Learning. Learning. Stimulus Learning. Modification of behavior or understanding Is it nature or nurture?
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1 Learning Chapter 6 Learning Modification of behavior or understanding Is it nature or nurture? Stimulus Learning Habituation: when you pay less attention to something over time response starts out strong and decreases Sensory adaptation? Ponies at Assateaguethey have habituated to people!
2 Stimulus Learning Dishabituation: if the stimulus changes the response comes back Sensitization: when you increase response to a stimulus Think like a door slam in a haunted house Richard Solomon Opponent Process Theory: your body wants to be at equilibrium- if something scares you, your body tries to calm you down Eventually the calming effect gets so quick that the scary thing doesn t frighten you anymore or the roller coaster doesn t excite you or an addict needs more of a drug to maintain a certain high This is HABITUATION! Ivan Pavlov & Classical Conditioning The guy with the drooling dogs! We learn by observing relationship in the world around us
3 Before Conditioning Unconditioned Stimuli Neutral Stimuli Unconditioned Response Orienting Response During Conditioning Neutral Stimuli PAIRED WITH Unconditioned Stimuli Unconditioned Response
4 After Conditioning Conditioned Stimuli (was the neutral stimuli) Conditioned Response (was the UCR) Think it out... What was the UCS and UCR before conditioning? What was the neutral stimuli? What is NOW the CS and CR? The Real Conditioning
5 Extinction Overtime, if you only present the CS without the UCS, the subject will stop the CR Without the meat powder (UCS) eventually the dogs will stop salivating (CR) at the sound of the tone (CS) Recovery Pair the CS with the UCS only a few times and the CR will return quickly! Spontaneous recovery occurs on occasion without the CS+UCS link too Generalization and Discrimination We group similar stimuli together- schemas! So a CR might be generated by a similar stimuli We can also learn to differentiate between different stimuli so the CR will not occur Accommodation and Assimilation
6 Signals Classical Conditioning is not just about reflexes! The timing of the pairing is important- CS should precede UCS Predictability- the CS should predict the UCS Strong signals work best for UCS The subject needs to pay attention Rescorla and Garcia Rescorla: added the concept of cognition to classical conditioning- subjects create mental representations of their environment and their expectations. Garcia: Taste aversion researchshows that delay can occur between CS and UCS (food poisoning) makes evolutionary sense! Higher Order Conditioning White coat syndrome A CS works as a UCS, creating CS out of associated events.
7 The Office Operant Conditioning LEARNING FROM CONSEQUENCES! Instrumental Conditioning Thorndike and the Law of Effect: Put hungry cats in puzzle boxes, if they got out, they got food If their behavior was rewarded, they will respond the same way next time! EXPERIMENTER DEFINES OPPORTUNITIES FOR RESPONSE
8 BF Skinner How do organisms learn by operating in their environment? Skinner box- measure responses over time Behavior is a result of rewards and punishments! HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE FOR THE RESPONSE TO OCCUR? Operant Conditioning Behavior Response (reinforcement or punishment) Reinforcers- INCREASES the chance the operant behavior will occur again- they REINFORCE the behavior! Punishment- REDUCES the chance the operant behavior will occur again- they PUNISH the behavior! Reinforcements Positive Reinforcement: stimuli that add something and increases the behavior (food, money, a smile ) Negative Reinforcement: REMOVING a stimuli and increases the behavior (pain, loud noise, carrots...)
9 Punishment -You burn yourself when you touch a hot stove, so you stop touching the stove (PUNISHMENT reduced the behavior) -You drive fast and wreck your car, next time you won t drive so fast! (PUNISHMENT, in this case a penalty, reduced the behavior)
10 Sheldon Trains Penny Escape and Avoidance Conditioning Neg Reinforcement Escape: behavior occurs to put an end to averse stimuli - You leave the house while your mom is yelling at you about your messy room Avoidance: behavior occurs before averse stimuli can happen (mix of operant and classical conditioning) - You leave the house before your mom has a chance to yell at you about your messy room (classical conditioning- you know the yelling is coming)
11 Strengthening Operant Behaviors Shaping- you reward behavior that is closer and closer to what you want (teaching a dog to roll over- start with sitting, then lying, then rolling over) Timing- reinforcement or punishment must occur near the behavior Size- the size of the reinforcer matters Primary and Secondary Reinforcers Primary- innately rewarding (food, water) like primary drives! Secondary- stuff you learn to like (money, specific foods) like secondary drives! Schedule of Reinforcement Continuous- after every behavior Partial- all of these: Fixed ratio- after so many (every 4 times) Variable ratio- after so many, then so many more (every 2 times, then every 5 times ) Fixed interval- after so long (every 4 min.) Variable interval- after so many, then so many more (every 2 min, then every 5 min )
12 David Premack Premack Principle: you naturally find certain things more rewarding than other things. Something you prefer can reinforce something you don t like as much I will watch some House of Cards after I finish this powerpoint Sound familiar?? Theories of Motivation! Learned Helplessness Sometimes we just give up Especially if our behavior doesn t alter the environment- our operants aren t working!
13 Latent Learning: Tolman Learning that takes a while to sink in. Rats in mazes, didn t show learning until food showed up Today Tomorrow Mental Trial and Error: Kohler Chimps problem solving ability showed that they didn t always use trial and error, seems they thought the solution through before trying it out they had insight Observational Learning SOCIAL PSYCH! We learn from watching other people too Bandura and the Bobo doll
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