Index. Page references in bold refer to figures and page references in italic refer to tables.

Transcription

1 Page references in bold refer to figures and page references in italic refer to tables. Adrenaline, high-fat response in post-obese 142 Alcohol absorption balance equation 17 and obesity thermogenesis Androstendione 35 dietary carbohydrate 38 Anorexia nervosa, hormone reduction 54 Anorexigens 107 Appetite control system 23 suppression 94 Atherosclerosis 34 Atwater data 12 Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Ageing Basal metabolic rate (BMR) decrease 49 diet suppression 52, 55 increase 49 post-diet 52 smoking increase 93 suppression 50 weight loss relationship 51 weight loss 52-3 Behavioural therapy 82, 90 ~3-agonists 54-5 ~-cell secretory capacities 5 ~-endorphin secretion 77 BMI, see Body mass index Body composition Body mass index (BMI) 1-2,4, 63-4 eating behaviour 86 Body size and composition, metabolic changes 36 Body temperature 35 Body weight, see Weight Build and Blood Pressure Study 1, 2-3 Bulimia nervosa 84-5 and sugars 77 Calories counting 83 equality Carbohydrate energy and body weight 42 genetic susceptibility to obesity 38-9 intake adjusted to preload 21, 21 and EE38 dose-response relation 38-9 as EE stimulator 39 lipogenesis 17 manipulation oxidation SNS activity 38, 44 Cardiovascular disease and central-type obesity 103 in weight cycling risk factors 71 Catecholaminergic drugs 107 Charleston Heart Study 70 Cholesterol, changes after gastroplasty Cognitive control 83-7 Control of eating 81 Counter-regulation 86-7 Dexfenfluramine 107 Diabetes mellitus, and weight fluctuation 71, 72 Diabetes mellitus Type II 34,

2 114 Diabetes mellitus Type II (contd.) genetic factors 5 and obesity 1 USA risk factor prevalence 103 Diabetic syndrome 4-5 Diet calorie-restricted 28 carbohydrate, and weight gain 43 compensation experiments 26 composition and obesity 42-4 fat manipulation effects 27 and obesity 43 high-fat 41 hypocaloric low-fat body fat loss 23 and low-energy comparison 29 and weight loss 27 weight maintenance 29 selection and obesity 10 UK trends 9 very low-calorie, see Very lowcalorie diets (VLCDs) Diet industry 48 Diet only (DO) protocol 61 Diet plus exercise (DPE) protocol 61 Diethylpropion 107 Drugs 94 Dusseldorf Obesity Mortality Study 1 Eating behaviour counter-regulation 86-7 disturbance 85-6 flexible control 87 questionnaire 85, 87 restrained 87 rigid control 87 EE, see Energy expenditure Energy balance principle 81-2 Energy deficit in weight loss 58 Energy density, compensation 26 Energy expenditure (EE) 15, 16,49-56 determinants 34-5 dietary fat/carbohydrate effect genetic component 35 high-carbohydrate increase 40 low, weight gain 36 post-obese 37 resting (REE) 35 changes genetic influence 35 low, weight gain 36 post-obese 37 suppression 51-2 total (TEE), changes 55-6 Energy intake 49 studies 88 threshold 51 Energy metabolism changes after gastroplasty 55-6 Energy sources 8 Energy utilization measurements 88 Environmental factors 97-8,104 European Congress on Obesity 109 Exercise beneficial effects 106 effect on diet-induced reductions in RMR54 effect on weight loss 106 intensity 106 and RMR reduction 53 role in slimming 61-2 TEE physical activity increase 55 Externality theory 82 Fat distribution pattern 85, effect on food intake and weight loss 28 energy and obesity 42-3 as food stimulus 76-7 impaired metabolism 41-2 intake adjusted to preload and obesity 78 reduction and weight regulation 88 manipulation oxidation 18, 78 relationship to lean tissue 56 satiating effects 21, 21, 23 storage capacity 41 efficiency 17, 20 in sweet foods 77 Fat mass (FM) 35 Fat-carbohydrate ratio 8 effect on energy balance 25, 44 on energy density 25 on fat balance 24 Fat-free mass (FFM) 35 BMR reduction 53 Fat-sugar see-saw 9

