Development of Alternative Feeds Specifically for Closed Containment Systems

Transcription

1 Development of Alternative Feeds Specifically for Closed Containment Systems for EAST COAST SALMON CLOSED-CONTAINMENT WORKSHOP October 10 th and 11 th, 2012 Rick Barrows a, Tom Welker a, Ken Overturf a, Wendy Sealey b, Gibson Gaylord b, Elizabeth Read b a U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service b U.S. Department of Interior Fish and Wildlife Service

2 Fishmeal and soymeal prices (USD/mt) 9/3/2012 9/3/2012

3 EAST COAST SALMON CLOSED-CONTAINMENT WORKSHOP Alternative Aquafeeds for Closed Containment Today 1) Fecal output relative to feed intake; nitrogen 2) Effect of ingredient selection on fecal form 3) Effect of trace mineral supplements on fish manure

4 EAST COAST SALMON CLOSED-CONTAINMENT WORKSHOP Alternative Aquafeeds for Closed Containment 1) Fecal output relative to feed intake; nitrogen Digestibility Apparent Digestibility Coefficient, % Nutrients Poultry by-product Dry matter 83.7 Protein 84.7 Energy 89.9 Variable affecting results Basal formula Inclusion rates Feed processing Fish size Water temperature Fecal collection Time of collection Mathematical calculations Dry matter or as-is substitutions Ash 44.2 Organic matter 89.0 His 87.6 Arg 91.6 Tau 85.7 Tyr 84.6 Val 81.1 Met 91.4 Phe 86.1 Ile 80.1 Leu 86.7 Lys 89.9 Phosphorus 41.1

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6 Rainbow Trout; 111 entries currently 10 in analytical phase Atlantic salmon Arctic char

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9 Total Fecal Output Nitrogen release

10 Database of Nutrient Digestibility s of Traditional and Novel Feed Ingredients for Trout and Hybrid Striped Bass Availability; Updates; 1) Mini-CD available today 26 peer reviewed publications included 2) Posted on Web 3) Direct contact; rick.barrows@ars.usda.gov Will be made on web page as soon as new information is available Mini-CD are direct linked to the updates

11 EAST COAST SALMON CLOSED-CONTAINMENT WORKSHOP Alternative Aquafeeds for Closed Containment 2) Effect of Ingredient Selection on Fecal Form ARS Plant Fish control Soy Protein Conc Corn Gluten meal Soybean meal Wheat flour Menhaden fish meal Blood meal Poultry by-product meal Guar Gum

12 Juvenile Rainbow Trout; Growth/Effluent Trial Radial Flow Separators; 30 experimental units

13 Juvenile Rainbow Trout; Growth/Effluent Trial Wet sifting

14 Juvenile Rainbow Trout; Growth/Effluent Trial Drying collected samples of different sizes

15 Juvenile Rainbow Trout; Growth/Effluent Trial 1 Soybean meal, ADM 2 Soybean meal, commodity 3 Soy Protein Concentrate, Food grade 4 Feed grade SPC, Selecta 60 5 Fermented Soy Protein Conc., HP ARS Soy Protein Conc., Feed grade 7 ARS Soy Protein Conc., Feed grade modified 8 SG Ultra Low Oligosaccharide., meal 9 ARS SPC, feed grade, SG Ultra Low Oligo. 10 Modified Corn Soluble s, DDG-S

16 Size of feces, % of total Soy Protein Fingerling Study Effect on Fecal Size; preliminary data 3 weeks B B B B >1.2 mm B A A B B B B A.5 to 1.2 mm A.1 to.5 mm

17 EAST COAST SALMON CLOSED-CONTAINMENT WORKSHOP Alternative Aquafeeds for Closed Containment 3) Effect of Trace-Mineral Supplements on Fish Manure TRACE MINERAL PREMIX 1121 Trace Mineral Premix for 15 ppm Zn Enter % diet inclusion here: 0.1 Common Sources Formula g/kg mix g/ 500 g Calcium carbonate, limestone CaCO Copper sulfate, pentahydrate CuSO 4-5H 2 O Manganese sulfate, monohydrate MnSO 4 -H 2 O Potassium iodide KI Sodium selenate Na 2 SeO Zinc sulfate, heptahydrate ZnSO 4-7H 2 O Totals (g/kg diet):

18 EAST COAST SALMON CLOSED-CONTAINMENT WORKSHOP Alternative Aquafeeds for Closed Containment 3) Effect of Trace-Mineral Supplements on Fish Manure 1) Copper source by level in fish meal and plant based diets 2) Zinc level in both plant based and fish meal diets 3) Copper by Zinc interaction in plant based diets.

