Bronze statue of Pavlov and one of his dogs located on the grounds of his laboratory at Koltushi Photo taken by Jackie D. Wood, June 2004.
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1 Ivan Pavlov
2 cgi/content/full/19/6/326 Bronze statue of Pavlov and one of his dogs located on the grounds of his laboratory at Koltushi Photo taken by Jackie D. Wood, June 2004.
3 Source: Johnson, George. The Ten Most Beautiful Experiments. Vintage Books: New York. 2008
4 Source: Johnson, George. The Ten Most Beautiful Experiments. Vintage Books: New York. 2008
5 pavimages.htm Photos below were graciously provided to the Society by Chris Spatz at Hendrix College, on his quest for Pavlov's "Statue to the Experimental Dog."
6 Statue to the Experimental Dog
7 Statue to the Experimental Dog
8 Unit 6. Learning College Board - Acorn Book Course Description 7-9% 8
9 Instinct 9
10 Learned Behavior 10
11 Instinct Innate, automatic disposition toward responding in a particular way when confronted with a specific stimulus. Bernstein Instinct Must be inborn (innate, automatic) Must occur in the same form in all members of a species Must be unlearned and characteristic of a specific species This is essential to understanding and explaining classical conditioning
12 Imprinting and Instinct Interesting distinction: Following mother duck is not the instinctive behavior Imprinting is the instinctive behavior The duck will follow literally anything that it imprints on You Tube Video of Konrad Lorenz
13 Maturation Some behavior changes require biological development as well as experience Walking Talking Adult sexual behavior Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience. Myers Neural development, motor development We must stand before we walk We must use nouns before we use adjectives
14 Habituation Simple form of learning Non-associative learning in which there is a progressive reduction of behavioral response probability with repeated introduction of a stimulus Response to a novel stimulus at first If no positive or negative consequence (no reward or harmful effect) Subsequent responses are reduced Examples: We notice our clothes when we first but them on We can smell other peoples bad breath but not our own
15 Summary Outline A. Classical Conditioning B. Operant Conditioning C. Cognitive Processes in Learning D. Biological Factors D. Social Learning 15
16
17 Unbeknownst to most students of psychology, Pavlov s first experiment was to ring a bell and cause his dog to attack Freud s cat.
18 A. Classical Conditioning Learning from Associations Ivan Pavlov s Experiments NS UCS UCR CS CR 18
19 Important Terms Acquisition Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Stimulus Generalization Stimulus Discrimination It is important to know how these apply to both --> Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning
20 Classical Conditioning Applications Higher Order Conditioning John B. Watson (Little Albert) Conditioned Emotional Response, Phobias Aversions
21 Reflexes Instinct vs. Learned 21
22 Flooding Professor Gallagher and his controversial technique of simultaneously confronting the fear of heights, snakes, and the dark.
23 B. Operant Conditioning Learning from Consequences Instrumental Learning E. L. Thorndike and the Law of Effect B. F. Skinner (Skinner Box operant chamber) 23
24 Operant Conditioning Appetitive stimulus Organism wants to achieve or receive Aversive stimulus Organism wants to avoid or escape from Positive Reinforcement Adding consequence increases likelihood of a behavior Negative Reinforcement Removing consequence increases likelihood of a behavior Punishment Adding consequence decreases likelihood of a behavior
25 Operant Conditioning Generalization Discrimination Acquisition Shaping Extinction Delayed Reinforcement 25
26 Operant Conditioning Conditioned Reinforcement Primary and Secondary Reinforcers Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed v. variable Ratio v. interval Aversive conditioning Escape and avoidance learning
