Yves Gibon INRA Bordeaux
|
|
- Cornelius Goodman
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Metabolic phenotyping? Assay principles & technology Examples of application Enzyme profiles in pine needles Major metabolites across a Maize NAM population Yves Gibon INRA Bordeaux
2
3 Primary metabolic pathways are well described Our knowledge about their regulation is expanding The contribution to plant performance is far from being understood Sugars Amino acids
4 Eco Physiology Genotypes Growth conditions Detailed experiments Xeml Lab Hannemann et al. PCE 2009 Sample handling Data management Proteins Metabolites Transcripts Enzymes Bioinfomatics Data mining Fast and cheap Sugars Amino acids MPI MPP Golm
5
6 1951 Invention by Takatsky 70 s Elisa assays popular 80 s First standard liquid handling robots 2003 SBS standards proposed by the Society for Biomolecular Screening 2009 Mature technology at decent prices One standard microplate <0.25 ( / year worldwide) Microplate readers: filter based <5k, multifunction <50k Multichannel pipettes: <1k 96 head robot + external gripper + incubators <100 k
7 Beer-Lambert -assays: visible, UV nmol range Major metabolites High enzyme activities Fluorescence pmol range Fluorescamine derivates Umbelliferone Peroxidase/Resorufin Amino acids Low enzyme activities Coenzyme A Kinetic assays pmol range NAD(H) NADP(H) Phosphorylated intermediates Low enzyme activities Glycerol-3P & DHAP
8 ADPG PPi AGPase G1P G3POX O 2 H 2 O 2 Pi FBP ADP FBPALD PPi PFP F6P PFK ATP ADP MK NTP GK G3P DAP TPI GAP GAP DH DPG PGK 3PGA Rubisco RUBP AMP G1P UGPase G NAD + G3PDH NADH,H + NAD + NADH,H + ADP ATP CO 2 UDPG PPi Cycling assays were discovered in 1935 by Otto Warburg & colleagues
9 Many possible assays A few principles
10 Protein content Carbohydrates Starch Sucrose Hexoses Glucose 6P Organic acids Citrate Malate Fumarate Nitrogen Nitrate Total amino acids Proline Glutamate Aspartate Cholorophyll a and b <20 mg fresh weight required Ethanolic extraction Up to 200 samples / week (per hand) Costs: / analyte / sample
11 Metabolite Principle Sensitivity pmol/well Sensitivity µg DW Glycerol 3P 2 3 ATP 2 2 ADP 5 16 PPi G3P oxidase / G3P DH UDP Glc 2 2 ADP Glc PGA 2 3 Glc6P Glc6P DH 2 1 Glc1P / PMS 2 7 MTT Fru6P 2 3 Acetyl CoA MDH CS / PTA 0.2 n.d. Arabidopsis developing seeds 1 mg DW (10 siliques) TCA extraction
12 #50 enzymes from central metabolism Benson Calvin cycle Starch metabolism Oxidative pentose phosphate cycle Sucrose metabolism Glycolysis TCA cycle N assimilation <100 mg FW / analyte / sample up to 12 enzymes in 100 samples / week (per hand)
13 Grinding weighting ( 80 C) Extraction Extraction Fractionation Pipetting Incubation Incubating Reading Tracking of experiments samples aliquots (fresh weight) Hannemann & Gibon, unpublished Batch description Samples Controls Raw data capture Instant calculations Error checking LIMS
14 Metabolites Sugars, starch, organic acids, amino acids, protein content, chlorophylls, antioxidant capacity analytes in up to 2000 samples / week Enzymes V max, K m, K i, T C 12 analytes in up to 500 samples / week
15 Alistair Rogers Brookhaven Institute Stitt Lab MPI MPP Golm Bordeaux
16 Ingo Ensminger Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Freiburg How do evergreen conifers cope with extreme temperatures? Pinus sylvestris needles were harvested throughout a year in 3 locations somewhere in the north of Saskatchewan (Canada) Central metabolism enzymes were profiled
17 Rubisco NADP GAPDH Glutamine synthetase Malate DH 15 enzyme activities expressed as nmol.gfw 1.min 1 were determined at 25 C in 216 samples collected throughout one year PFK UGPase SPS PFP G6PDH PEPC Organic acids N-metabolism Photorespiration Photosynthesis Organic acids OPP Sucrose metabolism Glycolysis
18 Nengyi Zhang Ed Buckler
19 The ultimate germplasm resource to date for localizing QTLs
20 NAM Population (NY 2007) 6,000 lines = 6,000 rows 2 samples / row one from end and one from middle plants, respectively. In total, 12,000 samples 12 analytes determined End plant Middle Plants sucrose, glucose, fructose, starch, malate, fumarate, nitrate, glutamate, amino acids, protein content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b,
21 Trait No. of QTL R 2 for Model Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Malate Glutamate Fumarate Amino acids Protein content Starch Sucrose Glucose Fructose Nitrate Consensus map (1106 markers across the whole population) GLM model FDR = 0.05 DTA as covariable Population The 26 parent lines are being genotyped with much higher resolution The high resolution genotypic sequence data can be projected from the parents onto the RIL offspring The combination of the statistical power of QTL mapping with the very high resolution of association mapping should ultimately reveal the genes controlling the levels of these metabolites. Just a matter of time. Then, we might think about even larger experiments with more factors (120,000 samples?)
