Organisational Behaviour- BBA-KU 2016

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1 1.Introduction Of Organisational Behaviour Role of Organisational Behaviour:- A. Understanding human behavior: Human can be studied from the point of view of the following four levels: i. Individual behavior ii. Interpersonal behavior iii. Group behavior iv. Inter Group behavoiur B. Influencing the Human Behaviour:- Organisational behavior helps the managers in influencing the beaviour in the following ways: 1. Leadership 2. Motivation 3. Communication 4. Organizational Change and development 5. Organizational climate Leadership:- A leader is one whom a group follows in order to achieve predetermined goals. A person having leadership qualities such as outspoken, knowlegeble, good personality can become a successful leader. Basically there are three styles of leadership i. Autocratic ii. Democratic iii. Laizezfair There are various theories on leadership such as Chrismatic leadership theory. As per this theory leaders are born. The qualities they got are from god gifted. Emotional intelligence:- Emotional intelligence also called EQ refers to an individual s ability to be aware of feelings and emotions and the extent to which they can manage them more effectively in dealing with others and challenging events. Page 1

2 It consists of five main abilities 1. Knowing one s emotions 2. managing emotions 3. motivating oneself 4. Recognizing emotions in others 5. Handling relationships 3. Personality The Meaning of Personality:- According to Floyd L.Ruch, Persoality includes external appearance and behavior, inner awareness of self as a permanent organizing force and the particular pattern or organization of measurable traits, both inner and outer. Characteristics of Personality:- Some of the fundamental characteristics of personality are: Consistency Psychological and Physiological Impact behaviours and actions Multiple expressions Freudian Stages OR Psychoanalytical Theory:- Sigmund Freud s psychoanalytical theory has been based primarily on his concept of unconscious nature of personality. It is based on the notion that man is motivated more by unseen forces than by conscious and rational thoughts. Chris Argyris s Immaturity-Maturity Theory:- In a departure from the strict stage approach, well known organizational behavior theorist Chris Argyris has identified specific dimensions of the human Page 2

3 personality as it develops. Argyris proposes that a human personality rather than going through precise stages, progresses along a continuum from immaturity as an infant to maturity as an adult. 4. Learning And Behaviour Modification Meaning And Definition:- Learning simply means modification of behavior through practice, training and experience. According to W. Mc. Gehee, Learning has taken place if an individual behaves, reacts, responds as a result of experience in a manner different from the way he formely behaved. Nature of Learning:- 1. Change in behavior 2. Change in behavior must be relatively permanent. 3. Change must be based on some experiences, practices or Training. 4. Reinforcement 5. Learning is reflected in behavior Theories of Learning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Cognitive Learning Social Learning Learning Page 3

4 1. Classical conditioning 2. Operant conditioning 3. Cognitive Learning 4. Social Learning. Learning through Reinforcement: Reinforcement plays a central role in learning process. According to the law of effect, reinforcement can be defined as anything that both increases the strength of the response and tends to induce the repetitions of the behavior that preceded the reinforcement. 5. Perception Definition of Perception:- Perception may be defined as a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. Nature Of Perception:- Perception has been explained by Ajit Singh as: Perception refers to the interpretation of sensory data. In other words, sensation involves detecting the presence of a stimulus whereas perception involves understanding what the stimulus means. 6. Attitudes Definition of Attitudes: According to G.W. Allport, Attitude is a mental and neutral state of readiness, organized through experiences, exerting a directive or dynamic influence upon the individuals response to all objects and situations with which it is related. Nature of Attitudes: Page 4

5 1. Attitudes refer to feelings and beliefs of individuals or groups of individuals. E.g. He has a poor attitude 2. The feelings and beliefs are directed towards other people, object or ideas. When a person says, I like my job. It shows that he has a positive attitude towards his job. 3. All people, irrespective of their status and intelligence hold attitudes. Components of Attitudes:- 1. Informational or cognitive component 2. Emotional or affective component 3. Behavioural component Theories of Attitudes: Balance theory Congruity theory Affective cognitive consistency theory Cognitive dissonance theory Functional theory Social judgment theory 7. Inter Personal Behaviour Transactional analysis (TA) is a technique used to help people better understand their own and other s behavior, especially in interpersonal relationships. TA is primarily concerned with the following: i. Analysis of Self Awareness ii. Analysis of ego status. Page 5

