Problémy VLDD pri zabezpečovaní výkonu očkovania v praxi

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1 Problémy VLDD pri zabezpečovaní výkonu očkovania v praxi Zuzana Košťálová Žilina,

2 Práca VLDD Prevencia základ zdravia výživa očkovanie prevencia Zdravé dieťa

3 Očkovanie Dôležité preventívne opatrenie V dnešnej dobe najlepší a najúčinnejší spôsob boja s infekčnými ochoreniami Prvé účinné preventívne očkovanie proti onkologickému ochoreniu rakovine krčka maternice

4 Očkovanie dnes potrebuje obhajobu a propagáciu V minulosti Direktívne očkovanie Súčasnosť Otvorená spoločnosť

5 Najčastejšie zdroje informácií o očkovaní Internet Zdravotnícki pracovníci Priatelia Tlač, knihy Televízia, rozhlas..

6 Informácie o očkovaní Lekár stále zohráva najdôležitejšiu úlohu v šírení informácií o očkovaní a môže svojím postojom prekonať negatívny prístup k očkovaniu

7 Problémy v praxi Boj s dezinformáciami a antivakcinátormi

8 Časté mylné názory o očkovaní Očkovanie oslabuje imunitný systém Vakcíny sú neúčinné Prirodzený spôsob získania imunity je lepší ako očkovanie Kombinované vakcíny preťažujú imunitný systém Očkovanie sa môže odkladať rozdelovať

9 Antivakcinačné aktivity a zavádzajuce informácie

10 Problémy v praxi Očkovací kalendár kontra SPC Očkovací kalendár SR...výklad mesiac, odstupy medzi jednotlivými dávkami

11 Legislatíva SR 585/2008 Z.z. VYHLA S KA MZSR v znení neskorších predpisov 6 Povinné pravidelné očkovanie osôb, ktoré dosiahli určený vek (2) Očkovanie deti proti záškrtu, tetanu, čiernemu kašl u, prenosnej detskej obrne, vírusovému zápalu pečene typu B, invazívnym hemofilovým nákazám, pneumokokovým invazívnym ochoreniam sa vykonáva najskôr prvý deň desiateho týždňa života dieťaťa. PRI L.2 C asť A OC KOVACIE POSTUPY NA POVINNE PRAVIDELNE OC KOVANIE OSO B, KTORE DOSIAHLI URC ENY VEK PODL A 6 2. Očkovanie deti proti záškrtu, tetanu, čiernemu kašl u, vírusovému zápalu pečene typu B, hemofilovým invazívnym nákazám, detskej obrne a pneumokokovým invazívnym ochoreniam a) očkovanie proti záškrtu, tetanu, čiernemu kašl u, detskej obrne, vírusovému zápalu pečene typu B, hemofilovým invazívnym nákazám a pneumokokovým invazívnym ochoreniam sa vykonáva tromi dávkami v 3., 5. a v 11. mesiaci života, pričom prvá dávka sa podá najskôr v prvom dni desiateho týždňa života, b) v šiestom roku života sa vykonáva preočkovanie proti záškrtu, tetanu, čiernemu kašl u a proti detskej obrne; v 13. roku života sa vykonáva preočkovanie proti záškrtu, tetanu, čiernemu kašl u a detskej obrne očkovacou látkou so zníženým obsahom antigénov,

12 Očkovací kalendár ÚVZ SR 2015

13 alebo Očkovací kalendár SR 2015 ÚVZ SR

14 Očkovací kalendár SR 2015 ÚVZ SR Dosiahnutý vek 2 mesiace (8 týždnov?) Záškrt, Tetanus, C ierny kašeľ, Detská obrna, Vírusová hepatitída typu B, Hemofilové invazívne nákazy 1. dávka Očkovanie detí proti záškrtu, tetanu, čiernemu kašľu, detskej obrne, vírusovej hepatitíde typu B a hemofilovým invazívnym nákazám je povinné v rámci pravidelného povinného očkovania. Základné očkovanie sa vykonáva tromi dávkami hexavalentnej očkovacej látky v 3., 5. a v 11. mesiaci života dieťaťa, pričom prvá dávka sa podá najskôr v prvom dni desiateho týždňa života Pneumokokové invazívne ochorenia 1. dávka Očkovanie detí proti pneumokokovým invazívnym ochoreniam je povinné v rámci pravidelného povinného očkovania. Základné očkovanie sa vykonáva tromi dávkami konjugovanej očkovacej látky v 3., 5. a v 11. mesiaci života dieťaťa.

