Presented by Chris Hudd

Transcription

1 Presented by Chris Hudd Study design dot points: causes of potential acute and chronic injuries and illness associated with the muscular and skeletal systems such as arthritis, osteoporosis and other musculoskeletal conditions 1

2 Unit 1 Area of study 1 2

3 This lesson Common musculoskeletal injuries 3

4 Injuries are classified in a very simple way based on how the injury was caused, the structure that has been injured, and the type of damage caused. Common musculoskeletal injuries Type of Injury Eg direct injury Structure that is injured Eg Abdominal region Nature of the injury Eg Strained abdominal muscle 4

5 Common musculoskeletal injuries Injuries An acute injury is a sudden injury where we experience pain and loss of function immediately. They are further classified as: Direct injury Caused by an external force on the body Eg Bruises, Fractures, Cuts, Corks Indirect injury Caused by an internal force or overexertion Eg Sprains, Tears, Strains 5

6 Common musculoskeletal injuries Injuries A chronic injury is a recurring injury that presents itself again in response to a prolonged weakness, or perhaps insufficient rehabilitation from the initial injury. Source : 2014 AFL Injury Report d6c31f1cdbbb3ef?api_key=zw4msefggf9wdvqswdfuqnr5 6

7 Common musculoskeletal injuries Overuse Injuries An overuse injury is caused by the repetitive performance of a particular movement. The excessive and repeated use of a certain muscle group, bone or joint is what leads to this type of injury. Can also be as a result of poor training design including insufficient rest, or inappropriate application of overload to training. Eg Stress fractures and splints 7

8 Soft-tissue Injuries Soft-tissue injuries are extremely prevalent in sport, and are injuries occurring to the skin, muscles, ligaments or tendons. Common musculoskeletal injuries

9 Common musculoskeletal injuries Soft-tissue Injuries Sprains (Ligaments) Wrench or twist the ligaments of (an ankle, knee, wrist, or other joint) violently so as to cause pain and swelling but not dislocation. Strains (Muscle or Tendon) a force tending to pull or stretch something to an extreme or damaging degree. Ruptures (Ligaments, Muscles or Tendons) an instance of breaking or bursting suddenly and completely. Cuts, Abrasions and Lacerations (Skin) a deep cut or tear in skin or flesh. Contusions or Bruises (Muscles) a region of injured tissue or skin in which blood capillaries have been ruptured. Tendonitis (Tendons) inflammation of a tendon, most commonly from overuse 9

10 Hard-tissue Injuries Hard-tissue injuries involve the bones and joints of the skeletal system. Common musculoskeletal injuries / _heroa.jpg 79b1fe4b047c33e12b5cf/5458a3bbe4b0de b4ab134d25/5625c7afe4b0c30dd0ace3a0/ /?format=1000w 10

11 Hard-tissue Injuries Common musculoskeletal injuries Fractures A fracture is a broken bone. A bone may be completely fractured or partially fractured in any number of ways (crosswise, lengthwise, in multiple pieces) Dislocations Injury or disability caused when the normal position of a joint or other part of the body is disturbed. b0deb4ab134d25/5625c7afe4b0c30dd0ace3a0/ /?format=1000w 11

12 Short Answer Activity: Write a response An idea amongst administrators of junior sport is that high impact, contact sports such as rugby and AFL should separate junior competitions based on physical development (height/weight) and not age. Discuss how this idea could lead to decreased injury incidence. (3 marks) 12

13 Short Answer Activity: Mark this response An idea amongst administrators of junior sport is that high impact, contact sports such as rugby and AFL should separate junior competitions based on physical development (height/weight) and not age. Discuss how this idea could lead to decreased injury incidence. (3 marks) Sample Response: By modifying the rules in this way, players will be more likely to play against, and come into contact with opposition of similar weight and size. This will decrease the chance of larger sized players coming into contact with a player who is significantly smaller. Key Point dpress.com/2011/10/weigh t-divisions-in-junior-rugbyleague.jpg Players more likely to play against opponents of similar size/stature Players less likely to collide/contact players who are significantly bigger/smaller. Less external forces acting on the body = less direct injuries Mark Allocation 13

14 Short Answer: Teacher s mark An idea amongst administrators of junior sport is that high impact, contact sports such as rugby and AFL should separate junior competitions based on physical development (height/weight) and not age. Discuss how this idea could lead to decreased injury incidence. (3 marks) Sample Response: By modifying the rules in this way, players will be more likely to play against, and come into contact with opposition of similar weight and size () This will decrease the chance of larger sized players coming into contact with a player who is significantly smaller. () dpress.com/2011/10/weigh t-divisions-in-junior-rugbyleague.jpg Key Point Players more likely to play against opponents of similar size/stature Players less likely to collide/contact players who are significantly bigger/smaller. Less external forces acting on the body = less direct injuries Mark Allocation 14