19 Role of Copper (Cu) Catalyst for hemoglobin formation Cofactor of numerous enzymes Immune Response Bone Formation Connective tissue cross-linking (McDowell et al., 1992)

20 Experiment 1; Cu levels, and Cu source, in plant and fish meal based diets CuSO 4 vs Cu-lys 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 ppm Ingredients Plant Fishmeal % of DM Soy Protein Concentrate Fish Oil Corn Protein Concentrate Wheat Flour Soybean Meal Menhaden Meal Blood Meal Vitamin Premix Stay-C Choline-CL Trace Mineral Premix L-Lysine Dl-Methionine Threonine Taurine Dical Phosphate Potassium Chloride Sodium Chloride Magnesium Oxide 0.1 -

21 Feed Conversion Ratio; effect of protein source and copper level (P < 0.05)

22 Interaction of protein source and copper level on hepatic Cu concentrations (P < 0.05)

23 No effect of Cu source on hepatic Cu concentration (P >0.05)

24 Summary and Implications, Cu: Trout fed plant-based feed had greater gain and improved FCR compared to trout fed fish meal diets. Trout fed plant-based diets had greater liver Cu levels than trout fed fish meal diets. No difference in growth rates or hepatic Cu concentrations due to Cu Sources. Increasing dietary concentrations of Cu resulted in increasing hepatic Cu concentration. Recommend 10 ppm Cu supplemented, ~15 ppm total in fish meal or plant based diet. (NRC, 3 ppm in caesin/gelatin diet)

25 Role of Zinc Cofactor to ~1,000 enzymes Protein Synthesis Growth Nervous System Reproduction GI tract function (McDowell, 1992) Zn deficiency Poor Growth Cataracts Mortality, tail rot

26 Experiment 2; Zn levels in plant and fish meal based diets 0, 15, 30, 60, 120 ppm Ingredients Plant Fishmeal % of DM Soy Protein Concentrate Fish Oil Corn Protein Concentrate Wheat Flour Soybean Meal Menhaden Meal Blood Meal Vitamin Premix Stay-C Choline-CL Trace Mineral Premix L-Lysine Dl-Methionine Threonine Taurine Dical Phosphate Potassium Chloride Sodium Chloride Magnesium Oxide 0.1 -

27 Effect of dietary Zn on weight gain in plant and fish meal based diets for trout Fish meal based diets Plant based diets

28 Cataracts, % of population Effect of dietary Zn on bilateral cataracts in trout fed plant and fish meal based diets Plant based Fish meal ppm

29 Summary and Implications, Zn: Trout fed fish meal based feed had greater gain and improved FCR compared to trout fed plant based diets. No supplementation with Zn was necessary for trout fed fish meal diets during the study. Severe deficiency symptoms apparent in just 6 weeks for trout fed plant based diets with no or 155 ppm supplemental Zn. Recommend a minimum of 30 ppm Zn supplemented to a plant based diet. (NRC, 1.5 to 5 ppm in caesin/gelatin diet)

30 EAST COAST SALMON CLOSED-CONTAINMENT WORKSHOP Alternative Aquafeeds for Closed Containment Summary and Conclusions - Feeds can be designed for specific rearing conditions - Increased ingredient selection and increased knowledge of ingredient performance will result in more responsive and cost-effective feeds in the future. Trace mineral supplementation should be based upon the type and use of the feed.

31 EAST COAST SALMON CLOSED-CONTAINMENT WORKSHOP Alternative Aquafeeds for Closed Containment Acknowledgements - Jason Frost, ARS, Bozeman, MT - Clete DeShazer, ARS, Bozeman, MT - Mark Portman, ARS, Bozeman, MT - Aaron Nistler, FWS, Bozeman, MT - Lorrie VanTassel, ARS, Hagerman, ID

32 Analyzed Composition of Dietary Copper in Plant-based Diets (ppm) None CuSO CuLys Analyzed Composition of Dietary Copper in Fishmeal-based Diets (ppm) None CuSO CuLys