15 SPC a základné očkovanie Základná vakcinačná schéma Infanrix hexa (ako napr. 2, 3, 4 mesiace; 3, 4, 5 mesiacov; 2, 4, 6 mesiacov) pozostáva z troch 0,5 ml dávok alebo (ako napr. 3, 5 mesiacov) z dvoch dávok. Medzi jednotlivými dávkami má byť časový odstup najmenej 1 mesiac. Rozšírený program imunizačnej schémy (v 6., 10., 14. týždni života) sa môže použiť len vtedy, ak bola dávka očkovacej látky proti hepatiti de B podaná hned po narodení. Aplikácia booster dávky: Po vakcinácii 2 dávkami (napr. 3, 5 mesiacov) Infanrix hexa sa booster dávka musí aplikovať najmenej po 6 mesiacoch po poslednej dávke základnej vakcinácie, najlepšie vo veku medzi 11 a 13 mesiacmi. Po vakcinácii 3 dávkami (napr. 2, 3, 4 mesiace; 3, 4, 5 mesiacov; 2, 4, 6 mesiacov) Infanrix hexa sa booster dávka musí aplikovať najmenej po 6 mesiacoch po poslednej dávke základnej vakcinácie a najlepšie vo veku pred 18 mesiacmi.

16 SPC a základné očkovanie Základná vakcinačná schéma Infanrix hexa (ako napr. 2, 3, 4 mesiace; 3, 4, 5 mesiacov; 2, 4, 6 mesiacov) pozostáva z troch 0,5 ml dávok alebo (ako napr. 3, 5 mesiacov) z dvoch dávok. Medzi jednotlivými dávkami má byť časový odstup najmenej 1 mesiac. Rozšírený program imunizačnej schémy (v 6., 10., 14. týždni života) sa môže použiť len vtedy, ak bola dávka očkovacej látky proti hepatiti de B podaná hned po narodení. Aplikácia booster dávky: Po vakcinácii 2 dávkami (napr. 3, 5 mesiacov) Infanrix hexa sa booster dávka musí aplikovať najmenej po 6 mesiacoch po poslednej dávke základnej vakcinácie, najlepšie vo veku medzi 11 a 13 mesiacmi. Po vakcinácii 3 dávkami (napr. 2, 3, 4 mesiace; 3, 4, 5 mesiacov; 2, 4, 6 mesiacov) Infanrix hexa sa booster dávka musí aplikovať najmenej po 6 mesiacoch po poslednej dávke základnej vakcinácie a najlepšie vo veku pred 18 mesiacmi.

17 SPC a základné očkovanie Dvojdávková základná schéma: V prípade, že sa Prevenar 13 podáva ako súčasť bežného očkovacieho programu dojčiat, schéma môže pozostávať z troch dávok, každá po 0,5 ml. Prvá dávka sa má podať od veku 2 mesiacov, druha o 2 mesiace neskôr. Tretia (posilňovacia) dávka sa odporúča medzi 11. a 15. mesiacom veku Neočkované dojčatá a deti vo veku 7 mesiacov Dojčatá vo veku 7-11 mesiacov Dve dávky, každá po 0,5 ml, s intervalom najmenej 1 mesiac medzi jednotlivými dávkami. Tretia dávka je odporúčaná v druhom roku života. Deti vo veku mesiacov Dve dávky, každá po 0,5 ml, s intervalom najmenej 2 mesiace medzi jednotlivými dávkami (pozri časť 5.1). Predčasne narodené deti (gestačný vek < 37 týždn ov) U predčasne narodených deti odporúčaná imunizačná schéma pozostáva zo štyroch dávok po 0,5 ml. Základné dávkovanie u novorodencov pozostáva z troch dávok, prvá dávka sa podáva v 2. mesiaci veku s intervalom minimálne 1 mesiac medzi dávkami. Prvá dávka môže byť podaná už v 6. týždni veku. S tvrtá (posilňovacia) dávka sa odporúča medzi 11. a 15. mesiacom veku (pozri časti 4.4 a 5.1).

