AOAC International Subgroup Veterinary Drug Residues : Multi-class Multi-residue Methods for Veterinary Drugs

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Alicia Fowler
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Lausanne, Switzerland *Member of Chemical Contaminants and Residues in Food Community *Chair of Subgroup

1 AOAC International Subgroup Veterinary Drug Residues : Multi-class Multi-residue Methods for Veterinary Drugs Lucie RACAULT, Thomas BESSAIRE, Cindy BION, Aurélien DESMARCHELIER & Thierry DELATOUR* Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland *Member of Chemical Contaminants and Residues in Food Community *Chair of Subgroup Environmental & Emerging Contaminants Sept. 20, 2016 AOAC 130 th Annual Meeting & Exposition, Dallas, TX, Sept , 2016

Integrated Approach for Analytical Development Team of experts to define an integrated approach Early Warning Early Warning/Chemical Contaminants Experts/Corporate Quality Assess likelihood of

2 Integrated Approach for Analytical Development Team of experts to define an integrated approach Early Warning Early Warning/Chemical Contaminants Experts/Corporate Quality Assess likelihood of ocurrence Anticipate and mitigate incidents Agricultural Services (Corporate and Zones) Field information Fraud scenarios Training Regulatory Local regulation (e.g. EU, US, China etc ) Codex Agricultural Regulatory Official Control Analytical Development Alert System Local Needs Corporate Requirements Market and specific needs Supply constraints Operator skills Specific regulation Restricted importation Corporate Requirements Analytical Volume Internal vs External Approach Alignment on official national control plan Alignment with authorities control plan in global monitoring program Internal Alerts System Early Warning, Positive findings data capture system External Alerts Consumers, Suppliers, Contaminants network

RM specification Arrival at factory & CoA Factory raw

3 Quality Testing along the Supply Chain & Manufacturing Farm Raw material collection center External supplier RM specification Arrival at factory & CoA Factory raw material warehouse Factory line Finished product warehouse

Quality Testing along the Supply Chain & Manufacturing Farm Raw material collection center External supplier RM specification Arrival at factory &

4 Quality Testing along the Supply Chain & Manufacturing Farm Raw material collection center External supplier RM specification Arrival at factory & CoA Factory raw material warehouse Factory line Finished product warehouse Rapid methods for effective release Confirmatory methods for full compliance

5 Literature Available for Veterinary Drugs by LC-MS/MS Over 77 methods described from 2009 on 7 5 developed for a single food matrix developed for two food matrices 65 developed for more than two food matrices Keywords: Veterinary drugs, LC-MS/MS, multi-class, validation, pub year > 2009

What About Fitness-for-Purpose? M. Danesaki and N. Thomaidis (Analytica Chimica Acta, 2015, pp 103-121) Validated level = 100 µg/kg for all the 155 compounds i.e. far above numerous MRL Incomplete and/or not compliant for some Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Tetracycline, β-agonists, Steroids S.

6 What About Fitness-for-Purpose? M. Danesaki and N. Thomaidis (Analytica Chimica Acta, 2015, pp ) Validated level = 100 µg/kg for all the 155 compounds i.e. far above numerous MRL Incomplete and/or not compliant for some Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Tetracycline, β-agonists, Steroids S. Chung and C.-H. Lam (Analytical Methods, 2015, pp ) 78 compounds without inclusion of Penicillins, Sulfonamides, or Tetracyclines Incomplete and/or not compliant for some Amphenicols, Cephalosporins, Quinolones, β-agonists, Steroids.. X.-J. Deng et al. (Journal of Liquid Chromatography and related Technology, 2011, pp ) 105 compounds without inclusion of Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Avermectins etc Incomplete scope for Tetracyclines

Tetracycline, β-agonists, Steroids D. Chen et al. (Journal of Chromatography B, 2016, pp 82-88 ) Validated level claimed between for 120 compounds 1.

