Material 1: Detail linial data of 14 patients in this study Patient numer Onset of age (years) Reprodutive history Delivery way Interval times (days) Breast feeding EDSS sore on admission Follow up times EDSS sore at the end of follow up 1 24 G1P1 Cesarean setion 10 Yes months G2P2 Cesarean setion 15 Yes months G3P2 Cesarean setion 22 Yes months G1P1 Cesarean setion 39 No months G3P2 Natural irth 30 Yes months G2P2 Natural irth 23 Yes months G2P1 Spontaneous aortion 10 No months G1P0 Eletive aortion 41 No months G3P2 Cesarean setion 30 Yes months G1P1 Cesarean setion 10 No months G1P1 Cesarean setion 29 No months G2P1 Cesarean setion 7 Yes months G2P1 Cesarean setion 23 Yes months G3P1 Cesarean setion 15 Yes months EDSS: Expanded Disaility Status Sale; ARR: Annualized relapse rate. ARR Supplementary Material 2: Neuroimaging, serum antiody, diagnosis, and treatments of the 14 patients with IDDs Patient numer Lesion loations Serum and CSF findings AQP4 IgG Diagnosis Treatments in remission time 1 Opti nerve and C3 C7 and T1 T7 Normal + NMO Oral steroid and 2 Opti nerve and C1 C7 Normal + NMO Oral steroid and 3 Opti nerve and C6 T5 Anti SSA antiodies (+) and ANA = 1: NMO and SS Oral steroid and azathioprine 4 Opti nerve and T1 T8 ANA = 1:320 + NMO Oral steroid and 5 Isolated lesion in left frontal Normal CIS β interferon loe 6 Opti nerve Normal CIS (aute opti Oral steroid neuritis) 7 Opti nerve, supertentorial and Normal None MS β interferon T1 T2 8 Supertentorial and sutentorial ANA = 1:100 None MS β interferon lesions 9 Opti nerve and supertentorial IgG index = 0.9, OCB (+) MS β interferon lesions 10 Supertentoria and Normal None MS β interferon suventriular lesions 11 Supertentorial and C2 C3 ANA = 1:100 MS None 12 T4 T8 Nulear ells = /L, total protein = 511 mg/l 13 C3 C7 Nulear ells = /L, total protein = 812 mg/l 14 Isolated rainstem lesions Normal + NMOSDs (aute + NMOSDs (LETM) Oral steroid and + NMOSDs (LETM) Oral steroid and Azathioprine rainstem syndrome) ANA: Anti nulear antiodies; SSA: Sjogren syndrome antigen A; CIS: Clinial isolated syndrome; LETM: Longitudinal extensive transverse myelitis; NMOSDs: Neuromyelitis optia spetrum disorders; IDDs: Inflammatory demyelinating diseases; IgG: Immunogloulin G; OCB: Oligolonal and; NMO: Neuromyelitis optia; MS: Multiple slerosis; CSF: Cererospinal fluid; AQP4: Aquaporin 4; SS: Sjögren syndrome; +: Positive AQP4-IgG result; : Negative AQP4-IgG result.