Case Report Gallstone Ileus of the Colon: Leave No Stone Unturned

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1 Case Reports in Surgery Volume 2013, Article ID , 5 pages Case Report Gallstone Ileus of the Colon: Leave No Stone Unturned P. B. Salemans, 1 G. F. Vles, 1 S. Fransen, 1 R. Vliegen, 2 and M. N. Sosef 1 1 Atrium Medical Center, Department of General Surgery, Henri Dunantstraat PC Heerlen, The Netherlands 2 Atrium Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Henri Dunantstraat PC Heerlen, The Netherlands Correspondence should be addressed to G. F. Vles; gfvles@gmail.com Received 3 June 2013; Accepted 5 July 2013 Academic Editors: D. J. Bentrem, S. H. Ein, B. Tokar, and F. Turégano Copyright 2013 P. B. Salemans et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. A case of gallstone ileus of the colon with illustrative pictures is presented, making the physicians more aware of this rare entity. Furthermore, the use of imaging modalities for diagnosis and decision making in management strategy is discussed. 1. Introduction In 1941 L.G. Rigler described his famous triad of roentgen manifestations indicating gallstone ileus (GSI), that is, the association of an ectopic gallstone, bowel distension, and pneumobilia [1]. Rigler s triad, not to be confused with Rigler s sign, is present on a plain abdominal radiograph in merely 15% of GSI [2]. However, it is seen in over 77% on abdominal computed tomography (CT) scans [2]. The pathogenesis holds that due to episodes of calcifying cholecystitis a fistula develops between the gallbladder and the bowel, most often the duodenum [3]. A large gallstone is then able to migrate to the gastrointestinal tract causing mechanical ileus when (a) it is larger than 2.5 centimetres with concurrent bowel pathology, for example, tumor and diverticulitis [4 6], (b) it is larger than 5 centimetres, (c) several small calculi form an inspissated mass [7], or (d) there is faecal deposition on a small gallstone [8]. The most common locations of impaction are the terminal ileum and the ileocecal valve because of the anatomical small diameter and less active peristalsis [9]. GSI is a rare disease only accounting for 1 4% of all cases of mechanical intestinal obstruction [3]. Its incidence increases up to 25% in older females with extensive comorbidities [9]. Colonic obstruction due to gallstones is even more rare and accounts for 2 8% of all cases of GSI [10, 11]. Usually a gallstone enters the colon directly via a cholecystocolic fistula, but GSI of the colon has been reported with cholecystoenteric fistulas, indicating that the gallstone has somehow made it beyond the ileocecal valves [5]. It is a disease of high morbidity and mortality due to late presentation, advanced patient age, comorbid states, and most importantly the diagnostic challenge [12]. Since the 3 horsemen of colonic obstruction are malignancy, volvulus, and diverticular disease, the diagnosis of GSI of the colon is not usually considered. In about half of the cases the diagnosis is only made during laparotomy [12]. A case of GSI of the colon with illustrative pictures is presented, making the physician more aware of this rare entity. Furthermore, the use of imaging modalities for diagnosis and decision making in management strategy is discussed. 2. Case Report A78-year-oldwomanwithamedicalhistoryofappendectomy, transient ischemic attack, cognitive dysfunction, type II diabetes mellitus, urinary and faecal incontinence, obesity, and hypercholesterolemia was admitted to the emergency department of our hospital because of abdominal pain, nausea,andvomiting.shehadbeenconstipatedforthreedays. Physical examination revealed a mechanical ileus and a palpable mass in the left hemiabdomen. Laboratory studies were as follows: white blood count (WBC): /L; C-reactive protein (CRP): 176 mg/l; bilirubin: 21.6 μmol/l; gammaglutamyl transpeptidase (ΥGT): 67 U/L; alkaline phosphatase (AP): 97 U/L. A plain abdominal radiograph (Figure 1) showedaclassical Rigler s triad. An abdominal CT scan with intraluminal contrast (Figure 2) furthermore demonstrated a cholecystocolic fistula, gallbladder wall thickening, and a six centimetre

2 Case Reports in Surgery Figure 1: Plain abdominal

by the circle, ectopic gallstone indicated by the arrow,

Figure 2: Abdominal CT scan showing a 6-centimetre

wall thickening (arrow), a cholecystocolonic fistula

2 2 Case Reports in Surgery Figure 1: Plain abdominal radiograph showing Rigler s triad (pneumobilia indicated by the circle, ectopic gallstone indicated by the arrow, and bowel distension indicated by the asterisk). Figure 2: Abdominal CT scan showing a 6-centimetre radiopaque lesion in the descending colon, gall bladder wall thickening (arrow), a cholecystocolonic fistula (asterisk), pneumobilia (arrow), and an ectopic stone in the descending colon (asterisk).

