CHAPTER 4 THE QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN /SOLUTION DESIGN. This chapter contains explanations that become a basic knowledge to create a good

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1 CHAPTER 4 THE QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN /SOLUTION DESIGN This chapter contains explanations that become a basic knowledge to create a good questionnaire which is able to meet its objective. Just like the thesis title which is The Evaluation of Biometrics, this thesis is heavily depends on the questionnaire itself for gathering information from the respondents. The questionnaire was filled by the IT background respondents and non IT background respondents from various places in Indonesia. Later on, from those respondents we can provide conclusion to help the readers to choose the right biometrics for certain purposes by giving a rank of biometric devices. Before making a questionnaire it is recommended to know regarding what is being measured in the questionnaire 4.1 Measurement Introduction In every day realization, measurement was used when establishing index to verifies the height, weight, or other features of physical object. The examples are: to measure how well the respondents like certain song, a painting, or the personality of a people or friend. To measure means discovering the extent, dimensions, quantity, or capacity of something, especially to compare with a reference / standard. Measurement in research consists of allocating numbers to empirical events, objects or properties or activities in compliance with a set of rules. Measurement has three part of process [13]: Choosing observable empirical events 64

2 65 Developing a set of mapping rules(will be explained later). Mapping rules is a scheme for allocating numbers / symbols to represent aspects of the events being measured. The last is applying the mapping rule(s) to each observation of that event At the first point there are sentence called empirical. The experts use this sentence to describe, explain, and making predictions by relying on information get through observation. The objective of measurement is allocating numbers to empirical events in fulfillment with a set of rules. Another goal of measurement is to give the highest quality, lowest error data for testing hypotheses, estimation or prediction or description. The object of measurement is an concept, the symbols which is attached that contains various meaning. The experts invent higher level concepts called constructs. This is for specialized scientific explanatory purposes that are not directly observable and for thinking about and communicating abstraction. Concepts and constructs are used at theoretical levels while variables are used at empirical level. Variable accepts numerals or values for the testing and measurement purpose. Concepts, Constructs and variables could be defined descriptively or operationally. An operational definitions describes a variable in terms of specific measurement and testing criteria.

3 Measurement Scales For each concept or construct, several types of measurement are possible; the appropriate choice depends on the mapping rules. Mapping rules have four characteristics:[13] 1. Classifications: Numbers was used to group or sort responses and without order 2. Order: the numbers are ordered. One number is greater than, less than, or equal to another number. 3. Distance: The differences between numbers are ordered. 4. Origin: The number series has unique origin showed by the number zero. This is absolute zero point. The combinations of the criteria above provide four widely used classifications of measurement scales; they are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio, the explanation as follows: Table 4.2Type of Scales Type of Scales Characteristics of Basic Empirical Example data Operation Nominal Classification Determination of Counting (Mutually exclusive equality gender(male, and collectively female)

4 67 exhaustive categories. Without order, distance, or natural origin Ordinal Classification and Determination of Level of Doneness order but no distance greater or lesser of meat(well-done, or natural origin value medium well, medium rare and rare) Interval Classification, Order Determination of Temperatures in and Distance but no natural origin equality of intervals or differences degree Ratio Classification, order, Determination of Age in years distance, and natural equality of ratios origin In This thesis, the nominal and Ordinal are implemented. The nominal was used to calculate the respondent s answer about user acceptance in using biometric devices in their daily purpose(s). Ordinal was used to calculate the priority level of Biometric

5 68 device attribute. All of this result will be displayed on the chapter 6 in statistical diagram. 4.3 The Characteristics of Good Measurement. There are three main criteria for evaluating a measurement tool such as: Validity, reliability, and Practicality. The explanations of this criteria as follows[13]: Validity is the degree to which a test measures what we actually wish to measure Reliability it related to the accuracy and precision of measurement procedure. Practicality is regarding with a wide range of factor of economy, convenience, and interpretability. 4.4 Selecting Measurement Scales Choosing and building a measurement scale need a consideration of some factor that effect the reliability, validity and practicality of the scale [14]: Research objective Some of examples are: studies of attitude, attitude change, persuasion, awareness, purchase intention, cognition and action, actual and repeat purchase. Here are two general types of scaling objective: Measuring characteristics of the participants who participate in study and Measuring participants as judges of the objects or indicants presented to them.

6 69 Response Types Measurement scales are divided into four general types: rating, ranking, categorization and sorting. A rating Scale is useful when respondents score an object or indicant without making a direct comparison to another object or attitude, for examples: a respondents asked to evaluate the styling of new automobile on 7 point rating scale. Ranking Scale related to the study the respondents to make comparisons and determine order between two or more properties. Categorization asks the respondents to put themselves or property indicants in groups or categories. Sorting requires the respondents sort cards which is representing concepts or construct into files using criteria made by the researcher. The card could contain photo or image or verbal statement of product features. Data Properties The decisions about the choice of measurement scales are often made with regard to the data properties generated by each scale. Number of dimensions Measurement scales could be unidimensional or multidimensional. Unidimensional scale, the researcher seeks to measure only one attribute of the respondents or object. A multidimensional scale describes the object might be better explained with several dimensions than on a unidimensional range.