7 What About Fitness-for-Purpose? C. Robert et al. (Food Additives and Contaminants Part A, 2013, pp ) Most complete scope (154 analytes in milk, muscle, egg and honey) Incomplete and/or not compliant for some Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Tetracycline, β-agonists, Steroids D. Chen et al. (Journal of Chromatography B, 2016, pp ) Validated level claimed between for 120 compounds µg/kg, but validation data not shown Calibration curve in solvent for matrices as different as edible muscles, hen eggs, and cow s milk M. Danesaki and N. Thomaidis (Analytica Chimica Acta, 2015, pp ) Validated level = 100 µg/kg for all the 155 compounds i.e. far above numerous MRL Incomplete and/or not compliant for some Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Tetracycline, β-agonists, Steroids S. Chung and C.-H. Lam (Analytical Methods, 2015, pp ) 78 compounds without inclusion of Penicillins, Sulfonamides, or Tetracyclines Incomplete and/or not compliant for some Amphenicols, Cephalosporins, Quinolones, β-agonists, Steroids.. X.-J. Deng et al. (Journal of Liquid Chromatography and related Technology, 2011, pp ) 105 compounds without inclusion of Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Avermectins etc Incomplete scope for Tetracyclines

8 A Compliance-driven Approach Multi-class (n = 105) Aminocoumarins (1), Amphenicols (3), Diaminopyrimidines (2), Lincosamides (2), Macrolides (8), Quinolones (18), Rifamycins (2), Streptogramins (1), Sulfonamides (22), Avermectins (6), Benzimidazoles (14), Diphenylsulfides (1), Halogenated phenols (1), Imidazothiazoles (1), Organophosphates (1), Salicylanilides (4), Tetrahydropyrimidines (1), NSAID (5), Coccidiostats (12), Tranquilizers (3).

9 A Compliance-driven Approach Tetracyclines (n = 10) Aminoglycosides (n = 13) Beta-lactams (n = 23) Growth pro. (n = 28) Chlortetracycline + 4-epi, Demeclocycline + 4-epi, Doxycycline + 6-epi, Oxytetracycline + 4-epi, Tetracycline + 4-epi. Apramycin, Dihydrostreptomycin, Gentamycin (C1, C1a, C2), Hygromycin B, Kanamycin (A), Neomycin (B), Paromomycin, Spectinomycin, Streptomycin, Tobramycin, Amikacin. Penicillins (12), Cephalosoprins (11). -Agonists (8), Anabolic steroids (6), Stilbenes (3), Resorcyclic lactones (3), Corticosteroids (7). Multi-class (n = 105) Aminocoumarins (1), Amphenicols (3), Diaminopyrimidines (2), Lincosamides (2), Macrolides (8), Quinolones (18), Rifamycins (2), Streptogramins (1), Sulfonamides (22), Avermectins (6), Benzimidazoles (14), Diphenylsulfides (1), Halogenated phenols (1), Imidazothiazoles (1), Organophosphates (1), Salicylanilides (4), Tetrahydropyrimidines (1), NSAID (5), Coccidiostats (12), Tranquilizers (3).

10 n = 179 j A Compliance-driven Approach Tetracyclines (n = 10) Aminoglycosides (n = 13) Beta-lactams (n = 23) Growth pro. (n = 28) Chlortetracycline + 4-epi, Demeclocycline + 4-epi, Doxycycline + 6-epi, Oxytetracycline + 4-epi, Tetracycline + 4-epi. Apramycin, Dihydrostreptomycin, Gentamycin (C1, C1a, C2), Hygromycin B, Kanamycin (A), Neomycin (B), Paromomycin, Spectinomycin, Streptomycin, Tobramycin, Amikacin. Penicillins (12), Cephalosoprins (11). -Agonists (8), Anabolic steroids (6), Stilbenes (3), Resorcyclic lactones (3), Corticosteroids (7). Multi-class (n = 105) Aminocoumarins (1), Amphenicols (3), Diaminopyrimidines (2), Lincosamides (2), Macrolides (8), Quinolones (18), Rifamycins (2), Streptogramins (1), Sulfonamides (22), Avermectins (6), Benzimidazoles (14), Diphenylsulfides (1), Halogenated phenols (1), Imidazothiazoles (1), Organophosphates (1), Salicylanilides (4), Tetrahydropyrimidines (1), NSAID (5), Coccidiostats (12), Tranquilizers (3).