18 SPC a základné očkovanie Dvojdávkové základné očkovanie Alternati vne sa môže použiť očkovacia schéma pozostávajúca z troch dávok, každá po 0,5 ml, a to v prípade, že sa Synflorix podáva ako súčasť programu rutinnej imunizácie dojčiat. Prvá dávka sa môže podať od veku 2 mesiacov a druhá dávka o 2 mesiace neskôr. Posilňovaciu (tretiu) dávku sa odporúča podať po uplynuti minimálne 6 mesiacov od poslednej dávky základného očkovania Neočkované dojčatá a deti vo veku 7 mesiacov - dojčatá vo veku 7-11 mesiacov: Očkovacia schéma pozostáva z dvoch základných 0,5 ml dávok, pričom medzi podaním dávok má uplynúť minimálne 1 mesiac. Posilňovaciu (tretiu) dávku sa odporúča podať v druhom roku života, pričom po podaní poslednej základnej dávky majú uplynúť minimálne 2 mesiace. - deti vo veku 12 mesiacov 5 rokov: Očkovacia schéma pozostáva z dvoch 0,5 ml dávok, pričom medzi podaním dávok majú uplynúť minimálne 2 mesiace. Predčasne narodené dojčatá (narodené medzi 27 až 36 týždn om gravidity) U nedonosených dojčiat narodených po minimálne 27 týždňoch gestačného veku pozostáva odporúčaná imunizačná schéma zo štyroch dávok, každá po 0,5 ml. Základné očkovanie dojčiat pozostáva z troch dávok, pričom prvá dávka sa podá vo veku 2 mesiacov a medzi podaním dávok má uplynúť minimálne 1 mesiac. Posilňovaciu (štvrtú) dávku sa odporúča podať po uplynuti minimálne 6 mesiacov od poslednej dávky základného očkovania

19 Jasné pravidlá? Kol ko dávok má základné očkovanie? rozdiel NIP a SPC Ktoré legislatívne normy sú pre očkujúceho lekára v SR záväzné? ( vyhláška..spc)

20 Národný očkovací kalendár SR trocha matematiky Kedy začať 3.,5.,11. mesiac najskôr v prvom dni desiateho týždňa života. To znamená, že očkovať môžeme od ukončeného veku 9 týždnov t.z deň Kol ko dní má mesiac? dní očkovací 28 dní V 3. mesiaci znamená 2 mesiace + 1 deň t.z. nie 57 dní ale dni Ako sú definované minimálne odstupy medzi jednotlivými dávkami???

21 Jasné pravidlá? Legislatíva neurčuje žiaden jednoznačný odstup medzi jednotlivými dávkami Odstup medzi 2 a 3 dávkou má byť minimálne 6 mesiacov dodržiava sa? Podl a SPC očkovacích látok je odstup medzi prvou a druhou dávkou minimálne 4 týždne DTaP+HiB+HBV+IPV kontra 2 mesiace Pneumokoky dodržiavajú sa odstupy pri simultánom očkovaní??? v starých prepisoch DTP od 10t, v 11. tyzdni o 6-10 t. podanie druhej a o 6-10 mesiacov podanie 3 davky.

22 Problémy v praxi Úhrada vakcín ZP a doplatky... Dostupnosť vakcín v lekárni...výpadky

23 Zdravotné poisťovne a očkovanie Zdravotné poistovne majú nastavený systém ako preplácať výkony, očkovacie látky Rôznorodosť prístupu ZP k úhrade očkovacích látok stále finančný doplatok na NIP očkovanie proti pneumokokom PCV13!

24 Správa poslaná d alej Od: Podivinský František <Podivinsky.Frantisek@dovera.sk> Dátum: 3. júna 2015, 11:16 Predmet: RE: prosba o informaciu Komu: Zuzana Kostalova <zuzana.kostalova@gmail.com> Dobrý deň, preventívne prehliadky treba vykázať takto : mesiace a 1 den 145A 5 mesiacov a 1 den 146B 11 mesiacov a 1 den MUDr. František PODIVINSKY revízny lekár DO VERA zdravotná poisťovn a, a. s. Generálne riaditel stvo Einsteinova Bratislava podivinsky.frantisek@dovera.sk Dobrý deň prajem, Na základe telefonickej komunikácie korigujem stanovisko, ktoré Vám zasielal kolega: Preventívne prehliadky sú štandardne akceptované v zmysle definovania preventívnych prehliadok zákonom 577/ v 3.-4.mesiaci vykázať vo veku 2 mesiace a 1 deň 145 a - v 5. 6.mesiaci vykázať vo veku 4 mesiace a 1 deň,... podobne všetky preventívne prehliadky napr. 149 v 11.roku teda 10 rokov a 1 deň S úctou MUDr. L ubomíra Sviatková RL- vedúci kontrol PZS na dial ku - ambulantná ZS Dôvera zdravotná poisťovn a, a.s. Moldavská cesta 8/A Košice Fax: sviatkova.lubomira@dovera.sk