15 Short Answer Activity: Read this top band exemplar An idea amongst administrators of junior sport is that high impact, contact sports such as rugby and AFL should separate junior competitions based on physical development (height/weight) and not age. Discuss how this idea could lead to decreased injury incidence. (3 marks) Sample Response: By modifying the rules in this way, players will be more likely to play against, and come into contact with opposition of similar weight and size. This will decrease the chance of larger sized players coming into contact with a player who is significantly smaller. This could decrease external forces on the body and therefore decrease the number of direct injuries like fractures, bruises and concussion. Key Point Players more likely to play against opponents of similar size/stature Players less likely to collide/contact players who are significantly bigger/smaller. Less external forces acting on the body = less direct injuries Mark Allocation 15

16 Short Answer: Analysis of exemplar An idea amongst administrators of junior sport is that high impact, contact sports such as rugby and AFL should separate junior competitions based on physical development (height/weight) and not age. Discuss how this idea could lead to decreased injury incidence. (3 marks) Sample Response: By modifying the rules in this way, players will be more likely to play against, and come into contact with opposition of similar weight and size. () This will decrease the chance of larger sized players coming into contact with a player who is significantly smaller. () This could decrease external forces on the body and therefore decrease the number of direct injuries like fractures, bruises and concussion. (1 mark) Key Point Players more likely to play against opponents of similar size/stature Players less likely to collide/contact players who are significantly bigger/smaller. Less external forces acting on the body = less direct injuries Mark Allocation 16

17 Short Answer Activity: Mark your response An idea amongst administrators of junior sport is that high impact, contact sports such as rugby and AFL should separate junior competitions based on physical development (height/weight) and not age. Discuss how this idea could lead to decreased injury incidence. (3 marks) Key Point Players more likely to play against opponents of similar size/stature Players less likely to collide/contact players who are significantly bigger/smaller. Less external forces acting on the body = less direct injuries Mark Allocation 17

18 Common Sports Injuries AFL Case Study AFL Injury Report 2014 Common musculoskeletal injuries Concussion Facial Fractures Shoulder Dislocations A/C Joint Injuries Fractured Clavicles Elbow sprains Forearm/Wrist/Hand Fractures Fractured Ribs Lumbar and Thoracic Spine Injuries Groin Strains Hamstring Strains Quadriceps Strains Ruptured Anterior Cruciate Ligament (Knee) Ruptured Medial Ligament (Knee) Ruptured Posterior Ligament (Knee) a/a4/a7/0aa4a70c9353bcd 27523b0b bd.jpg Other Knee strains Ankle joint sprains Calf Strains Achilles Tendon injuries Leg and Foot Fractures Leg and Foot Stress Fractures Medical Illness 18

19 Common musculoskeletal injuries is a disease that occurs as bones lose calcium and other minerals, making them fragile and more susceptible to fracture. People suffering from osteoporosis are losing minerals, like calcium, at a rate that is faster than the mineral absorption rate. As a result, bone density is reduced, and bone strength is therefore lowered, resulting in the greater susceptibility to fracture. Image used under license from en.wikipedia.org 19

20 Common musculoskeletal injuries Prevention of osteoporosis The risk of osteoporosis can be reduced via the following steps: Maintaining the recommended daily intake of calcium Regular muscle-strengthening exercises (weight-bearing or resistance) Smoking cessation and moderation of alcohol consumption Monitoring of Vitamin D levels (assists in calcium uptake by bones) Images used under license from pixabay.com 20

21 Short answer activity: Write a response Discuss the effect that osteoporosis has on an individual s bones, and outline various preventative strategies that people could implement in their lives to reduce the risk of suffering. (3 marks) Image used under license from en.wikipedia.org 21

22 Short answer activity: Mark this response Discuss the effect that osteoporosis has on an individual s bones, and outline various preventative strategies that people could implement in their lives to reduce the risk of suffering. Sample Response: (3 marks) occurs when bones are losing calcium and other minerals at a rate that is faster than they are absorbed. This results in bones losing bone density and strength, and ultimately becoming more susceptible to breaks. A strategy that could be used to prevent osteoporosis is to ensure an adequate consumption of dietary calcium. Key Point Discussion of the effect of osteoporosis An outline of a preventative strategy to reduce the risk of osteoporosis. An outline of a different preventative strategy to reduce the risk of osteoporosis. Mark Allocation 22

