University College, London.)
|
|
- Geoffrey Marshall
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 : THE FATE OF CAROTENE INJECTED INTO THE CIRCULATION OF THE RAT. BY J. C. DRUMMOND AND R. J. MACWALTER. (From the Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Biochemistry, University College, London.) (Received October, 93.) THE following results were obtained during an investigation having as its main objective the determination of the amount of vitamin A formed in the liver from the various isomers of carotene, although this was not achieved for reasons which will be apparent later. It has been claimed that the three natural isomers of carotene, a, and y, possess respectively the relative values, 2, as sources of vitamin A in the animal organism; a claim which can be correlated in a very interesting manner with the accepted views regarding the molecular structure of the compounds concerned [Kuhn, Brockmann, Scheunert and Schieblich, 933]. Attractive as this hypothesis may appear it cannot we think be unreservedly accepted in view of the errors associated with feeding tests such as those which formed the basis of the claims, and of our own experience with them for such a purpose. It being our view that many of the irregular results in the feeding tests are due to differences in the extent to which carotene is absorbed from the intestinal tract, an attempt was made to eliminate this source of error. It has been shown [Drummond, Gilding and Macwalter, 93] that carotene introduced directly into the circulation in the form of aqueous colloidal suspensions is rapidly removed from the blood stream by the Kupffer cells of the liver. It was proposed, therefore, to study the fate of the isomeric forms of carotene after administration in this manner; the only reservation being that in so doing one could not necessarily assume that this mode of administration reproduced the conditions obtaining when carotene is absorbed from the alimentary tract in the normal manner. Actually, our knowledge of the physical condition of carotene occurring normally in the blood, tissue fluids and organs of the body, is
2 THE FATE OF INJECTED CAROTENE. 237 very meagre. On the fact that the pigment cannot always be extracted by direct treatment with solvents such as ether, Palmer [95, 922] has based the view that it may be present in the form of a complex with proteins (carotoalbumins). The force of this argument has been weakened by van der Bergh and Muller [920] having demonstrated that similar behaviour may be shown by simple aqueous colloidal suspensions of carotene, an observation we have ourselves repeatedly confirmed. The suggestion that carotene may be absorbed from the intestine in the form of a water-soluble, diffusible complex with bile acids has been advanced by Drummond [932-3], Euler and Klussmann [933], and recently by Greaves and Schmidt [93], whose experiments on rats appear to show that the absorption of fl-carotene from the intestine is, to a large extent, dependent on the presence of bile acids. A complex of this nature can readily be prepared by fusing carotene with an excess of desoxycholic acid [Euler and Klussmann, 933], or, as E. R. Smith has discovered in our laboratory, by heating under reflux an excess of carotene with a solution of desoxycholic acid in dilute aqueous sodium carbonate'. We are also able to confirm the observation that the solutions of the complex contain carotene in a form more protected against oxidation than when it is in simple solution in the usual fat solvents. The general plan of the experiments was as follows. Young adult rats depleted of vitamin A were to have injected into the portal circulation carotene in the form of an aque6us colloidal suspension. After a short interval, during which practically all the pigment would be abstracted from the circulation by the liver, a lobe of the liver would be removed and the incision in the abdomen closed. After a suitable lapse of time the remainder of the liver would be removed for comparative analyses. It was first necessary, however, to ascertain whether under normal conditions vitamin A is uniformly distributed in the liver of the rat and to determine whether a substance abstracted from the circulation by the Kupifer cells of the liver, as carotene is known to be under such conditions, is deposited uniformly in the organ. EXPERIMENTAL. () Method. (a) Analytical. Liver samples were immediately freed as far as possible from blood and desiccated by grinding with anhydrous sodium sulphate. The dried material was then rapidly extracted by Unpublished work. The nature of this complex is being further investigated in this laboratory.
3 238 J. C. DRUMMOND AND R. J. MACWALTER. cyclohexane in a continuous extractor and the solvent removed to the required extent in a current of nitrogen. Total "fat" was estimated by weighing the solvent-free extract; vitamin A by the use of the Hilger " Vitameter A," in a few of the earlier experiments by the SbCl3 reaction; and carotene by colorimetric comparison against potassium dichromate solution in a Hellige colorimeter, employing a blue glass filter to increase the accuracy of the comparisons. (b) Operative. The rats were placed under ether anaesthesia and a medial incision of about in. made in the abdo inal wall. The injection of the colloidal carotene solution was usually made directly into the portal vein, a very fine needle being used to lessen the risk of haemorrhage. The solution usually contained approximately 0 05 p.c. and was prepared by pouring slowly a hot saturated solution of carotene in acetone into the requisite amount of isotonic glucose solution heated in a water bath and agitated by a rapid stream of nitrogen gas. This modification of the procedure of Fodor and Schoenfeld [93] enables one rapidly to prepare relatively strong carotene suspensions which are sufficiently stable to be sterilized by boiling. About 3 min. after injection of the carotene a lobe was tied off and removed. In practically every case recovery was satisfactory. An examination of Table I having given us reasonable assurance that it should be possible to detect the formation of vitamin A from carotene, provided sufficient was administered, it was necessary to ascertain whether after injection the pigment would be evenly deposited in the liver. Table II gives the amounts of carotene found in the three main lobes of rat livers from 3 to 0 min. after the injection of a colloidal suspension of the pigment directly into the circulation. The rats employed for this test had been kept for 9 or 0 weeks on a lipochromefree diet, and control estimations showed that only a negligible amount of yellow fat-soluble pigment was present in the liver before the infusion. As the results showed that the distribution of carotene was reasonably uniform a series of experiments was made in order to follow the formation of vitamin A from injected,-carotene. On the assumption that the carotene retained by the liver was quantitatively converted into vitamin A, and that the initial reserve of vitamin A did not exceed the value represented by E/g. = 0, an initial concentration of 3*2 mg./00 g. would produce an increase of vitamin A concentration of the order of 50 p.c., an increase far larger than the variations that might be encountered between the respective lobes.