27 Operant Conditioning Oh, not bad. The light comes on, I press the bar, they write me a check. How about you?
28 Reinforcement Good dog. 28
29 C. Cognitive factors in Classical Conditioning The organism extracts information from the environment classical conditioning involves more than the appearance of robot-like reflexive responses organisms acquire conditioned responses when one event reliably predicts, or signals, the appearance of another Example: Failure of redundant stimulus to become a CS 29
30 What determines whether and how a conditioned response is learned? Timing Forward conditioning (NS then UCS) Backward conditioning (UCS then NS) Interval between NS and UCS Predictability Always / Sometimes Signal Strength Weak shock / intense shock
31 Attention When several stimuli are present, the one the organism is paying attention to is more likely to become the CS Biopreparedness certain signals or events are especially likely to form associations with other events biologically prepared or genetically tuned to develop certain conditioned associations. Second-Order Conditioning Fear of doctor associated with pain of shot but also white coat he s wearing
32 Predictive value of CS Rescorla Assessment of the reliability of the stimulus to be a predictor Cognitive interpretation of whether a stimulus is predictive rather than simple pairing of UCS - NS
33 Cognitive factors in Operant Conditioning Non-contingent reinforcement (Superstitious behavior) Latent Learning, Cognitive Maps Edward C. Tolman Learned Helplessness Martin Seligman Insight Learning - Köhler 33
34 Cognitive Factors in Behavior Modification 34
35 D. Biological Factors Instinct / Maturation / Habituation Limits on Learning Biological Factors in Conditioning Instinctive Drift - Breland (instinctive tendencies interfering with conditioning) The animal will do what the animal will do Conditioned Taste Aversion Garcia (specific stimuli associated with nausea) Teaching coyotes to stay away from sheep Preparedness and Phobias? Are the development of phobias affected by biological factors? Are we more likely to delevlop certain phobias 35
36 Social Learning This is a nice restaurant. Turn your cap around. 36
37 E. Social Learning Observational learning Key Processes in observational learning Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation Acquisition of a behavior may occur without the performance of the behavior Modeling Bandura (Bobo doll) 37
38 For a Video of Bandura and his Bobo Doll Experiment docid=
39 Quiz on Negative Reinforcement 1. What is another word that means the same thing as negative reinforcement? 2. When negative reinforcement is supplied it usually results in A. Weakening a behavior that you want weakened B. Strengthening a behavior that you want strengthened 3. Do people usually look forward to negative reinforcement? A. Yes B. No 4. Will you regularly (consciously) use positive reinforcement in the future? A. Yes B. No 5. Will you regularly (consciously) use negative reinforcement in the future? A. Yes B. No 39
40 The majority tends to answers: 1. Punishment (or some punitive meaning) Mistaken belief that negative reinforcement is the same as punishment 2. Decreases The term negative has more impact than the term reinforcement with most people 3. No Actually we like negative reinforment Remember, the negative becomes before the behavior The reinforcement is when the negative is removed 4. 92% said yes said yes. Majority said that people had to be punished to be motivated 40
41 Positive v Negative Consequence matrix Supply a Stimulus Remove a Stimulus Appetitive Stimulus Aversive Stimulus 41
42 Positive v Negative Reinforcement / Punishment Grid Likes Give something the organism: Take away something the organism: Dislikes 42
43 Positive v Negative Reinforcement / Punishment Grid Likes Give something the organism: Positive Reinforcement Take away something the organism: Dislikes 43
44 Positive v Negative Reinforcement / Punishment Grid Likes Give something the organism: Positive Reinforcement Take away something the organism: Dislikes Negative Reinforcement 44
45 Positive v Negative Reinforcement / Punishment Grid Likes Give something the organism: Positive Reinforcement Take away something the organism: Dislikes Punishment Negative Reinforcement 45
46 Positive v Negative Likes Reinforcement / Punishment Grid Give something the organism: Positive Reinforcement Take away something the organism: Time-out Dislikes Punishment Negative Reinforcement 46
47 Positive v Negative Consequence matrix Appetitive Stimulus Supply a Stimulus Positive Reinforcement Remove a Stimulus Time-out Aversive Stimulus Punishment Negative Reinforcement 47
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