22 Metabolic phenotyping in very large scale experiments is possible Robust, fast and cheap assays From generation of new questions to functional genomics
23 Mark Stitt Melanie Höhne The Stitt group
Cellular Respiration Other Metabolites & Control of Respiration. AP Biology
Cellular Respiration Other Metabolites & Control of Respiration Cellular respiration: Beyond glucose: Other carbohydrates: Glycolysis accepts a wide range of carbohydrates fuels. polysaccharides glucose
More informationPhysiological Chemistry II Exam IV Dr. Melissa Kelley April 13, 2004
Name Write your name on the back of the exam Physiological Chemistry II Exam IV Dr. Melissa Kelley April 13, 2004 This examination consists of forty-four questions, each having 2 points. The remaining
More informationAP Bio Photosynthesis & Respiration
AP Bio Photosynthesis & Respiration Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What is the term used for the metabolic pathway in which
More informationAnalytical test kits. Glutamine Lactic acids Malic acids Pyruvic acid Sucrose Sulfite Urea
5 Analytical test kits Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Ammonia Arginine Ethanol Fructose Glucose Glutamine Lactic acids Malic acids Pyruvic acid Sucrose Sulfite Urea Principles & Features NZYTech test kits are
More informationMetabolism III. Aim: understand gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, photosynthesis and amino acid synthesis
Metabolism III Aim: understand gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, photosynthesis and amino acid synthesis Anabolism From a carbon source and inorganic molecules, microbes synthesize new organelles
More informationGLYCOLYSIS Generation of ATP from Metabolic Fuels
GLYCOLYSIS Generation of ATP from Metabolic Fuels - Catabolic process degradative pathway - Energy stored in sugars (carbohydrates) released to perform biological work - Transforms GLUCOSE to PYRUVATE
More informationAdjustment of growth, starch turnover, protein content and central metabolism to a decrease of the carbon supply when Arabidopsis
Plant, Cell and Environment (29) 32, 859 874 doi: 1.1111/j.1365-34.29.1965.x Adjustment of growth, starch turnover, protein content and central metabolism to a decrease of the carbon supply when Arabidopsis
More informationIf you ate a clown, would it taste funny? Oh, wait, that s cannibalism . Anabolism
If you ate a clown, would it taste funny? Oh, wait, that s cannibalism. Anabolism is about putting things together. Anabolism: The Use of Energy in Biosynthesis Anabolism energy from catabolism is used
More information(de novo synthesis of glucose)
Gluconeogenesis (de novo synthesis of glucose) Gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis is the biosynthesis of new glucose. The main purpose of gluconeogenesis is to maintain the constant blood Glc concentration.
More information3/19/2009. Ch. 5 Microbial metabolism. Metabolism basics (Fig. 5.1) Basic concepts of metabolic processes. Redox reactions (Fig. 5.