4 THE FATE OF INJECTED CAROTENE. 239 TABLE I. Distribution of fat and vitamin A in lobes of rat liver. A. =anterior lobe, P.R. = posterior right, P.L. = posterior left lobe. A. FAT. (i) Healthy rats previously fed for 9 months on adequate diets containing 2-8 p.c. cod-liver oil. A P.R P.L (ii) Rats deprived of vitamin A for varying periods of from 5 to 2 weeks. A P.R P.L X B. VITAMIN A. (i) Healthy rats. (a) Estimations by SbCl3 reaction. Values represent blue units per g. of liver. A P.R P.L (b) Estimations by " Vitameter A." The numbers given represent extinction coefficient (E) at 3280 A. at such a concentration that g. of liver is contained in c.c. of extract. A P.R * 79- P.L (ii) Vitamin A-deficient rats. (a) Estimations by SbCl3 reaction. A P.R P.L (b) Estimations by "Vitameter A." A P.R P.L TABLE II. Carotene in mg. per 00 g. of liver. A P.R X P.L It will be seen from Table III that in every case except Exp. 2 they complied with the above minimal requirements. Even in Exp. 2 a similar increase might be expected, although the initial concentration of vitamin in the liver was rather high. The results were not a little disturbing; for whereas the one column appears to show a disappearance of the injected carotene from the liver, the other not only fails to demonstrate a significant increase in vitamin A but actually in several cases records a substantial loss of this substance.
5 20 Rat No J. C. DRUMMOND AND R. J. MACWALTER. TABLE III. Carotene mg./g. liver Initial Final Change * * X05 0* X002 0*020 Vitamin A E/g. liver Initial Final Change * ' '7 8*0 9.7 F * Repetition of the experiment having provided confirmation of this curious observation it was clearly imperative that the influence of the operation of partial hepatectomy should be investigated. In these cases carotene was not injected, the operation consisting solely of a removal of the greater part of one lobe of the liver. The remaining lobes were analysed at various periods after the operation. Rat No Time between injection and final analyses days Time between operation and final analyses days 2 2 TABLE IV. t- Initial 2* * * Vitamin A E/g. liver Final *0 * * *6 Change * *55-305
6 THE FATE OF INJECTED CAROTENE. In every case (Table IV) the removal of a lobe of the liver apparently brought about a reduction in the concentration of vitamin A in the residual tissue, the loss amounting in some of the rats to 50 p.c. or even more of the vitamin present before the operation. The rapidity with which this effect was produced is perhaps the most remarkable feature, for we have evidence that prior to the operation the rate of disappearance of the reserves of A from the livers of some of the animals, as a result of maintenance on an A-deficient diet, was surprisingly slow. This is illustrated by the history of the group of rats from which Nos., 7 and 37 were drawn. These animals had been reared on an adequate diet for 2 months before being given the A-deficient food mixture. They were, therefore, healthy young adults before the restriction was imposed, and it is not surprising that for a long time there was no apparent sign of impairment of well-being or development; indeed, after 7 months on the defective diet but few of these rats showed any clear signs of A deficiency. That at this age the stores of vitamin A in the liver are utilized much more slowly than in younger animals is generally recognized, but we we're surprised to learn from a series of random estimations made in September that the reserves were not significantly lower than those determined 3 months earlier (Table V). TABLE V. Values for E/g. liver. June September In striking contrast with this apparently slow rate of utilization there stands the remarkably rapid disappearance of as much as 50 p.c. of the vitamin stored in the liver when a lobe is removed. So far as we are aware there is only one recorded observation of a similar character and there can be little doubt that the two are closely related. Best and Huntsman [932] in studying the curious effect of choline in preventing the deposition of fat in the livers of rats fed on certain diets carried out a series of control experiments in which saline was administered in exactly the same manner as the choline solution. The group which received the saline injections had an average liver fatty acid content of 7. p.c., whilst the comparable group receiving the same diet, but no injections of saline, had the average fatty acid content of 5-6 p.c. These authors remarked "...it is apparent that the frequent PH. LXXXIII. 6 2
7 22 J. C. DRUMMOND AND R. J. MACWALTER. handling or subcutaneous injection interfered with deposition of liver fat." It would be premature to discuss these observations until much more information is available, but it is already clear that another important fragment of evidence has been provided in support of the view that the "fat metabolism" of the liver is every bit as active an ebb and flow of change as is that concerning the carbohydrate cycle. SUMMARY.. The distribution of fat and of vitamin A in the three main lobes of the rat liver is reasonably uniform. 2. Carotene injected into the portal circulation of rats in the form of aqueous colloidal suspensions is uniformly taken up by the liver lobes. 3. Carotene taken up in this manner tends to disappear from the liver during the next few days. Contrary to expectation this disappearance was not correlated with the formation of vitamin A, because in many of the animals a reduction in the amount of the vitamin also occurred after the injection and operation of partial heptectomy.. Experiments showed that the removal of one lobe of the liver may of itself bring about a substantial fall in the amount of vitamin A stored in the residual lobes. The expenses of this investigation were defrayed from a grant made by the Medical Research Council, which we desire gratefully to acknowledge. REFERENCES. Bergh, H. van der and MIuller, P. (920). Proc. Acad. Sci. Amst. 22, 78. Best, C. H., Huntsman, M. Elinor (932). J. Physiol. 75, 05. Drummond, J. C. (932-3). The Harvey Lectures, 28, 202. Drummond, J. C., Gilding, H. P. and Macwalter, R. J. (93). J. Physiol. 82, 75. Drummond, J. C. and Macwalter, R. J. (933). Biochem. J. 27, 32. Euler, H. and Klussmann, E. (933). Ark. Kemi. Min. Geol. B, No. 7. Fodor, A. and Schoenfeld, R. (93). Biochemn. Z. 223, 23. Greaves, J. D. and Schmidt, C. L. (93). J. biol. Chem. 05, Proc. xxxi. Kuhn, R., Brockmann, H., Scheunert, A. and Schieblich, M. (933). Z. physiol. Chem. 22, 29. Palmer, L. S. (95). J. biol. Chem. 23, 27. Palmer, L. S. (922). Carotinoids and Related Pigments. A.C.S. Monograph No. 9, New York.
CAROTENASE. THE TRANSFORMATION OF CAROTENE TO VITAMIN A IN VITRO *
CAROTENASE. THE TRANSFORMATION OF CAROTENE TO VITAMIN A IN VITRO * BY H. S. OLCOTT Ai id D. C. MCCANN (From the Laboratories of Biochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, State University of Iowa, Iowa City)
More informationOF FATTY LIVERS. XLII. PROTEIN AND THE DIETARY PRODUCTION. On a number of occasions however use of this diet has failed to produce in our
XLII. PROTEIN AND THE DIETARY PRODUCTION OF FATTY LIVERS. BY HAROLD JOHN CHANNON AND HARRY WILKINSON. From the Department of Biochemistry, The University, Liverpool. (Received December 20th, 1934.) THE
More information: : (From the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto.)
94 612.352.2:547.435:612.34.089.87 CHOLINE AND LIVER FAT IN DIABETIC DOGS. BY C. H. BEST, G. C. FERGUSON AND J. M. HERSHEY. (From the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto.) IN the first completely
More informationXXVI. STUDIES ON THE INTERACTION. OF AMINO-COMPOUNDS AND CARBOHYDRATES.
XXVI. STUDIES ON THE INTERACTION. OF AMINO-COMPOUNDS AND CARBOHYDRATES. II. THE PREPARATION OF GLUCOSE UREIDE. BY ALEXANDER HYND. From the Department of Physiology, University of St Andrews. (Received
More informationCOLOUR REACTIONS ATTRIBUTED
LXIV. COLOUR REACTIONS ATTRIBUTED TO VITAMIN A. BY FRANCIS HOWARD CARR AND ERNEST ARTHUR PRICE. From the Laboratories of The British Drug Houses, Ltd., Graham Street, City Road, N. 1. (Received March 17th,
More informationPurity Tests for Modified Starches
Residue Monograph prepared by the meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), 82 nd meeting 2016 Purity Tests for Modified Starches This monograph was also published in: Compendium
More informationCAROTENE AND XANTHOPHYLL AS SOURCES OF VITA- MIN A FOR THE GROWING CHICK*
CAROTENE AND XANTHOPHYLL AS SOURCES OF VITA- MIN A FOR THE GROWING CHICK* BY 0. L. KLINE, M. 0. SCHULTZE, AND E. B. HART (From the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison)
More informationpreliminaryfinding. Current theories of iron metabolism would explain dispute over urinary iron, which is agreed by all to be very small and
148 J. Physiol. (I938) 94, I48-I54 6I5.739.I3:6I2.386 THE ABSORPTION AND EXCRETION OF IRON FOLLOWING ORAL AND INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION BY R. A. McCANCE AND E. M. WIDDOWSON From the Biochemical Laboratory,
More informationTHE PROTEINS OF THE HEN'S EGG DURING DEVELOPMENT.
XXXV. CHANGES IN THE AMINO-ACIDS IN THE PROTEINS OF THE HEN'S EGG DURING DEVELOPMENT. BY ROBERT HENRY ADERS PLIMMER AND JOHN LOWNDES. From the Chemical Department, St Thomas's Hospital Medical School,
More informationTHERMALLY OXIDIZED SOYA BEAN OIL
THERMALLY OXIDIZED SOYA BEAN OIL Prepared at the 39th JECFA (1992), published in FNP 52 Add 1 (1992). Metals and arsenic specifications revised at the 55th JECFA (2000). An ADI of 0-3 mg/kg bw was established
More informationHydroxypropyl Starch (Tentative)
Residue Monograph prepared by the meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), 82 nd meeting 2016 Hydroxypropyl Starch (Tentative) This monograph was also published in: Compendium
More informationTHE EFFECT OF TESTICULAR EXTRACTS ON THE BLOOD CALCIUM
55 THE EFFECT OF TESTICULAR EXTRACTS ON THE BLOOD CALCIUM BY L. MIRVISH AND L. P. BOSMAN. (From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cape Town.) {Received 12th February 1929.) IT has long been
More informationTHERMALLY OXIDIZED SOYA BEAN OIL interacted with MONO- and DIGLYCERIDES of FATTY ACIDS
THERMALLY OXIDIZED SOYA BEAN OIL interacted with MONO- and DIGLYCERIDES of FATTY ACIDS Prepared at the 39th JECFA (1992), published in FNP 52 Add 1 (1992). Metals and arsenic specifications revised at
More informationTHE DETERMINATION OF CAROTENE IN BUTTER FAT
THE DETERMINATION OF CAROTENE IN BUTTER FAT BY HAROLD M. BARNETT (From the Research Division of S. M. A. Corporation, Cleveland) (Received for publication, December 18, 1933) Since the discovery that carotene
More informationpoints raised, and the following is an account of what I have done under touched, but my work has fallen under two main heads:
NOTES ON CREATININE. BY P. C. COLLS, late Assistant Demonstrator in Physiology, King's College, London. (From the Physiological Laboratory, King's College, London.) ABOUT two years ago, a lengthy correspondence
More informationinvestigated. According to the current hypothesis fat is completely hydrolysed
306 J. Physiol. (I943) I02, 3o6-3I2 6i2. 322 73 DIFFERENTIATION IN THE ABSORPTION OF OLIVE OIL *0 AND OLEIC ACID IN THE. RAT By A. C. FRAZER,* From the Physiology Department, St Mary's Hospital Medical
More informationDevelopment of Eye Colors in Drosophila: Extraction of the Diffusible Substances Concerned. Kenneth V. Thimann, and G. W. Beadle
Development of Eye Colors in Drosophila: Extraction of the Diffusible Substances Concerned Kenneth V. Thimann, and G. W. Beadle PNAS 1937;23;143-146 doi:10.1073/pnas.23.3.143 This information is current
More informationfound it difficult to express all the fluid from the loop. 32-2
487 J. Physiol. (I940) 98, 487-49I 6i2.364:615.782.57 THE ABSORPTION OF WATER FROM THE COLON OF THE RAT UNDER URETHANE ANAESTHESIA By B. L. ANDREW, J. N. DAVIDSON AND R. C. GARRY From the Physiology Department,
More informationCELLULOSE, MICROCRYSTALLINE. Cellulosum microcristallinum. Cellulose, microcrystalline EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 7.0
Cellulose, microcrystalline EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 7.0 Phthaloyl groups (C 8 H 5 O 3 ; M r 149.1): typically 30.0 per cent to 36.0 per cent (anhydrous and acid-free substance). Dissolve 1.000 g in 50 ml
More informationDRAFT TANZANIA STANDARD
DRAFT TANZANIA STANDARD AFDC 3(4793)P3 (REV.TZS 528:1992) Determination of Vitamin A (Retinol) in food and food stuffs- part 1- General routine method TANZANIA BUREAU OF STANDARDS 0 Foreword Vitamin A
More informationGLUCOSE is the most important diffusible substance in the blood which
ON THE ACTION OF PHLORHIZIN ON THE KIDNEY. By E. B. MAYRS. (From the Department of Pharmacology, Edinburgh.) GLUCOSE is the most important diffusible substance in the blood which is completely held back
More informationStudent Practical Guide (1) Milk of Magnesia
School of Pharmacy Student Practical Guide (1b) Milk of Magnesia Facilitators Dr Mark Hewitt M.Hewitt@wlv.ac.uk Required Resources Pre-work: Read this guide Dr Rebecca Butler Rebecca.Butler@wlv.ac.uk Compulsory:
More informationCOPPER SOLUTIONS FOR MICROSCOPICAL DETECTION OF GLUCOSE AND FRUCTOSE*
COPPER SOLUTIONS FOR MICROSCOPICAL DETECTION OF GLUCOSE AND FRUCTOSE* ELIZABETH S. BRETZ PROBLEM A number of copper reagents have been proposed for distinguishing glucose from fructose. Since the distinction
More informationCLX. A STUDY OF SEASONAL VARIATION
CLX. A STUDY OF SEASONAL VARIATION IN BUTTER-FAT. I. SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN CAROTENE, VITAMIN A AND THE ANTIMONY TRICHLORIDE REACTION. BY ROLAND GORDON BOOTH, STANIStAW KAZIMIERZ KON (from the National
More informationFurthermore, added choline may exert relatively little effect when. naturally occurring lipotropic factors are present in appreciable amounts
343 6I2.352.2:547.922 THE EFFECTS OF CHOLESTEROL AND CHOLINE ON LIVER FAT BY C. H. BEST AND JESSIE H. RIDOUT (From the School of Hygiene, University of Toronto) (Received January 27, 1936) THE results
More information(Foulerton Student of the Royal Society).
6I2.62I:6I2.OI8 STUDIES ON OVULATION. VI. Relative importance of concentration and absolute amount of the ovulation-producing hormone. BY F. W. ROGERS BRAMBELL AD A. S. PARKES (Foulerton Student of the
More informationI:6I (Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen.) angiostomized dogs. Lang [1928] criticized Charit's methods, and
288 GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS IN THE SMALL INTESTINE. BY E. A. HORNE AND H. E. MAGEE. (Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen.) 612.352.I:6I2.332.72 IT has been claimed that the glycogen content of the portal blood
More informationChoosing What You Eat and Why. Chapter 1 BIOL1400 Dr. Mohamad H. Termos
Choosing What You Eat and Why Chapter 1 BIOL1400 Dr. Mohamad H. Termos Objectives Following this lecture, you should be able to describe: - Nutrition definition - Sources of nutrients - Energy sources
More informationβ-carotene-rich Extract From Dunaliella Salina
0 out of 5 Residue Monograph prepared by the meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), 84th meeting 2017 β-carotene-rich Extract From Dunaliella Salina This monograph was
More information» Croscarmellose Sodium is a cross linked polymer of carboxymethylcellulose sodium.
BRIEFING Croscarmellose Sodium, NF 22 page 2856 and page 702 of PF 30(2) [Mar. Apr. 2004]. A modification is made in the test for Degree of substitution to correct the endpoint color to agree with the
More informationIS CHOLINE THE FACTOR IN THE PANCREAS THAT PREVENTS FATTY LIVERS IN DEPANCREATIZED DOGS MAINTAINED WITH INSULIN?
IS CHOLINE THE FACTOR IN THE PANCREAS THAT PREVENTS FATTY LIVERS IN DEPANCREATIZED DOGS MAINTAINED WITH INSULIN? BY C. ENTENMAN AND I. L. CHAIKOFF (From the Division of Physiology, University of California
More informationTHE ABSORPTION OF VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS FROM THE RUMEN
VOL. 24, Nos. 1 & 2 SEPTEMBER 1947 THE ABSORPTION OF VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS FROM THE RUMEN BY F. V. GRAY From the Division of Biochemistry and General Nutrition of the Council for Scientific and Industrial
More informationStudies on the metabolism of volatile fatty acids in hens
Studies on the metabolism of volatile fatty acids in hens II. An effect of feedstuff on the production of V.F. As in the alimentary tract of egg laying hens Eiichi WATANABE and Akira CHIBA (Miyagi Agriculture
More informationpossibility of a secretion of adrenaline from the suprarenal glands resulting
355 J Physiol. (I942) IOI, 355-36I 6i2.014.465:577 I74.5 THE EFFECT OF ANAESTHESIA ON THE ADRENALINE CONTENT OF THE SUPRARENAL GLANDS BY P. C. ELMES AND A. A. JEFFERSON From the Department of Pharmacology,
More informationBRIEFING Assay + + +
BRIEFING Sodium Starch Glycolate, NF 22 page 2933 and page 3202 of PF 22(6) [Nov. Dec. 1996]. The United States Pharmacopeia is the coordinating pharmacopeia for the international harmonization of the
More informationGB Translated English of Chinese Standard: GB NATIONAL STANDARD
Translated English of Chinese Standard: GB5009.5-2016 www.chinesestandard.net Sales@ChineseStandard.net GB NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE PEOPLE S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GB 5009.5-2016 National food safety standard
More informationUsing a technique by which it is possible to study gastro-intestinal absorption
531 J. Physiol. (I956) I34, 53I-537 THE ABSORPTION OF GLUCOSE BY THE INTACT RAT BY P. C. REYNELL AND G. H. SPRAY From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford (Received 30 May
More informationFOR years eggs have been studied as a
Vitamin A Content of Eggs as Related to Rate of Production* MYRA C. KOENIG, M. M. KRAMER AND L. F. PAYNE Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan FOR years eggs have been studied as a source of
More informationTHE EFFECT OF TITANIUM ON THE OXIDATION OF SULFHYDRYL GROUPS BY VARIOUS TISSUES
THE EFFECT OF TITANIUM ON THE OXIDATION OF SULFHYDRYL GROUPS BY VARIOUS TISSUES BY FREDERICK BERNHEIM AND MARY L. C. BERNHEIM (From the Departments oj Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Duke
More informationHAGEDORN AND JENSEN TO THE DETER- REDUCING SUGARS. MINATION OF LARGER QUANTITIES OF XIV. AN APPLICATION OF THE METHOD OF
XIV. AN APPLICATION OF THE METHOD OF HAGEDORN AND JENSEN TO THE DETER- MINATION OF LARGER QUANTITIES OF REDUCING SUGARS. By CHARLES SAMUEL HANES (Junior Scholar of the Exhibition of 1851). From the Botany
More information6.02 Uniformity of Dosage Units
6.02 Uniformity of Dosage Units Change 1. Content Uniformity, 3. Criteria and Table 6.02-2 as follows: 1. Content Uniformity Select not less than 30 units, and proceed as follows for the dosage form designated.
More informationANIMALS OILS AND FATS CHAPTER 2 PREPARATION AND SAPONIFICATION OF SPERMACETI 1. PREPARATION OF SPERMACETI
182 ANIMALS OILS AND FATS CHAPTER 2 PREPARATION AND SAPONIFICATION OF SPERMACETI 1. PREPARATION OF SPERMACETI 690. The spermaceti I examined was separated as follows from a yellow colored oil which commercial
More informationDRAFT MONOGRAPH FOR THE INTERNATIONAL PHARMACOPOEIA PAEDIATRIC RETINOL ORAL SOLUTION (August 2010)
August 2010 RESTRICTED DRAFT MONOGRAPH FOR THE INTERNATIONAL PHARMACOPOEIA PAEDIATRIC RETINOL ORAL SOLUTION (August 2010) DRAFT FOR COMMENT This document was provided by a quality control expert and was
More information: /18
612.461.23: 616-001.17/18 SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF COLD AND BURNS ON PROTEIN METABOLISM IN RATS. By G. H. LATHE 1 and R. A. PETERS. From the Department of Biochemistry, Oxford. (Received
More informationMethod 7.6 Raw sugar: reducing sugars by the Luff Schoorl method
Section 7: Raw sugar p 1/5 Method 7.6 Raw sugar: reducing sugars by the Luff Schoorl method 1. Rationale The method is applicable to all raw sugars and is used to determine the amount of reducing sugars
More informationBIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON CARBOHYDRATES. XL. Preparation of Mucoitin* from Umbilical Cords.
The Journal of Biochemistry, Vol. 28, No. 3. BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON CARBOHYDRATES. XL. Preparation of Mucoitin* from Umbilical Cords. MASAMI BY SUZUKI. (From the Medico-Chemical Institute, Hokkaido Imperial
More informationG/LITRE 5.0 g KOH g 0.5 g 0.05 g 0.01 g MgS047H20 NaCl CaCl2
A P P E N D IX -V III COMPOSITION OF USED MEDIA AND CHEMICAL REAGENTS 1. NITROGEN FREE BROMOTHYMOL BLUE (NFB) MEDIUM Dobereiner et al (1976) Same media was also used to check the effect of temperature
More informationCRYSTALLINE PEPSIN V. ISOLATION OF CRYSTALLINE PEPSIN FROM BOVINE GASTRIC JUICE BY JOHN H. NORTHROP
CRYSTALLINE PEPSIN V. ISOLATION OF CRYSTALLINE PEPSIN FROM BOVINE GASTRIC JUICE BY JOHN H. NORTHROP (From the Laboratories of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, N. J.) (Accepted
More informationTHE PHOSPHATE CONTENT AND THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF THE ANTERIOR LOBE PITUITARY
44 THE PHOSPHATE CONTENT AND THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF THE ANTERIOR LOBE PITUITARY BY E. A. SPAUL AND W. W. MYDDLETON. (Received zyth May 1930.) (With Two Text-figures.) QUALITATIVE and quantitative studies
More informationRADIOACTIVE PHOSPHORUS AS AN INDICATOR OF PHOSPHOLIPID METABOLISM
RADIOACTIVE PHOSPHORUS AS AN INDICATOR OF PHOSPHOLIPID METABOLISM XI. THE INFLUENCE OF METHIONINE, CYSTINE, AND CYSTEINE UPON THE PHOSPHOLIPID TURNOVER IN THE LIVER* BY I. PERLMAN, N. STILLMAN, AND I.
More informationTHE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF CANNABIS
XIV. THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF CANNABIS INDICA RESIN. I BY THOMAS SPENCE WORK, FRANZ BERGEL AND ALEXANDER ROBERTUS TODD From the Biochemical Department, Lister Institute, London (Received 24 November 1938)
More informationE55A GELATIN, GELLING GRADE Gelatina
00-0PDG.pdf 0 0 0 0 EA GELATIN, GELLING GRADE Gelatina DEFINITION Purified protein obtained from collagen of animals (including fish and poultry) by partial alkaline and/or acid hydrolysis, by enzymatic
More informationComparison Between the Reducing Action of Monosaccharide Sugars and Their Efficacy in Supporting the Life of Lucilia Sericata Meig
Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science Volume 2 Article 15 1947 Comparison Between the Reducing Action of Monosaccharide Sugars and Their Efficacy in Supporting the Life of Lucilia Sericata Meig Cyril
More informationTHE ESTIMATION OF TRYPSIN WITH HEMOGLOBIN
THE ESTIMATION OF TRYPSIN WITH HEMOGLOBIN BY M. L. ANSON Am) A. E. MIRSKY (From the Laboratories of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, N. J., and the Hospital of The Rockefeller
More informationRICINOLEATE UPON BACTERIA
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ACTION OF SODIUM RICINOLEATE UPON BACTERIA From the Division of Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany Received for publication, May 14, 1928
More informationRelative Measurement of Zeaxanthin Stereoisomers by Chiral HPLC
Relative Measurement of Zeaxanthin Stereoisomers by Chiral HPLC Principle To measure the relative percentages of the (3R,3 R), (3R,3 S) and (3S,3 S) stereoisomers of zeaxanthin in dietary ingredient and
More informationINTERNATIONAL ŒNOLOGICAL CODEX. BENTONITES Bentonita N SIN: 558 (Oeno 11/2003 modified Oeno )
BENTONITES Bentonita N SIN: 558 (Oeno 11/2003 modified Oeno 441-2011) 1. OBJECT, ORIGIN AND FIELD OF APPLICATION Bentonites are hydrous aluminium silicates belonging to the montmorillonite group. The brute
More informationTHIONYL IODIDE. Part II. Rate of Decomposition and Spectroscopic Studies BY M. R. ASWATHANARAYANA RAO. Introduction
THIONYL IODIDE Part II. Rate of Decomposition and Spectroscopic Studies BY M. R. ASWATHANARAYANA RAO (Department of Chemistry, University of Mysore Central College, Bangalore) Received February 6, 194
More informationCOMMISSION DIRECTIVE 2011/3/EU
18.1.2011 Official Journal of the European Union L 13/59 DIRECTIVES COMMISSION DIRECTIVE 2011/3/EU of 17 January 2011 amending Directive 2008/128/EC laying down specific purity criteria on colours for
More informationCollege of Medicine, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.)
GLUCOSE ABSORPTION IN THE RENAL TUBULES OF THE FROG. BY G. A. CLARK. (From the Physiological Laboratory of the University of Durham College of Medicine, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.) OPINION is divided on the
More informationIODOMETRIC TITRATION
IODOMETRIC TITRATION Oxidizing agents In most iodometric titrations, when an excess of iodide ion is present, the tri-iodide ion is formed: I + I - I 3 - Since iodine is readily soluble in a solution of
More informationTHE EFFECT OF EXTRACTS OF SUPRARENAL CORTEX ON THE BLOOD CALCIUM
35 THE EFFECT OF EXTRACTS OF SUPRARENAL CORTEX ON THE BLOOD CALCIUM BY L. MIRVISH AND L. P. BOSMAN. (From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cape Town.) (Received 12th February 1929.) INTRODUCTION.
More informationPharmaceutical Preparation For Internal Use
Pharmaceutical Preparation For Internal Use 1. Solid Preparations (Tablet, Capsule, Pill) 2. Liquid Preparations (Aqua, Syrup, Elixir, Extract, Liquor, Emulsion, Mixture, Infusion, Decoction). 3. Powder
More informationNEW ONE-STAGE PROCEDURES FOR THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF PROTHROMBIN AND LABILE FACTOR*
NEW ONE-STAGE PROCEDURES FOR THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF PROTHROMBIN AND LABILE FACTOR* MARIO STEFANINI, M.D.f From the Department ofbiochemistry, Marquette University School of Medicine, Milwaukee,
More informationprepared is boiled in a large quantity of water for 24 hours, it is Later, Schwarz4 under the direction of Hoppe-Seyler obtained
RETICULIN AND COLLAGEN. BY M. SIEGFRIED. As Mall, does not obtain gelatine by boiling reticular tissue in water, he concludes that it is not white connective tissue. Young2, on the other hand, suicceeds
More informationSALIVA TEST Introduction
SALIVA TEST Introduction This is a practical lesson using saliva to learn digestive enzyme activity. We can check the existence of reducing sugars clearly by Benedict s reaction after salivary enzyme decomposes
More informationInvestigation of Photosynthetic Properties In Spinach and Geranium: Pigments, Starch Production, and Light Wavelength Absorbance
ESSAI Volume 5 Article 29 1-1-2007 Investigation of Photosynthetic Properties In Spinach and Geranium: Pigments, Starch Production, and Light Wavelength Absorbance Alison Lederer College of DuPage, essai_lederer@cod.edu
More informationPharmacological and Clinical Study on Cystone
[Probe (1977): (XVII), 1, 25-29] Pharmacological and Clinical Study on Cystone Phukan, D.P., M.D., Professor and Head of the Department of Pharmacology, (Mrs.) Deka, A., M.D., Demonstrator of Pharmacology
More informationDRAFT PROPOSAL FOR THE INTERNATIONAL PHARMACOPOEIA: CARBAMAZEPINI COMPRESSI - CARBAMAZEPINE TABLETS
December 2015 Draft document for comment 1 2 3 4 5 6 DRAFT PROPOSAL FOR THE INTERNATIONAL PHARMACOPOEIA: CARBAMAZEPINI COMPRESSI - CARBAMAZEPINE TABLETS (December 2015) REVISED DRAFT FOR COMMENT Should
More informationPAPER No.5: Forensic Chemistry & Explosives MODULE No. 12 : Blood Alcohol Estimation
Subject Paper No and Title Module No and Title Module Tag PAPER: 5, Forensic Chemistry & Explosives MODULE: M12, Blood alcohol estimation FS_P5_M12 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Learning Outcomes 2. Sample Collection
More informationOfficial Journal of the European Union REGULATIONS
8.10.2016 L 273/5 REGULATIONS COMMISSION IMPLEMTING REGULATION (EU) 2016/1784 of 30 September 2016 amending Regulation (EEC) No 2568/91 on the characteristics of olive oil and olive-residue oil and on
More informationON THE FATTY ACIDS ESSENTIAL IN NUTRITION. III*
ON THE FATTY ACIDS ESSENTIAL IN NUTRITION. III* BY GEORGE 0. BURR, MILDRED M. BURR, AND ELMER S. MILLER (From the Department of Botany, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis) (Received for publication,
More informationabnormally high compared to those encountered when animals are fed by University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, U.S.A.
J. Phy8iol. (1965), 181, pp. 59-67 59 With 5 text-ftgure8 Printed in Great Britain THE ANALYSIS OF GLUCOSE MEASUREMENTS BY COMPUTER SIMULATION* BY R. G. JANES "D J. 0. OSBURN From the Departments of Anatomy
More informationExperiment 1. Isolation of Glycogen from rat Liver
Experiment 1 Isolation of Glycogen from rat Liver Figure 35: FIG-2, Liver, PAS, 100x. Note the presence of a few scattered glycogen granules (GG). Objective To illustrate the method for isolating glycogen.
More informationMONOGRAPHS (USP) Saccharin Sodium
Vol. 31(4) [July Aug. 2005] HARMONIZATION 1225 MONOGRAPHS (USP) BRIEFING Saccharin Sodium, USP 28 page 1745 and page 612 of PF 31(2) [Mar. Apr. 2005]. The United States Pharmacopeia is the coordinating
More informationEXPERIMENT 4 DETERMINATION OF REDUCING SUGARS, TOTAL REDUCING SUGARS, SUCROSE AND STARCH
Practical Manual Food Chemistry and Physiology EXPERIMENT 4 DETERMINATION OF REDUCING SUGARS, TOTAL REDUCING SUGARS, SUCROSE AND STARCH Structure 4.1 Introduction Objectives 4.2 Experiment 4a: Reducing
More informationON THE MECHANISM OF CARCINOGENESIS BY CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
ON THE MECHANISM OF CARCINOGENESIS BY CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS IZRAEL RIEGER (From the Research Institute of the Royal Cancer H osjjital (Free), London, S. W. 3) INTRODUCTION The object of the experiments described
More informationHYPOTHALAMIC ELECTRICAL ACTIVITIES PRODUCED BY FACTORS CAUSING DISCHARGE OF PITUITARY HORMONES
HYPOTHALAMIC ELECTRICAL ACTIVITIES PRODUCED BY FACTORS CAUSING DISCHARGE OF PITUITARY HORMONES TERUO NAKAYAMA* Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nagoya It is known that electrical
More informationBRIEFING. Nonharmonized attributes: Identification, Heavy metals, Characters, Labeling, Bacterial endotoxins, Sterility, Storage.
BRIEFING Citric Acid, Anhydrous, page 872 of PF 28(3) [May June 2002]. The European Pharmacopoeia is the coordinating pharmacopeia for the international harmonization of the compendial standards for the
More informationTopical Preparations
Topical Preparations One of the functions of the skin is to protect the internal body components against the external environment and thus to control the passage of chemicals into and out of the body.
More informationPYRROLE AS A CATALYST FOR CERTAIN BIOLOGICAL OXIDATIONS
PYRROLE AS A CATALYST FOR CERTAIN BIOLOGICAL OXIDATIONS BY FREDERICK BERNHEIM AND MARY L. C. BERNHEIM* (From the Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham)
More informationQuestion Bank Nutrition : Classes of Food
Question Bank Nutrition : Classes of Food 1. Why do we need food? Explain briefly. Ans. We need food for following reasons : (i) To produce energy that is used to perform various metabolic activities in
More informationCXVIII. WATER-SOLUBLE B-VITAMINS
CXVIII. WATER-SOLUBLE B-VITAMINS VIII. ESSENTIAL DIETARY FACTORS FOR THE RAT PRESENT IN AUTOCLAVED YEAST EXTRACTS IN ADDITION TO LACTOFLAVIN BY CONSTANCE ELIZABETH EDGAR AND THOMAS FOTHERINGHAM MACRAE
More informationANIMAL OILS AND FATS CHAPTER 10 ÉTHAL 1 1. COMPOSITION 479. BY WEIGHT BY VOLUME 2
126 ANIMAL OILS AND FATS CHAPTER 10 ÉTHAL 1 1. COMPOSITION 479. BY WEIGHT BY VOLUME 2 Oxygen 6.2888 100.00 1.00 Carbon 79.7660 1268.40 16.60 Hydrogen 13.9452 221.74 35.54 which is equivalent to: Ethylene..
More information(Received for publication, May 28, 1946)
REMOVAL OF PLASMA PHOSPHOLIPIDES AS A FUNCTION OF THE LIVER: THE EFFECT OF EXCLUSION OF THE LIVER ON THE TURNOVER RATE OF PLASMA PHOSPHOLIPIDES AS MEASURED WITH RADIOACTIVE PHOSPHORUS BY C. ENTENMAN, I.
More informationPetrolatum. Stage 4, Revision 1. Petrolatum is a purified semi solid mixture of hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum.
1 001-1208PDG.pdf Petrolatum Stage 4, Revision 1 Definition Petrolatum is a purified semi solid mixture of hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It may contain a suitable antioxidant. Description and Solubility
More informationOrganic Molecule Composition of Milk: Lab Investigation
Name: Organic Molecule Composition of Milk: Lab Investigation Introduction & Background Milk & milk products have been a major food source from earliest recorded history. Milk is a natural, nutritionally
More informationMONOGRAPHS (NF) Pharmacopeial Forum 616 HARMONIZATION Vol. 31(2) [Mar. Apr. 2005]
616 HARMONIZATION Vol. 31(2) [Mar. Apr. 2005] the recorder. The substances are eluted in the following order: o-toluenesulfonamide, p-toluenesulfonamide, and caffeine. The test is not valid unless the
More informationOverton,1 who has worked exhaustively at the subject, looked upon. considered by some to be due to the state of the fluid originally in the
THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON THE OSMOTIC PROPER- TIES OF MUSCLE. By D. H. DE SOUZA. (From the Physiological Laboratory, University of Sheffield.) (With six diagrams in the text.) (Received for publication
More informationINSULIN AND THE SUPRARENAL GLAND OF THE RABBIT
Brit. J. Phawmacol. (1951), 6, 289. INSULIN AND THE SUPRARENAL GLAND OF THE RABBIT BY From the Pharmacological Laboratory, University of St. Andrews, Medical School, Dundee (Received February 2, 1951)
More information(From the Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal.)
385 6I2.492.8:6I2.466.6I THE EFFECT OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY EXTRACTS ON ACETONE BODY EXCRETION IN THE RAT. BY PETER T. BLACK, J. B. COLLIP AND D. L. THOMSON. (From the Department of Biochemistry, McGill
More informationestablishing perfusion and of collecting and analysing the effluent fluid 1934]. Comparable increases in serum potassium were obtained when
303 577.I74.5:612.I26 ACTION OF ADRENALINE ON THE SERUM POTASSIUM BY J. L. D'SILVA From the Department of Physiology, King's College, London (Received 24 March 1937) IN a previous communication it was
More informationUniversity College, London.)
6I2.I2I:547.472*3 LACTIC ACID FORMATION AND REMOVAL WITH CHANGE OF BLOOD REACTION. BY M. GRACE EGGLETON1 AND C. LOVATT EVANS. (From the Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University College, London.)
More informationTHE TOXICITY OF THE DOUBLE CHLORIDES OF MERCURY AND SODIUM
325 THE TOXICITY OF THE DOUBLE CHLORIDES OF MERCURY AND SODIUM I. EXPERIMENTS WITH THE MINNOW PHOXINUS PHOXINUS (L.) BY J. R. ERICHSEN JONES Department of Zoology, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth
More informationTHE SPARING ACTION OF FAT ON VITAMIN B
THE SPARING ACTION OF FAT ON VITAMIN B VI. THE INFLUENCE OF THE LEVELS OF PROTEIN AND VITAMIN G BY HERBERT M. EVANS, SAMUEL LEPKOVSKY, AND ELIZABETH A. MURPHY (From the Institute of Experimental Biology,
More informationON TEA TANNIN ISOLATED FROM GREEN TEA.
70 [Vol. 6 ON TEA TANNIN ISOLATED FROM GREEN TEA. By MICHIYO TSUJIMIIRA. (Received September 8th., 1930). The author(1) has recently isolated Tea catechin from green tea and pro posed the following formula
More information(Received 22 July 1957) It is now generally accepted that the unequal distribution of ions between cells
190 J. Physiol. (I958) I40, I90-200 THE EFFECT OF ALTERATIONS OF PLASMA SODIUM ON THE SODIUM AND POTASSIUM CONTENT OF MUSCLE IN THE RAT By F. 0. DOSEKUN AND D. MENDEL From the Department of Physiology,
More informationLutein Esters from Tagetes Erecta
Residue Monograph prepared by the meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), 82 nd meeting 2016 Lutein Esters from Tagetes Erecta This monograph was also published in: Compendium
More informationEXERCISE 3 Carbon Compounds
LEARNING OBJECTIVES EXERCISE 3 Carbon Compounds Perform diagnostic tests to detect the presence of reducing sugars (Benedict s), starch (Lugol s), protein (Biuret), lipid (SudanIV) and sodium chloride
More informationEH1008 Biomolecules. Inorganic & Organic Chemistry. Water. Lecture 2: Inorganic and organic chemistry.
EH1008 Biomolecules Lecture 2: Inorganic and organic chemistry limian.zheng@ucc.ie 1 Inorganic & Organic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry: generally, substances that do not contain carbon Inorganic molecules:
More information