25 Dňa 4. júna 2015, 10:52, Szeiffova Monika napísal(-a): Dobrý deň pani doktorka, nadväzujem na náš dnešný telef. rozhovor. Takže podl a platných zmluvných podmienok sú v prílohe 2 bod 4b uvedené kódy výkonovprevent. prehliadok, kde sú uvedené aj príslušné mesiace. Konkrétne sa pýtate na 145, 145a,146b. Napr. pri 145-ke je uvedené: mesiac 3.-5., t.znamená preventívka sa môže robiť, ked má dané dieťatko 2 mesiace a jeden den ( to jest začalo žiť 3 mesiac života). podobne si môžete odvodiť aj ostatné mesiace pri vyššie spomínaných kódoch. S pozdravom a prianím pekného dňa MUDr. Monika Szeiffová Odbor interných revíznych činností Union zdravotná poisťovňa a.s. Bajkalská 29/A Bratislava

26 Problémy v praxi Očkovanie odmietačov...obmedzený výber vakcín...úhrada ZP Očkovanie migrantov rôznorodosť očkovacích schém... úhrada ZP

27 Očkovanie odmietačov očkovania Oneskorenie očkovania ohrozuje pacienta ochoreniami preventabilnými vakcináciou... Úhrada ZP odmietači = platiaci? Systém podporuje použitie kombinovaných vakcín... Nutnosť použitia vakcín Off label na doočkovanie Problém použitia dostupných vakcín...obmedzený výber kombinácií pre určitý vek... Nedostupnosť vakcín proti jednotlivým ochoreniam (Imovax polio, ActHib...)

28 Očkovanie pacienta rozočkovaného mimo SR Vek očkovanca Druh očkovania Ktoré vakcíny použiť? Absencia monovakcín úhrada ZP? Počet podaných dávok

29 Očkovanie neočkovaného pacienta catch up s použitím vakcín dostupných v SR Príklady Pacient má 3 roky je imunokompromitovaný ale bez poruchy bunkovej imunity a nebol vôbec očkovaný, odporučené 3 dávky DTaP 0,1,6 m, 3 dávky IPV(0,1,2 m), 3 dávky VHB(0,1,6 m), 1 dávka Hib, 1 dávka 13 valentná pneumokoková vakcína, 1 dávka MMR Infanrix polio- použitie na základné očkovanie len off label podla slovenského SPC Infanrix na základné očkovanie áno ale aká je dostupnosť? + potrebujeme IPV- nedostupná mono vakcína v SR Pre nedostupnosť Hib mono vakcíny - podať 1 dávku Infanrix IPV Hib alebo Infanrix hexa off label 2x Infanrix IPV + 1x Infanrix IPV Hib, alebo Infanrix hexa použitie len off label 0,1,6 m 3x Engerix 10ug 0,1,6 m (pri použití hexa podáme len 2x) 1x Priorix, (M-M-RVAXPRO) 1x Prevenar 13 simultánne s prvou dávkou DTaP

30 Očkovanie neočkovaného pacienta catch up s použitím vakcín dostupných v SR Príklad Pacient má 7 rokov a nebol vôbec očkovaný odporučené 3 dávky dt 0,1,6 m, o rok booster dávku spolu s pertusis, Imovax dt adult 3 dávky 0,1,6 o 12 mesiacov booster Boostrix polio, ale podla CDC Catch-up: osoby nad 7 rokov, ktoré neboli očkované majú dostať ako prvú dávku dtap a daľšie davky doočkovat s dt Použiť Boostrix polio? nie je určený na primárnu vakcináciu + nemáme solo vakcinu na očkovanie polio off label očkovanie? 3 dávky IPV(0,1,2 m),nedostupnosť vakcíny 3 dávky VHB(0,1,6 m) ENGERIX 10 ug MMR 1 dávka Priorix (M-M-RVAXPRO)