7 70 Balance or unbalance The balance rating scale contains an equal number of categories above or below threshold. In general, rating scales should be balanced, along with an equal numbers of favorable and unfavorable response options. While an unbalance rating scale contains an unequal number of favorable and unfavorable respondents options. Forced or Unforced Choice An unforced choice rating scales provides respondents with an opportunity to express no option when they are unable to make a choice between the alternatives that is displayed. A forced choice scales asked that respondents to select one of the offered alternatives. Number of Scale points A scale must be appropriate to its applications. To make scales useful, it must match the stimulus presented and extract information proportionate to the complexity of attitude object, construct and concept. Rater Errors The value of rating scales depends on the assumption that a person can and will create good judgment. Before accepting respondent s ratings, the researchers should thinking their tendencies to create errors of central tendency.

8 Rating Scales There are 10 types of rating scales: The simple category scales, this types result is nominal. The multiple Choice(single response scale), the result is nominal. The Multiple Choice (Multiple Response Scales) the result: nominal. Likert Scale Summated Rating, result: interval. Semantic differential scale, result: interval. Numerical Scale, result: ordinal or interval. Multiple rating List scale result: interval. Constant Sum scale, result: ratio. Stapel Scale, result: ordinal or interval. And the last one is Graphic Rating Scale result: ordinal or interval or ratio. In conclusion, this thesis is utilize Multiple Rating List Scale for Q1 (give attribute priority to biometric devices).simple Categories Scale for Q2 (to know how many persons are ready to accept biometrics technology). Multiple Choice for Q3 (to calculate the biometric application according to respondents) and Q 4 ( to know respondent s choice for biometric devices). 4.6 The research Question Hierarchy Here are the general knowledge to design a questionnaire in order to meet its objective. Before create a set of questions, the researchers should consider the following types of questions [15]: Management Question Research Question(s): a fact based translation of the question the researcher should answer to put in to the solution of the management question

9 72 Investigative Questions: special questions the researcher should answer to give enough detail and coverage of the research question. Measurement Questions: a question that respondents should answer if the researchers are gathering the required information and resolve the management questions.

10 The Questionnaire Framework Investigative question Prepare Preliminary Analysis Plan Instrument Questions Revise Pretest Individual Questions Instrument Development Revise Pretest Survey Instrument Ready for Data collection Diagram [15]

11 74 In making the questionnaire we follow the Research question hierarchy(diagram 4.5.1) that contain 3 phase.phase1: this phase contains Investigative Questions and Prepare Preliminary Analysis Plan after that create Measurement Questions. Beginning from investigative questions, from this part there are 3 important tasks that should fulfilled: Selecting scale type: Nominal, Ordinal, interval, ratio. In this thesis we utilize Nominal and Ordinal Selecting Communication Approach: personal, phone, electronic, and mail. This thesis use personal approach which means giving the questionnaire directly to the respondents. Selecting Process Structure: structure, unstructured, combination, disguised vs undisguised. This thesis use: structure After completing the entire task above go to Preliminary analysis plan part. This part is useful to help the researchers to determine the type of scale needed for each questions, we use this part to help collecting ordinal data for biometric attribute on question 1. The last part of phase 2 is Measurement Questions. Phase2: beginning from Measurement Questions then do pretest individual questions (if the researcher thinks that the questionnaire needs some improvement then do revision in the measurement questions) and finally go to Instrument Development part. The measurement questions contain three aspects:

12 75 Administrative questions, this questions consist of Participant/Respondent ID (the thesis attach participants name,job position, phone number, company name, emal), Interviewer ID ( name of interviewer and name of college= Vincent from Bina Nusantara international), Interview location (in each of respondent company), Interview conditions Target questions, there are 2 types: structure and unstructured, this thesis use structure because the questionnaire only provide with fixed set of choices. For example arranging/ give priority level from 1 until 8 of biometric attribute(q1), yes or no questions at Q2(yes means they accept/ implement biometric device in his/her company while no means reject/does not implement this device), Multiple choice questions at Q3 & Q4 ( these question ask the respondents to choose the biometric application and the biometric device which is best for their purpose). Classification questions, this thesis use sociological demographic pattern so that we can group the respondents answer and revealed the outline. Just for extra information: our respondents was taken from various places such as central java and west java. After do all the task, the researcher can begin to do pretest individual questions. Upon this part we realize that our questions need some improvement. Therefore we add cost attribute at Q1 and do pretest again then move to Instrument Development at Phase3. Phase 3: Moving from Measurement Questions then go to Instrument Design then do pretest questionnaire, if the questionnaire needs some improvement the researcher can

13 76 revise after that the questionnaire is ready for gathering information. The instrument Design consists of: Administrative questions Introduction and Screen with participant instructions, in our questionnaire there are introduction part which is useful for respondents to know the biometric devices. Make target question topic A,B,C,etc. In our questionnaire there is only 1 topic which is focusing on the biometrics itself Transition to classification Questions, from Q1 which is asked the respondents to fill general biometric attributes. At Q2,3,4 we begin to asked the respondents to specific problem such as determine the device, application, and so on. After all of the tasks above met, the researcher can move to the last part which is launching the questionnaire for collecting information.