11 Intensity, cps Intensity, cps j Stream Multi-class for 105 Compounds LC-MS/MS RUN1 87 Compounds in Positive Acquisition Mode 12 Compounds in Negative Acquisition Mode 8.8e6 9.0e Time, min Time, min 1.6e6 LC-MS/MS RUN2 (FOR AVERMECTINS) 6 Compounds in Positive Acquisition Mode

12 Stream for 23 -Lactams Low MRL requirement e.g. 4 µg/kg in milk for Amoxicillin (Commission Regulation (EU) No 37/2010) Massively used as broad spectrum antibiotic. No amoxicillin = no method for -lactams Polar compound(s) with multiple pk a but sensitive to acidic/basic conditions Multiclass, Multiresidue Methods fail to cover all -lactams at their MRL Need a separate method but complete and fit-for-compliance LC-MS/MS chromatograms of 23 -lactams in an infant formula spiked at 1x STC level

13 Stream for 10 Tetracyclines Chlortetracycline, Oxytetracycline, Tetracycline are regulated as «the sum of parent drug and its epimer» (Commission Regulation (EU) No 37/2010) Chromatographic challenges: Separation between parent drug and corresponding epimer Chelation of compounds in the LC-MS/MS system Multiclass, Multiresidue Methods fail to cover all tetracyclines and epimers Need a separate method but complete and fit-for-compliance EPI-TC TC EPI-OTC OTC EPI-DMC DMC EPI-CTC CTC EPI-DC DC LC-MS/MS chromatograms of 10 Tetracyclines in chicken powder spiked at 1x STC (25 µg/kg)

14 Relevant Food Commodities An approach including raw materials, semi-finished and finished products Milk-based products Meat/Seafood-based products The «USUALLY-SHOWN» matrices Raw milk Fresh or cooked meat, fish and seafood

Meat/Seafood-based products The «USUALLY-SHOWN» matrices Raw

$matrices Milk fractions (e.g.$ lactose etc...) Formulae with milk (e.g.

Shrimp, duck, meat, pork, lamb, beef, chicken, veal etc.

15 Relevant Food Commodities An approach including raw materials, semi-finished and finished products Milk-based products Meat/Seafood-based products The «USUALLY-SHOWN» matrices Raw milk Fresh or cooked meat, fish and seafood The «FORGOTTEN» matrices Milk fractions (e.g. Skimmed milk powder, whey protein concentrate/hydrolysate, lactose etc...) Formulae with milk (e.g. Infant, follow-on, grow-up formulae; hydrolysed formulae; adult formulae etc...) Infant Cereals with milk Meat, fish and seafood powder (e.g. Shrimp, duck, meat, pork, lamb, beef, chicken, veal etc...) Infant Cereals with meat tissues Babyfood in jars and pots (based on vegetables, meat/fish, pasta, cereals, vegetable oil etc..) Need for «Quick Easy Cheap Rugged and Safe» like methods

$consideration: Drugs are transferred from whole milk to milk fractions during processing Hakk et al., J.$

16 Beyond Raw Milk Analysis Whole milk powder and skimmed milk powder will remain the most traded agricultural commodities Additionnal consideration: Drugs are transferred from whole milk to milk fractions during processing Hakk et al., J. Agric Food Chem, 2016, 64,

17 Monitoring Data for Veterinary Drug Residues A total of fifteen confirmed positive milk samples were identified out of the total samples. 0.78% In 2012, there were just over noncompliant samples from over total samples. 0.24%

18 Monitoring Data for Veterinary Drug Residues Overall, non-compliance is steady or decreasing

Samples Design Quality Criteria Analytical Strategy Aim is to check if samples are

< STC (given in µg/kg) or Suspect Response = relative comparison between Peak Area in

$2010 / 01 / 20 Milk-based products Milk fractions (16), infant formulae & milk powders$ (15), 67 samples Fortified at 0, 1, 2 STC Cut-off level False suspect rate: < 10%

(15), 67 samples Fortified at 0, 1, 2 STC Cut-off level False suspect rate: < 10%

Meat/Seafood products Over 15 days Retention time: < 0.