23 Short answer: Teacher s mark Discuss the effect that osteoporosis has on an individual s bones, and outline various preventative strategies that people could implement in their lives to reduce the risk of suffering. Sample Response: (3 marks) occurs when bones are losing calcium and other minerals at a rate that is faster than they are absorbed. This results in bones losing bone density and strength, and ultimately becoming more susceptible to breaks. A strategy that could be used to prevent osteoporosis is to ensure an adequate consumption of dietary calcium. Key Point Discussion of the effect of osteoporosis An outline of a preventative strategy to reduce the risk of osteoporosis. An outline of a different preventative strategy to reduce the risk of osteoporosis. Mark Allocation 23

24 Short answer activity Read this top band exemplar Discuss the effect that osteoporosis has on an individual s bones, and outline various preventative strategies that people could implement in their lives to reduce the risk of suffering. Exemplar answer: (3 marks) occurs when bones are losing calcium and other minerals at a rate that is faster than they are absorbed. This results in bones losing bone density and strength, and ultimately becoming more susceptible to breaks. A strategy that could be used to prevent osteoporosis is to ensure an adequate consumption of dietary calcium. Another strategy that individuals could use to prevent osteoporosis developing is to complete regular strength and weight-bearing exercises, as they are osteogenic (ie bone building) 24

25 Short answer - Analysis of exemplar Discuss the effect that osteoporosis has on an individual s bones, and outline various preventative strategies that people could implement in their lives to reduce the risk of suffering. Sample Response: (3 marks) occurs when bones are losing calcium and other minerals at a rate that is faster than they are absorbed. This results in bones losing bone density and strength, and ultimately becoming more susceptible to breaks. A strategy that could be used to prevent osteoporosis is to ensure an adequate consumption of dietary calcium. Another strategy that individuals could use to prevent osteoporosis developing is to complete regular strength and weight-bearing exercises, as they are osteogenic (ie bone building) Key Point Discussion of the effect of osteoporosis An outline of a preventative strategy to reduce the risk of osteoporosis. An outline of a different preventative strategy to reduce the risk of osteoporosis. Mark Allocation 25

26 Short answer activity: Mark your response Discuss the effect that osteoporosis has on an individual s bones, and outline various preventative strategies that people could implement in their lives to reduce the risk of suffering. (3 marks) Key Point Discussion of the effect of osteoporosis An outline of a preventative strategy to reduce the risk of osteoporosis. An outline of a different preventative strategy to reduce the risk of osteoporosis. Mark Allocation 26

27 Common musculoskeletal injuries is a musculoskeletal disorder that involves the inflammation of one or more joints. Inflammation, pain, stiffness and joint weakness are common issues that are associated with arthritis. Two common forms of arthritis are: Osteoarthritis arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Image used under license from en.wikipedia.org 27

28 Osteoarthritis Common musculoskeletal injuries Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease where a person s cartilage starts to break down and wear away. Cartilage is a fine, rubbery connective tissue that acts as a cushion between the bones of joints. As this tissue wears away, bones begin to rub together, and result in pain, swelling, and reduced movement. Image used under license from en.wikipedia.org 28

29 Causes of osteoarthritis Common musculoskeletal injuries The onset and development of osteoarthritis is influenced by a variety of factors. These could include: A previous joint injury or trauma, for example a fractured bone or dislocated joint. Repetitive tasks that involve joints to be weightbearing An obese/overweight body composition A lack of regular physical activity Image used under license from en.wikipedia.org 29

30 Rheumatoid arthritis Common musculoskeletal injuries Rheumatoid is considered an autoimmune disease where the body s immune system attacks healthy tissues. In the case of rheumatoid arthritis, the immune system begins to attack the synovial membrane. As a result, joints are left painful, inflamed and damaged. In response to this attack on the lining of the joints, the body produces excessive synovial fluid. This unwanted tissue growth leads to deformity by loosening joint ligaments, and ultimately leads to joint destruction by eroding away cartilage and bone. Image used under license from en.wikipedia.org 30

31 Summary Sports injuries can be classified as either acute or chronic injuries depending on how they occur. injuries can be further classified as either direct (caused by external forces) or indirect (caused by an overexertion). Common sports injuries, including fractures, strains, sprains and dislocations. Common musculoskeletal conditions, including: the loss of bone density and strength the inflammation and pain surrounding joints Common musculoskeletal injuries 31

32 Unit 1 Area of study 1 32

33 We do our best to make these slides comprehensive and up-to-date, however there may be errors. We'd appreciate it if you pointed these out to us! 33