A conservative management strategy including nasogastric tube, intravenous antibiotics, and colon lavage was chosen because of the extensive comorbidities of the patient

3 Case Reports in Surgery 3 Figure 3: Follw-up abdominal CT scan showing a cholecystocolonic fistula with faeces in the gallbladder (asterisk). Figure 4: Endoscopic view of an obstructing and inextractable gallstone in the sigmoid colon. radiopaque lesion in the descending colon with induration of the adjacent mesocolic fat. A conservative management strategy including nasogastric tube, intravenous antibiotics, and colon lavage was chosen because of the extensive comorbidities of the patient andbecausethegallstonewasalreadyinthedescending colon. Spontaneous passage of gallstones was awaited as this has been reported in the literature [11, 13, 14]. The patient s clinical condition improved, and according to reports by the nursing staff the stone had passed with defecation. However, seven days after discharge the patient was readmitted experiencing the same complaints as during the first admission. Laboratory studies had worsened: WBC: /L; CRP: 338 mg/l; bilirubin: 17.3 μmol/l; ΥGT: 86 U/L; AP: 190 U/L. A new abdominal CT scan showed that the gallstone was still in situ but had passed onto the sigmoid colon and that the gallbladder was now containing faecal material (Figure 3). A colonoscopy revealed an obstructing gallstone at 20 centimetres from the anus causing cyanosis and edema of the adjacent colonmucosa (Figure 4). Attempts to extract the stone failed. In the subsequent hours the clinical situation of the patient deteriorated. An exploratory laparotomy showed a diffuse purulent peritonitis, dilatation of bowel, and a concrement in an ischemic sigmoid colon. It was decided to perform a cholecystectomy, a cholecystocolonic fistulectomy, and a sigmoidostomy to extract the stone (Figures 5 and 6) and to establish a double-barrel transverse colostomy. Relaparotomy because of clinical deterioration the next day demonstrated a perforated necrotic descending colon and fecal peritonitis. A subtotal colectomy with an ascending colostomy was performed. Unfortunately the patient passed away on the next day in the intensive care unit. Permission for autopsy was not obtained. 3. Discussion GSI is a rare disease not usually considered by the physician. However, delayed or missed diagnosis may have severe consequences. Plain abdominal radiographs have for long been the fundamental method to recognize the pathology. The main signs to acknowledge are Rigler s triad and Balthazar s sign, that is, air in the gallbladder [1, 15]. However, as previously described, in merely 15% of the cases the diagnosis can be made on plain abdominal radiographs [2]. Therefore a high index of suspicion is crucial. An abdominal CT scan is considered the gold standard with a sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 100% [16]. It allows for accurately investigating the fistula between the gallbladder and the bowel and determining the degree of obstruction and the condition of the adjacent bowel mucosa. More sophisticated methods to identify the fistula between the biliary tract and the intestines are magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and drip infusion

4 Case Reports in Surgery Figure 5: Surgical removal of the obstructing gallstone. Figure 6: Removed gallstone measuring more than 6 centimetres. cholangiography CT (DIC-CT) [17].

Besides diagnosis and decision making in management strategy,ctscanhasaroleinthefollowupofconservative treatment of GSI of the colon.