Ch. 5 Microbial metabolism Breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins to produce cellular energy (catabolism) Redox (reduction/oxidation) reactions capture, store and use energy via electron transfers
More informationIntegration of Metabolism
Integration of Metabolism Metabolism is a continuous process. Thousands of reactions occur simultaneously in order to maintain homeostasis. It ensures a supply of fuel, to tissues at all times, in fed
More informationWhat s the point? The point is to make ATP! ATP
2006-2007 What s the point? The point is to make ATP! ATP Glycolysis 2 ATP Kreb s cycle 2 ATP Life takes a lot of energy to run, need to extract more energy than 4 ATP! There s got to be a better way!
More informationMETABOLISM Sri Widia A Jusman Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology FMUI
METABOLISM Sri Widia A Jusman Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology FMUI 1 METABOLISM Process of how cells acquire, transform, store and use energy Study of the chemistry, regulation and energetics
More informationE.coli Core Model: Metabolic Core
1 E.coli Core Model: Metabolic Core 2 LEARNING OBJECTIVES Each student should be able to: Describe the glycolysis pathway in the core model. Describe the TCA cycle in the core model. Explain gluconeogenesis.
More informationSupplementary Material. Contents include:
Supplementary Material Contents include: 1. Supplementary Figures (p. 2-7) 2. Supplementary Figure Legends (p. 8-9) 3. Supplementary Tables (p. 10-12) 4. Supplementary Table Legends (p. 13) 1 Wellen_FigS1
More informationChapter 15 Glycolysis and The Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Principles of Biochemistry Fourth Edition Donald Voet Judith G. Voet harlotte W. Pratt hapter 15 Glycolysis and The Pentose Phosphate Pathway Page No. 47-490 Introduction Glucose: is major source of metabolic
More informationHexose Metabolism. An overview of sugar metabolism and how these sugars enter glycolysis.
Hexose Metabolism An overview of sugar metabolism and how these sugars enter glycolysis. See chapter 15 of Fundamentals of Biochemisty: Life at the Molecular Level, 4 th Ed by Voet, Voet, and Pratt. Overview
More informationGlycolysis. Intracellular location Rate limiting steps
Glycolysis Definition Fx Fate Site Intracellular location Rate limiting steps Regulation Consume ATP Subs level phosphoryla tion Key reactions control points Nb Oxidation of glucose to give pyruvate (
More informationGlycolysis. Degradation of Glucose to yield pyruvate
Glycolysis Degradation of Glucose to yield pyruvate After this Lecture you will be able to answer: For each step of glycolysis: How does it occur? Why does it occur? Is it Regulated? How? What are the
More informationTutorial 27: Metabolism, Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain
Tutorial 27: Metabolism, Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain Goals: To be able to describe the overall catabolic pathways for food molecules. To understand what bonds are hydrolyzed in the digestion
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
2004 BCOR 11 Exam 2 Name: Section: Please note that the chapters covered in this exam 2 (2004) are not the same chapters we are covering this year (2005). That means that you won't be getting more questions
More information0.40. Biochemistry of Carbohydrates
0.40 Biochemistry of Carbohydrates Biochemistry of Carbohydrates ATP ADP Glycolysis The Breakdown of Glucose Primary Energy Source of Cells Central Metabolic Pathway All Reactions Occur in Cytoplasm Two
More informationCHY2026: General Biochemistry UNIT 7& 8: CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
CHY2026: General Biochemistry UNIT 7& 8: CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM Metabolism Bioenergetics is the transfer and utilization of energy in biological systems The direction and extent to which a chemical reaction
More informationNAME KEY ID # EXAM 3a BIOC 460. Wednesday April 10, Please include your name and ID# on each page. Limit your answers to the space provided!