3 115 FFM, see Fat-free mass Fluoxetine 107 FM, see Fat mass Food intake adjusted to preloads preferences and obesity 76-8 Food quotient (FQ) 20 Four Seasons Programme 86 Framingham Heart Study 6, 70, 73, 102 Gastroplasty vertical band (VBG) 109, and weight reduction 55-6 Genetic factors in obesity 34, 78-9,104 Glucagon, high-fat response in post-obese 142 Glucose tolerance in weight cycling 71 Glycogen storage 41 reduction 41 Gothenburg Prospective Study of Men 70 Gothenburg Prospective Study of Women 70, 72 Group therapy 97 Gustaf programme 99 Gutbusters 99 Harvard Alumni Study, BMl mortality risk 63 Hypercholesterolaemia, USA risk factor prevalence 103 Hyperlipidaemia 34 Hyperphagia under stress 82, 86 Hypertension 34 arterial, and obesity 4 USA risk factor prevalence 103 Hypocaloric diet Ice cream consumption by restrained eaters 86 Individual variability 87-8 Infant, obese, energy expenditure 36 Isocaloric diets 41 Lean body mass (LBM), female model 57 Life-style change 104 Lipid profile after gastroplasty 111 Macronutrients balance equations 18 dietary selection 88-9 digestible energy 12 effects on appetite 21-6 energy balance 12 food intake regulation 30 interconversion net balance storage 17, 17 efficiency 16 thermogenesis Menu manipulation 99 Metabolic rate, low, as risk factor 36-7 Metabolic syndrome 111 Metropolitan Life Insurance Company 102 Minnesota Study 85 Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) 70, 73 Muscle metabolism 35 Examination Survey (NHANES) 77 Examination Survey (NHANES) I, epidemiological follow-up 63 Examination Survey (NHANES) II, data Neurohumoral mediators 41 Night eating syndrome (NES) 96 Nitrogen balance in obese 60 in VLCD59 Nitrogen excretion in starvation Noradrenaline dietary fat and carbohydrate 38-9 and EE38 post-obese 38-9 North American Ufe Insurance Companies, data 1,2-3 Nurses' Health Study 43 Obese person, latent 83 Obesity central-type, as cardiovascular disease risk factor 103 in children 93, 97 and diabetes, see Diabetic syndrome and diet composition 42-4 discrimination against 97-8 disease risks 1-7 fat consumption 9-11 fat intake increase 88 and preference 77-8

4 116 Obesity (contd.) food preferences 76-8 genetic predisposition 78-9 and high REE 35 increased mortality rate 3-4 insulin resistance 5 as major health problem 34 metabolic risk factors patient problems 95-6 prevalence in developed countries 103 psychological aspects public health issues 5-6 and restrained eating 83 and sugars 77 surgery taste preferences 44 treatment expectations treatment modalities 93-4 see also Weight gain Obesity Surgical Treatment Programme 109 Oral compensation mechanism 82 Overconsumption, passive 24, 26 Oxidative autoregulation genetic background 40 Pattern analysis 98 Pharmacotherapy Physical training 35 Post-obese, RMR 53 Post-obese metabolism 41-2 Post-obese studies 36-9 Pregnancy, lifestyle factors 98-9 Protein, absorption 12, 12 Psychological theories, early 81-2 Quality of life, low-fat and low-energy diets 30 REE, see Resting energy expenditure Respiratory quotient (RQ) 20 weight gain 41 Resting metabolic rate (RMR) 39 decrease in weight loss 51 diet suppression 52 reduction after weight loss suppression 50 weight loss relationship 51 Restrained eating 87 and obesity 83-4 Saccharin and weight gain 43 San Antonio Heart Study 102 Satiety index, macronutrient effects 22 Scotland, fat-sugar ratio 9-10 Sedentary lifestyle 9 Semistarvation studies 50 Serotoninergic drugs 107 Sleep apnoea syndrome 109 Slimming definition of success 98 long-term consequences 62-4 physiological response psychology 48 short-term consequences see also Weight loss Slimming products 84 Smoking BMR increase 93 cessation 40 Snack frequency in and after pregnancy 98-9 Sodium valproate 40 Stairs, use 99 Stomach size reduction 55-6, Stress and overeating 82, 86 Substrates, altered pattern after highfat meal 41 Sugars J3-endorphin secretion 77 and body weight 42 as energy 42-3 as food stimulus 76-7 Surgery for obesity 55-6, Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity 35, 38 in vegetarians 40 Taste preferences and obesity 44 TEE, see Energy expenditure, total Television 97 Therapist 96-7 Thermogenesis, diet-induced 13, Thermogenic drugs 108 Transaminases Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle 14 Triiodothyronine (T3) 35 nitrogen excretion rise 54 andrmr53-4 Triiodothyronine (T3) index, dietary carbohydrate 38 UK, BMI increase 8 USA disease risk factor prevalence 103 weight and BMI increase 5

5 117 Vegetarians, metabolic study Very low-calorie diet (VLCD) energy expenditure reduction 51-2 indications for use 108 metabolic effects 58-9 Waist-hip ratio (WHR) 109 after gastroplasty 110 Water technique for energy cost calculation 55 Weight after pregnancy 98 deviations, morbidity and mortality risk 3 'ideal' 2-4 maintenance phase Weight control and dietary selection 88-9 health professional approach strategies Weight cycling epidemiological findings interpretation 72 and health health effects metabolic hypothesis 69 mortality risk 6 psychological factors 73 Weight gain genetic traits 34 see also Obesity Weight loss after gastroplasty 55-6, and BMR53 and body fat 57 and diets 29 exercise effect 106 fat and FFM 56 as lean body mass in underfeeding 58 programme effects 98-9 rate 50-1 RMR reduction and survival 62-3 in VLCD 59 see also Slimming Weight regulation and fat intake 88 Western Electric Study 70 Women BMI and life expectancy 4, 6 body composition model 56-7 Yo-yo syndrome 6, 68 in food preference changes 77 Zutphen Study 70