19 Samples Design Quality Criteria Analytical Strategy Aim is to check if samples are below or potentially above the Screening Target Concentration (STC) Results are either < STC (given in µg/kg) or Suspect Response = relative comparison between Peak Area in Unspiked Sample (A us ) vs. Peak Area in the related Spiked Sample (A s ) Validation scheme according to EU CRL 2010 / 01 / 20 Milk-based products Milk fractions (16), infant formulae & milk powders (15), 67 samples Fortified at 0, 1, 2 STC Cut-off level False suspect rate: < 10% milk-based infant cereals (5) Three analyst involved False negative rate: < 5% Meat/Seafood products Over 15 days Retention time: < 0.2 min Meat/seafood powders (10), Meat /seafood fresh and Identification: 2 MRM cooked (10), meat-based babyfoods Full validation by the developing lab + Multi-site implementation (France, Singapore, USA)

20 Stream Multi-class Procedure A QuEChERS-based method Test portion - Unspiked Test portion - Spiked Add Water + 0.1% Formic acid in Acetonitrile Add Na 2 SO 4 + NaCl + Citrate salts Shake and Centrifuge Clean up «MULTIFAMILY» Clean up «AVERMECTINS» Pipette 6 ml of supernatant d-spe with Na 2 SO 4 / PSA / C18 Evaporate to dryness Reconstitute in MeOH+H 2 O (15+85) Pipette 8 ml of supernatant d-spe with MgSO 4 / PSA / C18 Evaporate to dryness Reconstitute in MeOH+H 2 O (80+20) LC-MS/MS RUN 1 LC-MS/MS RUN 2 Method validated with both FP, FN rates < 3 %

21 Stream -Lactams Procedure Another QuEChERS-based method Test portion - Unspiked Test portion - Spiked Add Phosphate Buffer Solution + Acetonitrile Add Na 2 SO 4 + NaCl Shake and Centrifuge D-SPE with Na 2 SO 4 / C18 Partial Evaporation to 500 µl LC-MS/MS Analysis Method Validated with both FP, FN rates < 5 %

22 Stream Tetracyclines Procedure adapted from Robert et al., Food Addit. Contam. A, 2013, Test portion - Unspiked Test portion - Spiked Add EDTA 0.1 M in Water + Acetonitrile Freeze at - 20 C for 1h Shake and Centrifuge Defat the Acetonitrile supernatant with Hexane Evaporate to dryness Reconstitute in Oxalic acid 0.01 M in Water-Methanol (70+30) LC-MS/MS Analysis Method validated with both FP, FN rates = 0 %, Two sites of implementation (Switzerland, France)

23 Stream Growth Promoters Procedure Another QuEChERS-based method Test portion - Unspiked Test portion - Spiked Add water + acetate buffer solution Add Beta-Glucuronidase Type HP-2 crude solution + Incubation overnight at 37 C Add NaOH 1N solution + Acetonitrile Add MgSO 4 + NaCl Shake and Centrifuge D-SPE with MgSO 4 / PSA / C18 Evaporation until dryness and reconstitution with methanol/water (30/70) Filtration and LC-MS/MS Analysis Method Validated with both FP, FN rates < 5 %

[ APPLICATION NOTE ] Oasis PRiME HLB Cartridge for Cleanup of Infant Formula Extracts Prior to UPLC-MS/MS Multiresidue Veterinary Drugs Analysis

[ APPLICATION NOTE ] Oasis PRiME HLB Cartridge for Cleanup of Infant Formula Extracts Prior to UPLC-MS/MS Multiresidue Veterinary Drugs Analysis Prior to UPLC-MS/MS Multiresidue Veterinary Drugs Analysis Michael S Young and Kim Van Tran Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA APPLICATION BENEFITS Efficient, timesaving multiclass/ multiresidue methodology