6 iii. Analysis of Transactions iv. Script analysis v. Games analysis vi. Analysis of life positions vii. Stroking 8. Group Dynamics Definition of a Group:- According to David H. Smith, A group is a set of two or more individuals who are jointly characterised by a network of relevant communications, a shared sense of collective identity and one or shared dispositions with associated normative strength. Practical Reasons of Group Formation: (A) From Members Point of View: 1. Companionship 2. Identity 3. Information 4. Security 5. Esteem sense of belongingness 6. Outlet for Frustrations (B) From organisation s point of view: (Aims) 1. Lightening of responsibility 2. Filling the gaps 3. Restraining the authority 4. Proper and careful planning 5. Information Types of Groups:- 1. Formal group:- Formal groups can be further classified into following subgroups: Command group Page 6

7 Task forces Comities 2. Informal groups:- Informal groups can be further classified into following sub-groups: Interest and friendship groups Cliques Sub-cliques Interpersonal Behaviour: The organization consists of many groups created formally or informally. The existence of groups leads to inter-group competition. The whole phenomenon can be studied under two heads: What happens within the group What happens between competing groups Transitional Analysis:- A transaction is basic unit of social interaction. The heart of transactional is the study and diagramming of the exchanges. Thus where a verbal or non-verbal stimulus from one person is being responded by another person a transaction occurs. TA can help us to determine which ego state is most heavily influencing our behavior. Three may be three types of transactions as i. Complimentary transactions ii. Crossed transactions iii. Ulterior transactions Group development: A group develops because the group members like it to develop for satisfying their varied needs. They want the group for attraction and maintenance. Interpersonal attraction,similarity, group activities and group goals are important factors for developing groups. 9. Management of Conflict Page 7

8 Meaning and Definition:- A simple definition o conflict is that it is any tension which is experienced when one person perceives that one s needs or desires are or are likely to be thwarted or frustrated. Levels of Conflict: Conflicts can be classified as: i. Individual level conflict ii. Interpersonal level conflict iii. Group level conflict iv. Organizational level conflict Stages Of Conflict:- In 1967, Pondy developed a process of conflict which is very useful in understanding how conflict starts and what stages it goes through. These are as: 1. Latent conflict 2. Perceived conflict 3. Felt conflict manifest conflict aftermath. Causes of Conflict:- i. Communicational aspect of conflict ii. Behavioral aspect of conflict iii. Structural aspect of conflict 10. Power And Politics Meaning And Definition Of Power:- According to Kurt Lewin, The possibility of inducing forces of a certain magnitude on another persons. Characteristics of Power:- the basic characteristics of power are as: 1. Dependency relationship 2. Specific in nature 3. Reciprocal relationships 4. Power is elastic. Page 8

9 Politics:- Politics is endemic to every organization, regardless of size, function or character or ownership. Furthermore, it is to be found in every level of hierarchy and it intensifies as the stake become more important and the area of decision possibilities greater. -Pfiffner and Sherwood. Characteristics of Organisational Politics: - The broad features of oranisational politics are as: i. Organizational politics involves the use of some kind of authority, power or pressure over other person or groups. Rewards and punishment are commonly used for this purpose. ii. Political decisions may not be rational from the organizational point of view. They are usually made to acquire more power. Nature of organisatioan politics:- i. To overcome employees in inadequacies. ii. To coupe with change iii. To channel personnel contracts iv. To substitute for formal authority v. To act in Darwinian way vi. Execution of decisions 12. Organisational Change According to Barney and Griffin, The primary reason cited for organizational problems is the failure by managers to property anticipate or respond to forces for change. Causes of Resistance to change:- the basic question is what are the causes of such resistance. For analytical purposes, let us categories the causes into the following: i. Individual resistance ii. Group resistance Page 9

10 iii. Organizational resistance. In the real world, these categories often overlap. 13. Motivation Meaning and Definition: According to Likert, it is the core of management which shows that every human being gives him a sense of worth in face-to-face groups which are most important to him. A supervisor should strive to treat individuals with dignity and a recognition of their personal worth. Various social scientists worked on motivation of people in their work environment and proposed various theories which are as: i. Maslows Need Hierarchy theory ii. HerzBerg motivational theory Page 10

Model Answer/Suggested Solutions AR-7332 Organisational Behaviour

Model Answer/Suggested Solutions AR-7332 Organisational Behaviour M.Com. II Semester Note: These model answers are a depiction of important points which, an examinee must have to mention, to secure high marks in particular question. The length of the answer may vary