EXAM 3a BIOC 460 Wednesday April 10, 2002 Please include your name and ID# on each page. Limit your answers to the space provided! 1 1. (5 pts.) Define the term energy charge: Energy charge refers to the
More informationReview of Carbohydrate Digestion
Review of Carbohydrate Digestion Glycolysis Glycolysis is a nine step biochemical pathway that oxidizes glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid. During this process, energy is released and some of it
More informationMETABOLISM Biosynthetic Pathways
METABOLISM Biosynthetic Pathways Metabolism Metabolism involves : Catabolic reactions that break down large, complex molecules to provide energy and smaller molecules. Anabolic reactions that use ATP energy
More information9/10/2012. The electron transfer system in the inner membrane of mitochondria in plants
LECT 6. RESPIRATION COMPETENCIES Students, after mastering the materials of Plant Physiology course, should be able to: 1. To explain the process of respiration (the oxidation of substrates particularly
More informationNew tools bring greater understanding to cellular metabolism research
New tools bring greater understanding to cellular metabolism research Mourad Ferhat, Ph.D, 7 Juin 2017 FDSS Users Meeting, Hamamatsu mourad.ferhat@promega.com Today s talk : focus on new cell-based assays
More informationEnergy storing Compounds
Chapter 4 ENERGY!!! Energy storing Compounds Adenosine Triphosphate ATP. Energy is stored in between the phosphate bonds. AMP- little energy, ADP some energy, ATP the most energy ATP is used by all living
More informationPathway overview. Glucose + 2NAD + + 2ADP +2Pi 2NADH + 2pyruvate + 2ATP + 2H 2 O + 4H +
Glycolysis Glycolysis The conversion of glucose to pyruvate to yield 2ATP molecules 10 enzymatic steps Chemical interconversion steps Mechanisms of enzyme conversion and intermediates Energetics of conversions
More informationChapter 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism
Chapter 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism Metabolism of Foods Food is broken down into carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins and sent through catabolic pathways to produce energy. Glycolysis glucose 2 P i 2 ADP
More informationMidterm 2. Low: 14 Mean: 61.3 High: 98. Standard Deviation: 17.7
Midterm 2 Low: 14 Mean: 61.3 High: 98 Standard Deviation: 17.7 Lecture 17 Amino Acid Metabolism Review of Urea Cycle N and S assimilation Last cofactors: THF and SAM Synthesis of few amino acids Dietary
More informationChapter 9 Part A Lecture Notes: Metabolism Generation of Energy Metabolism is fundamental
Chapter 9 Part A Lecture Notes: Metabolism Generation of Energy Metabolism is fundamental I. Introduction Metabolism is the total of all chemical reactions in the cell A. Catabolism = breakdown of complex
More informationChapter 9 Overview. Aerobic Metabolism I: The Citric Acid Cycle. Live processes - series of oxidation-reduction reactions. Aerobic metabolism I
n n Chapter 9 Overview Aerobic Metabolism I: The Citric Acid Cycle Live processes - series of oxidation-reduction reactions Ingestion of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids Provide basic building blocks for
More informationCellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy CHAPTER 9
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy CHAPTER 9 9.1 Metabolic pathways that release energy are exergonic and considered catabolic pathways. Fermentation: partial degradation of sugars that occurs
More informationCellular Respiration. 3. In the figure, which step of the citric acid cycle requires both NAD+ and ADP as reactants? a. Step 1. c. Step 3 b.
Cellular Respiration 1. Enzymes are organic catalysts. How do they increase the rate of chemical reactions? a. By decreasing the free-energy change of the reaction b. By increasing the free-energy change
More informationINTRODUCTORY BIOCHEMISTRY. BI 28 Second Midterm Examination April 3, 2007
INTRODUCTORY BIOCHEMISTRY BI 28 Second Midterm Examination April 3, 2007 Name SIS # Make sure that your name or SIS # is on every page. This is the only way we have of matching you with your exam after
More informationPoints 1. Following is the overall reaction catalyzed by the Calvin-Benson cycle:
BCH 4054 February 22, 2002 HOUR TEST 2 NAME_ Points 1. Following is the overall reaction catalyzed by the Calvin-Benson cycle: CO 2 + 3ATP + 2NADPH 1/3 glyceraldehyde-3-p + 3ADP + 2NADP + Give the structures
More informationTrue or False: 1. Reactions are called endergonic if they occur spontaneously and release free energy.
True or False: 1. Reactions are called endergonic if they occur spontaneously and release free energy. 2. Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy 3. Biochemical pathways are
More informationFind this material useful? You can help our team to keep this site up and bring you even more content consider donating via the link on our site.
Find this material useful? You can help our team to keep this site up and bring you even more content consider donating via the link on our site. Still having trouble understanding the material? Check
More informationMidterm 2 Results. Standard Deviation:
Midterm 2 Results High: Low: Mean: Standard Deviation: 97.5% 16% 58% 16.3 Lecture 17 Amino Acid Metabolism Urea Cycle N and S assimilation Last cofactors: THF and SAM Dietary (Exogenous) Proteins Hydrolyzed
More informationMetabolic engineering some basic considerations. Lecture 9
Metabolic engineering some basic considerations Lecture 9 The 90ties: From fermentation to metabolic engineering Recruiting heterologous activities to perform directed genetic modifications of cell factories
More informationIntroduction to Carbohydrate metabolism
Introduction to Carbohydrate metabolism Some metabolic pathways of carbohydrates 1- Glycolysis 2- Krebs cycle 3- Glycogenesis 4- Glycogenolysis 5- Glyconeogenesis - Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) - Curi
More informationR = Ribose / pentose (sugar). [3] (b) (i) Supplies energy; all reactions; in all cells; [Max 2] (not: produces)
. (a) P = phosphate (not: phosphoric acid) Q = nitrogenous base / organic base / adenine; R = Ribose / pentose (sugar). [3] (b) (i) Supplies energy; all reactions; in all cells; [Max ] (not: produces)
More informationLAST LECTURE. 1. Things the course missed 2. Things you might be tested on
LAST LECTURE 1. Things the course missed 2. Things you might be tested on Things I didn t tell you that might make more sense now that you have had BIS105 From Regulation of Cellular Metabolism by Protein
More informationLECT 6. RESPIRATION COMPETENCIES. Students, after mastering materials of the present lecture, should be able:
LECT 6. RESPIRATION COMPETENCIES Students, after mastering materials of the present lecture, should be able: 1. 2. To explain the process of respiration (the oxidation of substrates particularly carbohydrates
More information7/5/2014. Microbial. Metabolism. Basic Chemical Reactions Underlying. Metabolism. Metabolism: Overview
PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, North Carolina State University Basic Chemical Reactions Underlying Metabolism Metabolism C H A P T E R 5 Microbial Metabolism Collection
More informationCELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION. C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION
CELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION Oxidation: partial or complete loss of electrons Reduction: partial or complete gain of electrons
More informationNitrogen Assimilation
Nitrogen Assimilation 1. Introduction and Overview Importance of nitrogen to plant metabolism: often the limiting nutrient in plants (& agriculture) nitrogen can regulates growth processes, due to integration
More informationInformation transmission
1-3-3 Case studies in Systems Biology Goutham Vemuri goutham@chalmers.se Information transmission Fluxome Metabolome flux 1 flux flux 3 Proteome metabolite1 metabolite metabolite3 protein 1 protein protein
More informationChapter 7 How Cells Release Chemical Energy
Chapter 7 How Cells Release Chemical Energy 7.1 Mighty Mitochondria More than forty disorders related to defective mitochondria are known (such as Friedreich s ataxia); many of those afflicted die young
More informationIntroduction to Metabolism Cell Structure and Function
Introduction to Metabolism Cell Structure and Function Cells can be divided into two primary types prokaryotes - Almost all prokaryotes are bacteria eukaryotes - Eukaryotes include all cells of multicellular
More informationCH395G FINAL (3 rd ) EXAM Kitto/Hackert - Fall 2003
CH395G FINAL (3 rd ) EXAM Kitto/Hackert - Fall 2003 1. A cell in an active, catabolic state has a. a high (ATP/ADP) and a high (NADH/NAD + ) ratio b. a high (ATP/ADP) and a low (NADH/NAD + ) ratio c. a
More informationMajor Pathways in Carbohydrate Metabolism
Major Pathways in Carbohydrate Metabolism 70 Stage 1: Digestion of Carbohydrates In Stage 1, the digestion of carbohydrates Begins in the mouth where salivary amylase breaks down polysaccharides to smaller
More informationIntegrative Metabolism: Significance
Integrative Metabolism: Significance Energy Containing Nutrients Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Catabolism Energy Depleted End Products H 2 O NH 3 ADP + Pi NAD + NADP + FAD + Pi NADH+H + NADPH+H + FADH2 Cell
More informationIB Style Test - Topic 8 HL Metabolism, respiration and photosynthesis
Multiple choice questions 1. Enzyme inhibition can occur by an inhibitor doing which of the following? I an inhibitor binding to the enzyme s active site II an inhibitor binding to the allosteric site
More informationMetabolomics, a Useful Technique for Functional Genomics
Metabolomics, a Useful Technique for Functional Genomics Metabolomics Workshop, University of Missouri April 16, 2013 Mingjie Chen, Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri Metabolome is the
More informationBromeliads are CAM plants. Pineapple is a bromeliad. CAM was discovered in the Crassulaceae, a family of plants that includes jade plant.
Bromeliads are CAM plants Pineapple is a bromeliad CAM was discovered in the Crassulaceae, a family of plants that includes jade plant. Developing and non-photosynthetic sink tissues depend on a supply
More informationBiology 638 Biochemistry II Exam-3. (Note that you are not allowed to use any calculator)
Biology 638 Biochemistry II Exam-3 (Note that you are not allowed to use any calculator) 1. In the non-cyclic pathway, electron pathway is. Select the most accurate one. a. PSII PC Cyt b 6 f PC PSI Fd-NADP
More informationChemical Energy. Valencia College
9 Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy Valencia College 9 Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy Chapter objectives: How Does Glucose Oxidation Release Chemical Energy? What Are the Aerobic Pathways of
More informationMetabolic Pathways and Energy Metabolism
Metabolic Pathways and Energy Metabolism Last Week Energy Metabolism - The first thing a living organism has got to be able to do is harness energy from the environment - Plants do it by absorbing sunlight
More informationBiochemistry - I SPRING Mondays and Wednesdays 9:30-10:45 AM (MR-1307) Lecture 16. Based on Profs. Kevin Gardner & Reza Khayat
Biochemistry - I Mondays and Wednesdays 9:30-10:45 AM (MR-1307) SPRING 2017 Lecture 16 Based on Profs. Kevin Gardner & Reza Khayat 1 Catabolism of Di- and Polysaccharides Catabolism (digestion) begins
More informationPhotosynthesis in chloroplasts. Cellular respiration in mitochondria ATP. ATP powers most cellular work
Light energy ECOSYSTEM CO + H O Photosynthesis in chloroplasts Cellular respiration in mitochondria Organic molecules + O powers most cellular work Heat energy 1 becomes oxidized (loses electron) becomes
More informationCITRIC ACID CYCLE ERT106 BIOCHEMISTRY SEM /19 BY: MOHAMAD FAHRURRAZI TOMPANG
CITRIC ACID CYCLE ERT106 BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 1 2018/19 BY: MOHAMAD FAHRURRAZI TOMPANG Chapter Outline (19-1) The central role of the citric acid cycle in metabolism (19-2) The overall pathway of the citric
More informationRedox control of plant energy metabolism
The complex intertwined regulation of redox and metabolism in plant cells Redox control of plant energy metabolism Toshihiro Obata (Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany),
More informationChemistry 1120 Exam 4 Study Guide
Chemistry 1120 Exam 4 Study Guide Chapter 12 12.1 Identify and differentiate between macronutrients (lipids, amino acids and saccharides) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). Master Tutor Section
More informationIn glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. If the pyruvate is reduced to lactate, the pathway does not require O 2 and is called anaerobic
Glycolysis 1 In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. If the pyruvate is reduced to lactate, the pathway does not require O 2 and is called anaerobic glycolysis. If this pyruvate is converted instead
More informationUnit 2: Metabolic Processes
How is energy obtained biologically? Recall: Red Ox Reactions Unit 2: Metabolic Processes Oxidation Is the chief mechanism by which chemical potential energy is released This energy comes from reduced
More informationBCH Graduate Survey of Biochemistry
BCH 5045 Graduate Survey of Biochemistry Instructor: Charles Guy Producer: Ron Thomas Director: Marsha Durosier Lecture 44 Slide sets available at: http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/teach/guyweb/bch5045/index.html
More informationHow Cells Release Chemical Energy. Chapter 8
How Cells Release Chemical Energy Chapter 8 Impacts, Issues: When Mitochondria Spin Their Wheels More than forty disorders related to defective mitochondria are known (such as Friedreich s ataxia); many
More informationOxidative Phosphorylation
Electron Transport Chain (overview) The NADH and FADH 2, formed during glycolysis, β- oxidation and the TCA cycle, give up their electrons to reduce molecular O 2 to H 2 O. Electron transfer occurs through
More informationFermentation Analysis
Fermentation Analysis In order to understand how an organism makes its energy or what biochemical pathways are present, one must first know what the products of metabolism are. First Law of Thermodynamics:
More informationLink download full of Test Bank for Fundamentals of Biochemistry 4th Edition by Voet
Link download full of Test Bank for Fundamentals of Biochemistry 4th Edition by Voet http://testbankair.com/download/test-bank-for-fundamentals-ofbiochemistry-4th-edition-by-voet/ Chapter 16: Glycogen
More informationCLASS 11 th. Respiration in Plants
CLASS 11 th 01. Introduction All living cells require continuous supply of energy to perform various vital activities. This energy is released in controlled manner for cellular use via the process of respiration.
More informationNOTES: Ch 9, part & Fermentation & Regulation of Cellular Respiration
NOTES: Ch 9, part 4-9.5 & 9.6 - Fermentation & Regulation of Cellular Respiration 9.5 - Fermentation enables some cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen Cellular respiration requires O 2 to produce
More informationWhat is Glycolysis? Breaking down glucose: glyco lysis (splitting sugar)
What is Glycolysis? Breaking down glucose: glyco lysis (splitting sugar) Most ancient form of energy capture. Starting point for all cellular respiration. Inefficient: generates only 2 ATP for every 1
More informationName Class Date. 1. Cellular respiration is the process by which the of "food"
Name Class Date Cell Respiration Introduction Cellular respiration is the process by which the chemical energy of "food" molecules is released and partially captured in the form of ATP. Carbohydrates,
More informationYield of energy from glucose
Paper : Module : 05 Yield of Energy from Glucose Principal Investigator, Paper Coordinator and Content Writer Prof. Ramesh Kothari, Professor Dept. of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot - 360005
More information2/25/2013. The Mechanism of Enzymatic Action
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions Metabolism: The sum of the chemical reactions in an organism Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions Catabolism:
More informationANSC/NUTR 618 Lipids & Lipid Metabolism
I. verall concepts A. Definitions ANSC/NUTR 618 Lipids & Lipid Metabolism 1. De novo synthesis = synthesis from non-fatty acid precursors a. Carbohydrate precursors (glucose and lactate) 1) Uses glucose
More informationChapter 10 Lecture Notes: Microbial Metabolism The Use of Energy in Biosynthesis
Chapter 10 Lecture Notes: Microbial Metabolism The Use of Energy in Biosynthesis I. Principles governing biosynthesis A. Construct larger macromolecules from smaller subunits to conserve genetic storage
More informationCarbohydrate. Metabolism
Carbohydrate Metabolism Dietary carbohydrates (starch, glycogen, sucrose, lactose Mouth salivary amylase Summary of Carbohydrate Utilization Utilization for energy (glycolysis) ligosaccharides and disaccharides
More informationReleasing Chemical Energy
Releasing Chemical Energy Ø Energy From Carbohydrates Ø Aerobic Respiration/ Stages Ø Fermentation Ø Food as a Source of Energy How Do Cells Access the Chemical Energy in Carbohydrayes? Aerobic Respiration
More informationBiological oxidation II. The Cytric acid cycle
Biological oxidation II The Cytric acid cycle Outline The Cytric acid cycle (TCA tricarboxylic acid) Central role of Acetyl-CoA Regulation of the TCA cycle Anaplerotic reactions The Glyoxylate cycle Localization
More informationBIOCHEMISTRY - CLUTCH REVIEW 6.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: AMINO ACID OXIDATION Urea cycle occurs in liver, removes amino groups from amino acids so they may enter the citric acid cycle 2 nitrogen enter the cycle to ultimately leave
More informationChapter 8. An Introduction to Microbial Metabolism
Chapter 8 An Introduction to Microbial Metabolism The metabolism of microbes Metabolism sum of all chemical reactions that help cells function Two types of chemical reactions: Catabolism -degradative;
More informationObjective: You will be able to construct an explanation for how each phase of respiration captures and stores free energy.
Objective: You will be able to construct an explanation for how each phase of respiration captures and stores free energy. Do Now: Compare and contrast the three black equations below ADP + P + Energy
More informationHow Cells Release Chemical Energy. Chapter 7
How Cells Release Chemical Energy Chapter 7 7.1 Overview of Carbohydrate Breakdown Pathways All organisms (including photoautotrophs) convert chemical energy of organic compounds to chemical energy of
More information1. This question gives you experience tracking a labeled atom through the catabolic pathways we have studied so far.
Chemistry 5.07 Problem Set 7 Answers Problem 1 1. This question gives you experience tracking a labeled atom through the catabolic pathways we have studied so far. a. Carbon dioxide is lost in the pyruvate
More informationRespiration. Energy is everything!
Respiration Energy is everything! Tesla was incredible Everyone was intrigued by Tesla Tesla showed that energy does not need to be feared So what does this have to do with twinkies? Everything! Cellular
More information(A) Urea cycle (B) TCA cycle (C) Glycolysis (D) Pyruvate oxidation (E) Respiratory chain
Biochemistry - Problem Drill 15: Citric Acid Cycle No. 1 of 10 1. Which of the following statements is not a metabolic pathway involved in carbohydrate catabolism and ATP production. (A) Urea cycle (B)
More informationAP Biology Review: Theme 3- Energy
AP Biology Review: Theme 3- Energy 3.1: All living systems require constant input of free energy. 3.2: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. 3.3: Organisms capture and store
More information7.05 Spring 2003: Exam 3 Solutions
Regrade Policy: 7.05 Spring 003: Exam 3 Solutions We graded each of the questions very leniently. Therefore, unless you are absolutely sure that the question has been graded inappropriately or that we
More informationANSC/NUTR 618 Lipids & Lipid Metabolism
Fatty Acid ynthesis I. verall concepts A. Definitions ANC/NUTR 618 Lipids & Lipid Metabolism Fatty Acid ynthesis 1. De novo synthesis = synthesis from non-fatty acid precursors a. Carbohydrate precursors
More informationPhotosynthesis in chloroplasts CO2 + H2O. Cellular respiration in mitochondria ATP. powers most cellular work. Heat energy
Figure 9-01 LE 9-2 Light energy ECOSYSTEM Photosynthesis in chloroplasts CO2 + H2O Cellular respiration in mitochondria Organic + O molecules 2 powers most cellular work Heat energy LE 9-UN161a becomes
More informationNotes CELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION
AP BIOLOGY CELLULAR ENERGETICS ACTIVITY #2 Notes NAME DATE HOUR SUMMARY EQUATION CELLULAR RESPIRATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION Oxidation: partial or complete
More informationBY: RASAQ NURUDEEN OLAJIDE
BY: RASAQ NURUDEEN OLAJIDE LECTURE CONTENT INTRODUCTION CITRIC ACID CYCLE (T.C.A) PRODUCTION OF ACETYL CoA REACTIONS OF THE CITIRC ACID CYCLE THE AMPHIBOLIC NATURE OF THE T.C.A CYCLE THE GLYOXYLATE CYCLE
More informationRespiration. Energy is everything!
Respiration Energy is everything! Tesla was incredible Everyone was intrigued by Tesla Tesla showed that energy does not need to be feared So what does this have to do with twinkies? Everything! Cellular
More informationMax Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Science Park Golm, Golm-Potsdam, Germany
The Plant Cell, Vol. 16, 3304 3325, December 2004, www.plantcell.org ª 2004 American Society of Plant Biologists A Robot-Based Platform to Measure Multiple Enzyme Activities in Arabidopsis Using a Set
More informationGluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis / TCA 11/12/2009. Free energy changes in glycolysis 11/13/2009
Gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis / TCA 11/12/2009 Gluconeogenesis is the process whereby precursors such as lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and amino acids are converted to glucose. Fasting requires all the
More information