31 Aká je úloha šťátu v očkovaní?... Má štát záujem o zdravie svojich občanov?...

32 INCIDENCIA RAKOVINY A MORTALITA V EURÓPE (ŽENY, r) INCIDENCIA MORTALITA Prsník Cervix Štítna žlaza Melanom kože Vaječník Colorectum Hodgkin lymphoma Brain, nervous system Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Lung Prsník 4.7 Cervix Mozog, nervový systém 1.4 Pľúca 1.3 Colorectum 1.2 Ovary 1.2 Stomach 1.2 Leukaemia 1.1 Melanoma of skin 0.6 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Ročný vekovo-špecifický počet na 100,000 žien (15-44 r) Data source: IARC, Globocan 2008 Available at: HPV Information Centre. Human Papillomavirus and Related Cancers in Europe. Summary Report [Accessed: April 2012]. Available at

33 Podpora zo strany štátu XXV. Getlíkov deň Find out more at at Or call the NHS helpline

34 HPV Immunisation Team Cardinal Square 10 Nottingham Road Derby, DE1 3QT Dear Parent/Guardian Tel: HPV Vaccination A vaccine is now available to protect against cervical cancer which the Department of Health is offering, free of charge, to all girls in school year 8. Your daughter will be eligible to receive this vaccination during the next academic year commencing in September. In Derby City this service is delivered in schools by a team of qualified nurses. By having the vaccination at this time, your daughter will be protected against the commonest cause of cervical cancer for many years to come. Cervical cancer is a serious disease that affects over 3000 women in the UK each year and causes over 1000 deaths. Accompanying this letter is a consent form and an information leaflet about the vaccination and a frequently asked questions factsheet. The vaccination team deliver an education session to students during year 7 to introduce them to the vaccination programme. This is available to view by following the link at Further information is also available on the website at In order to keep an accurate record that the vaccination has been offered to your daughter, I would appreciate if you would return a completed consent form regardless of your decision to accept or decline the offer. A non-returned form does not indicate non-consent to vaccination. Please return the form to school in the envelope provided, seal it and write your daughters name on the back. Alternatively you can post it back to us at the address above but please remember to affix a stamp. Please note that schools kindly host the venue on behalf of the Health Service but have no responsibility for the running of vaccination sessions. Therefore you are requested not to contact school with queries. If you or your daughter has any queries please contact a member of the vaccination team on the telephone number above. Thank you for your cooperation. Yours faithfully Lynn Heffer Lynn Heffer Lead Nurse Vaccinations & Screening Link to PowerPoint slide show

35 Girls in England & Wales who are in year 8, are being offered a vaccine to help protect them against Human Papilloma Virus, or HPV, the main cause of cervical cancer. Nurse Lynn This presentation is designed to explain more about the HPV vaccine and to answer any questions you might have. Together we can fight cervical cancer

36 Veľká Británia HPV preočkovanosť UK /2013 campaign ONE DOSE yo : 90,9% THREE DOSES yo : 86,1% Source : DoH HPV coverage monitoring march 2012

37 Záver sci-fi? Podporné očkovacie kampane zo strany štátu, (chrípka, nové očkovacie programy) Rozšírenie úhrady vakcín zdravotnými poisťovn ami (ideálna plná úhrada) Jednotný očkovací kalendár s definovanými odstupmi medzi jednotlivými dávkami (ideálne týždne) na zabránenie skracovania odporučených intervalov Rozšírenie pravidelného očkovania Usmernenie postupov pri očkovaní migrantov Odporučenie-usmernenie MZ SR na použitie vakcin na doočkovanie off label Zvýšenie prehľadnosti v distribúcii vakcín Očkovacia povinnosť pred nástupom detí do kolektívu