4 4 Case Reports in Surgery Figure 5: Surgical removal of the obstructing gallstone. Figure 6: Removed gallstone measuring more than 6 centimetres. cholangiography CT (DIC-CT) [17]. Abdominal ultrasound canbeusedtoconfirmthepresenceofcholelithiasisandmay also identify fistula, if present [18]. Besides diagnosis and decision making in management strategy,ctscanhasaroleinthefollowupofconservative treatment of GSI of the colon. With regard to the case presented, it was assumed that the gallstone had passed causing essential delay in surgery. Therefore we suggest that if a conservative management strategy is chosen, passing of the gallstoneshouldbeprovenbyctscan. Surgical relief of intestinal obstruction remains the mainstay of treatment. Recently, laparoscopy-guided enterolithotomy has become the preferred surgical approach in treating GSI [19]. Debate continues as to whether patients with GSI should have a combination procedure of enterolithotomy, cholecystectomy, and fistulectomy or enterolithotomy alone justtoresolvetheimmediateobstruction[13]. Additionally, the nonsurgical treatment of GSI has been suggested, including endoscopic removal and shockwave lithotripsy, but this depends on the location of obstruction [14, 20]. In conclusion, a case of GSI of the colon with illustrative pictures is presented, hopefully making the physicians more aware of this rare entity. Our case illustrates that abdominal CT is the most appropriate noninvasive technique for diagnosis, treatment planning, and evaluation of success of conservative treatment. Conflict of Interests The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests. References [1] L. Rigler, C. Borman, and J. Noble, Gallstone obstruction: pathogenesis and roentgen manifestations, The the American Medical Association,vol.117,pp ,1941. [2] F.Lassandro,N.Gagliardi,M.Scuderi,A.Pinto,G.Gatta,and R. Mazzeo, Gallstone ileus analysis of radiological findings in 27 patients, European Radiology, vol.50,no.1,pp , [3] P.-A. Clavien, J. Richon, S. Burgan, and A. Rohner, Gallstone ileus, British Surgery,vol.77,no.7,pp ,1990. [4] C. Brown, Colonic obstruction due to a gallstone, British Clinical Practice,vol.26,no.4,pp ,1972. [5] G. W. Buetow and R. S. Crampton, Gallstone ileus. A report of 23 cases, Archives of Surgery,vol.86,pp ,1963. [6] W. V. Young Jr., Gallstone ileus of the colon. Report of an unusual type of colon obstruction, Archives of Surgery,vol.82,pp , [7] P. Holm-Nielsen and P. Linnet-Jepsen, Colon obstruction caused by gallstones, Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica,vol.107,pp , [8] J.F.Haffner,L.S.Semb,andT.Aakhus, Gallstoneileus.Areport of 22 cases, Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica, vol.135,no.8, pp , 1969.

5 Case Reports in Surgery 5 [9] R. M. Reisner and J. R. Cohen, Gallstone ileus: a review of 1001 reported cases, American Surgeon, vol. 60, no. 6, pp , [10] H. Fjermeros, Gall-stone ileus. Case reports and review of 178 cases from scandinavia and Finland, Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica,vol.128,pp ,1964. [11] H. L. Foss and J. D. Summers, Intestinal obstruction from gallstones, Annals of Surgery,vol.115,pp ,1942. [12]D.N.Lobo,J.C.Jobling,andT.W.Balfour, Gallstoneileus: diagnotic pitfalls and therapeutic successes, Clinical Gastroenterology,vol.30,no.1,pp.72 76,2000. [13] Y.-M. Tan, W. K. Wong, and L. L. P. J. Ooi, A comparison of two surgical strategies for the emergency treatment of gallstone ileus, Singapore Medical Journal,vol.45,no.2,pp.69 72,2004. [14] J.-M. Dumonceau, M. Delhaye, and M. Cremer, Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy for gallstone ileus, Gastrointestinal Endoscopy,vol.44,no.6,p.759,1996. [15] E. J. Balthazar and L. S. Schechter, Air in gallbladder: a frequent finding in gallstone ileus, American Roentgenology, vol. 131, no. 2, pp , [16] C.-Y. Yu, C.-C. Lin, R.-Y. Shyu et al., Value of CT in the diagnosis and management of gallstone ileus, World Gastroenterology,vol.11,no.14,pp ,2005. [17] H. Ishikura, A. Sakata, S. Kimura et al., Gallstone ileus of the colon, Surgery, vol. 138, no.3, pp , [18] A.Lasson,I.Loren,A.Nilsson,N.Nirhov,andP.Nilsson, Ultrasonography in gallstone ileus: a diagnostic challenge, European Surgery, Acta Chirurgica,vol.161,no.4,pp , [19] A. Zygomalas, S. Karamanakos, and I. Kehagias, Totally laparoscopic management of gallstone ileus-technical report and review of the literature, Laparoendoscopic and Advanced Surgical Techniques, vol. 22, no. 3, pp , [20] C. Meyenberger, C. Michel, U. Metzger, and H.-R. Koelz, Gallstone ileus treated by extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, Gastrointestinal Endoscopy,vol.43,no.5,pp ,1996.

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Case Report Perforated Closed-Loop Obstruction Secondary to Gallstone Ileus of the Transverse Colon: A Rare Entity

Case Reports in Surgery Volume 2015, Article ID 691713, 4 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/691713 Case Report Perforated Closed-Loop Obstruction Secondary to Gallstone Ileus of the Transverse Colon: