What is necessary and sufficient for consciousness?
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- Lucinda Robinson
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1 What is necessary and sufficient for consciousness? The conscious state is characterized by three critical properties: 1. Qualitativeness (how it feels) 2. Subjectivity (it exists only when experienced by some entity, i.e. it has a first person ontology) 3. Unity (experiences occur within a unified conscious field) Other properties that may or may not be present in all experiences 1. Intentionality, 2. Mood 3. Gestaltness 4. Familiarity 5. Meta-consciousness (consciousness of being conscious and of what one is conscious of) 6. Self-consciousness (consciousness of having a self that is separate from other selves and from the outside world) Damasio, 1999; Searle, 2000; Zelazo, 2004; Ward, 2011
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4 Brain & functions
5 language
6 Language + hearing
7 language + hearing + vision
8 language + hearing + vision + movement
9 language + hearing + vision + movement + movement control
10 language + hearing + vision + movement + movement control + sensory-motor integration
11 What brain activity is necessary and sufficient for the conscious state to be present in a human? One of those necessary properties, however, is of central importance: the notion that...consciousness facilitates widespread access between otherwise independent brain functions Baars, 2002 A large, brain-wide population of synchronously firing cortical neurons that are associated with conscious awareness of a stimulus forms a dynamic core of neural activity that is in fact the neural correlate of consciousness. In order to support conscious awareness, this dynamic core of synchronous neural activity must be at the same time both integrated (i.e., synchronous) and differentiated (i.e., must be only one of many possible patterns of such firing), and must be of relatively high informational complexity (and thus different from the simple pattern of neural firing typical of epilepsy accompanying unconsciousness) Tononi and Edelman 1998; Edelman & Tononi, 2000
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13 Brain at cri8cal point (a) Intermi2ency in fluctua8ons of order parameter (b) Correla8onal (i. e. func8onal) connec8vity of res8ng brain MRI is that of a ferromagnet at cri8cality (c) At cri8cality the entropy per volume tends to zero Serial intermi2ency Complex networks (d) Small Worlds in the brain Entropy reduc8on (e) Global Workspace (f) Opera8onal Modules Features of consciousness explained by the hypothesis of the cri8cal brain (g) high Φ (integrated Informa8on)
14 Brain at cri8cal point (a) Intermi2ency in fluctua8ons of order parameter (b) Correla8onal (i. e. func8onal) connec8vity of res8ng brain MRI is that of a ferromagnet at cri8cality (c) At cri8cality the entropy per volume tends to zero Serial intermi2ency Complex networks (d) Small Worlds in the brain Entropy reduc8on (e) Global Workspace (f) Opera8onal Modules Features of consciousness explained by the hypothesis of the cri8cal brain (g) high Φ (integrated Informa8on)
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18 Brain at cri8cal point (a) Intermi2ency in fluctua8ons of order parameter (b) Correla8onal (i. e. func8onal) connec8vity of res8ng brain MRI is that of a ferromagnet at cri8cality (c) At cri8cality the entropy per volume tends to zero Serial intermi2ency Complex networks (d) Small Worlds in the brain Entropy reduc8on (e) Global Workspace (f) Opera8onal Modules Features of consciousness explained by the hypothesis of the cri8cal brain (g) high Φ (integrated Informa8on)
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21 Brain at cri8cal point (a) Intermi2ency in fluctua8ons of order parameter (b) Correla8onal (i. e. func8onal) connec8vity of res8ng brain MRI is that of a ferromagnet at cri8cality (c) At cri8cality the entropy per volume tends to zero Serial intermi2ency Complex networks (d) Small Worlds in the brain Entropy reduc8on (e) Global Workspace (f) Opera8onal Modules Features of consciousness explained by the hypothesis of the cri8cal brain (g) high Φ (integrated Informa8on)
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23 Brain at cri8cal point (a) Intermi2ency in fluctua8ons of order parameter (b) Correla8onal (i. e. func8onal) connec8vity of res8ng brain MRI is that of a ferromagnet at cri8cality (c) At cri8cality the entropy per volume tends to zero Serial intermi2ency Complex networks (d) Small Worlds in the brain Entropy reduc8on (e) Global Workspace (f) Opera8onal Modules Features of consciousness explained by the hypothesis of the cri8cal brain (g) high Φ (integrated Informa8on)
24 Rapid Transi8on Processes
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26 Measuring consciousness?
27 10 0 P(N) 10-1 Avalanches REM SWS WAKE N2 = N
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29 Breakdown of Cortical Effective Connectivity During Sleep Wakefulness TMS 10ms 23ms 51ms 63ms 83ms 120ms 155ms 220ms 280ms NREM sleep TMS 30 ms 6 µv 100 % CDR Massimini et al., 2005; modified 10ms 36ms 120ms 80 %
30 Event: integra8ng excita8ons Downwards causa8on or SSO- driven reset (long arrow)
31 Degree distribu8on 0.1 P(k) WAKE SWS N2 REM 1 10 k
32 CONCLUSIONS: A TOY MODEL The global workspace may be a dynamical consequence of the brain as a cri8cal system SWS - > Super- or Sub- cri8cality Sleep onset Possibility of neural bistability Down states forbid high- level integra8on Event- associated connec8vity is preserved SOC avalanching is preserved Renewal seriality is broken (also network s scale- free degree distribu8on)
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