38 Použité zdroje Guidelines for ATC classification and DDD assignment th edition, WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology Norwegian Institute of Public Health P.O.Box 4404 Nydalen N-0403 Oslo Norway C. Klement a kol., Vybraná terminológia I. pre poslucháčov laboratórnych vyšetrovacích metód v zdravotníctve FZ SZU,PRO s.r.o., Banská Bystrica, 2014 ISBN , s.151 Devan V. Mehrotra, Ph.D.extrapolation antibody vaccine schedulespecialized ArticlesVaccine Clinical Trials A Statistical Primer, Merck Research Laboratories, UN-A102, 785 Jolly Road, Blue Bell, PA Heidi J Larson, Louis Z Cooper, Juhani Eskola, Samuel L Katz, Scott Ratzan, New Decade of Vaccines 5 Addressing the vaccine confi dence gap, Lancet 2011; 378: Published Online June 9, 2011DOI: /S (11) ) S.A., Plotkin, W. A., Orenstein, P. A. Offit, Vaccines, Elsevier Saunders, 6- th edition 2013, ISBN , p Pierluigi Lopalco, VPD programme coordinator, Scientific Advice Unit, ECDC Scientific panel on childhood immunisation schedule: Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccination on Clinical evaluation of new vaccines, EMEA/CHMP/VWP/164653/2005 London, 18 October 2006 H. Theeten, H. Nohynek, T.M.M. Coenen, EuSANH workshop Reason behind differences in national vaccination schedules for under five, European Public health pre conference workshop, Malta, 8 november, 2012 The childhood Immunisation Schedule and Safety, Institute of Medicine,The National Academies of Sciences, Hambidge SJ, Newcomer SR, Narwaney KJ, Glanz JM, Daley MF, Xu S, Shoup JA, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Klein NP, Lee GM, Nelson JC, Lugg M, Naleway AL, Nordin JD, Weintraub E, DeStefano F, Timely Versus Delayed Early Childhood Vaccination and Seizures. Pediatrics May 19;) P.L. Lopalco H.G. de Carvalho, P.Kreidl K. Leitmeyer J. Giesecke, Childhood vaccination schedules in Europe vary widely Is this a problem? Bundesgesundheitsbl : DOI /s z, Online publiziert: 13. September 2009 Springer-Verlag 2009 Martin Kulldorff, PhD,Study Designs for the Safety Evaluation of Different Childhood Immunization Schedules F.D. Ancona, VeniceII: Go on combining our efforts towards a European common vaccination policy!, Eurosurveillance, vol. 14, Issue 12-26, march 2009 Pierluigi Lopalco, VPD programme coordinator, Scientific Advice Unit, ECDC Scientific panel on childhood immunisation schedule: Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccination Guideline on Clinical evaluation of new vaccines, EMEA/CHMP/VWP/164653/2005 London, 18 October 2006 Novakova, Elena ; Kosecka, Gabriela; Gajdos, Jan; Olear, Vladimir; Hudeckova, Henrieta, Evaluation of antibody response after vaccination with conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine in infants and toddlers in Slovakia. European Journal of Pediatrics 162(2): ,2003: 19 Scientific panel on childhood immunisation schedule:diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccination European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2009www.ecdc.europa.eu Zákon NR SR č.355/2007 Zz o ochrane, podpore a rozvoji verejného zdravia a o zmene a doplnení niektorých zákonov CDC s Recommended and Minimum Ages and Intervals Between Doses of Routinely Recommended Vaccines White CJ., Clinical trials of varicella vaccine in healthy children. Infect Dis Clin North Am , 1996 V. Rouderefer, N. G. Becker, H. W. Hethcote, Waning Immunity and Effects on VaccinationSchedule, Mathematical Biosciences, 124: 59-82, 1994 He H., Chen E., Wang Z., Li Q., Yan R., Guo J., Zhou Y., Pan J., Xie S., Similar immunogenicity of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine administrated at 8 months versus 12 months age in children, Vaccine, 2014 Goh P., Lim FS., Han HH., Willems P., Safety and immunogenicity of early vaccination with two doses of tetravalent measles-mumpos-rubella-varicella MMRV) vaccine in healthy children from 9 months of age, Infection, 2007 oct., 35(7): Watson B, Boardman C., Laufer D,et al., Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in Healthy children aftre one or two dosses of varicella vaccine. Clin Infect dis , 1995 CDC. Pertussis vaccination: use of acellular pertussis vaccines among infants and young children: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 1997;46(No. RR-7). CDC. Use of diphtheria toxoid-tetanus toxoid-acellular pertussis vaccine as a five-dose series: supplemental recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 2000;49(No. RR-13). L L. Hammitt, L. Bulkow., TW. Hennessy, C. Zannis, M Snowball, J L Williams, B P Bell, B J McMahon, Persistence of Antobody to hepatitis A Virus 10 years after Vaccinetion among Children and Adults, JID, 2008:198, B L Wiens, M R Bohidar, J G Pigeon, J Egan, W Hurni, L Brown, B J Kuter, D R Nalin, Duration of protection from Clinical Hepatitis A disease after vaccination with VAQTA, Journal of Medical Virology, 49: ,1996

39 Ďakujem za pozornosť!

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