Definition of Rare Sugars
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1 L-arabinose Definition of Rare Sugars Monosaccharides and their derivatives that are rare in nature. D-galactose D-fructose D-mannose D-ribose D-allose D-Psicose Xylitol D-glucose Abundantly existing sugars D-xylose Rare sugars ( >50 kinds ) Nature International Society of Rare Sugars
2 Kagawa s New Strategy L-Form L-Iditol L-Gulose D L Form D-Glucose D-Form D-Mannitol DTE L-Idose L-Sorbose D-Glucitol L-Gulitol D-Fructose D-Mannose Polyol dehydrogenase L-Tagatose L-Galactose D-Allose D-Psicose Aldose isomerase L-Talose D-Altrose Aldose reductase L-Talitol L-Altritol Galactitol D-Altritol D-Talitol Allitol Aldoses(16) L-Altrose L-Psicose L-Allose D-Galactose D-Tagatose D-Talose Ketoses(8) L-Mannose L-Fructose D-Sorbose D-Idose D-Gulitol L-Glucitol Polyols(10) L-Mannitol D-Iditol L-Glucose D-Gulose Symmetric point 34 Hexoses
3 How to make all monosaccharides DTE L-Idose L-Form L-Iditol L-Sorbose L-Gulose D L Form D-Glucitol L-Gulitol D-Glucose D-Form D-Fructose D-Mannitol D-Mannose Polyol dehydrogenase L-Tagatose L-Galactose D-Allose D-Psicose Aldose isomerase L-Talose D-Altrose Aldose reductase L-Talitol L-Altritol Galactitol D-Altritol D-Talitol Allitol Aldose L-Altrose L-Psicose L-Allose D-Galactose D-Tagatose D-Talose Ketose L-Mannose L-Fructose D-Sorbose D-Idose D-Gulitol L-Glucitol Polyol L-Mannitol D-Iditol L-Glucose D-Gulose
4 Relationship between rare sugars and abundantly existing sugars L-Idose L-Form L-Iditol L-Tagatose L-Sorbose L-Gulose L-Galactose D L Form D-Glucitol L-Gulitol D-Glucose D-Allose D-Form D-Fructose D-Mannitol D-Psicose D-Mannose L-Talose D-Altrose Rare sugars L-Talitol L-Altritol Galactitol Allitol D-Altritol D-Talitol L-Altrose D-Talose Abundantly existing sugars in nature L-Psicose L-Allose D-Galactose D-Tagatose L-Mannose L-Fructose D-Sorbose D-Idose D-Gulitol L-Glucitol L-Mannitol D-Iditol L-Glucose D-Gulose 34 Hexoses
5 DTE RHI Enzymatic conversion allows to produce D-psicose D from D-fructose D by DTE (D-tagatose 3 epimerase), and D-allose D from D-psicose D by RHI (L-rhamnose isomerase). All hexoses comprise 6 carbons, 12 hydrogens and 6 oxygens with the identical molecular weight of 180.
6
7 Effect of D-psicose and D-allose on ROS Scavenging activity (unit) Scavenging activity of various sugars (ESR) Scavenging activity of various sugars (NBT) Concentration (mm) Concentration (mm) D-Psicose D-Allose D-Fructose D-Glucose D-Psicose D-Fructose D-Allose D-Glucose Scavenging activity of oxygen-radicals was measured by the two different methods (ESR method and NBT reduction method). D-Allose and D- Psicose showed much higher activity than D-Fructose and D-Glucose.
8 Supplementation of D-psicose prevents DEHP-induced atrophy of rat testis 2 weeks administration *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001: vs DEHP group D-psicose effectively prevent DEHP-induced atrophy of rat testis.
9 Normal testis DEHP DEHP + 1% D-psicose DEHP + 2% D-psicose
10 Effect of various monosaccharides on DEHP-induced atrophy of rat testis Testis weight (% Control) D-psicose is the most potent monosaccharide inhibiting DEHP-induced atrophy of rat testis
11 D-psicose reduced ROS production in the testis induced by DEHP administration **p<0.01, ***p<0.001: vs DEHP group
12 Genes significantly altered by DEHP exposure in rat testis Gene Name Description Expression change Oxidative Stress Txn Thioredoxin mrna (NM_053800) Gpx1 Glutathione peroxidase 1 (Gpx1) mrna Gpx2 Glutathione peroxidase 2 (Gpx2) mrna Glrx1 Glutaredoxin 1 (thioltransferase) (Glrx1) mrna Sod1 Superoxide dismutase 1 (Sod1), mrna Detoxification Gsta2 Glutathione-S-transferase, alpha type2 (Gstα2) Steroidogenesis Cyp17a1 cytochrome P450, family17, subfamily a, polypeptide1 Hsd11β2 Hydroxysteroid 11-beta dehydrogenase 2, mrna Signal transduction S100a9 S100 calcium binding protein A9 (calgranulin B) Transcription factors Atf3 Activating transcription factor 3(Atf3), mrna
13 Changes in gene expression in rat testis after DEHP and Rare Sugar (D-psicose) treatment % control (normal expession level) thioredoxin gpx1 gsta2 glrx1 sod1 cyp17a1 Thioredoxin, Glutathione peroxidase 1 : DEHP D-psicose Glutathion S-transferase α2 : DEHP D-psicose Glutharedoxin, SOD : DEHP D-psicose Cyp17a1 : DEHP D-psicose
14 Summary of the study 1. Oral administration of DEHP, when converted to MEHP, causes an increase of ROS production in testis. 2. ROS are mainly superoxide radicals and H2O2. 3. ROS production mainly occurs in germ cells not in Sertoli cells. 4. Oxidative stress causes apoptosis of germ cells. 5. Vitamins C & E or D-psicose, one of rare sugars, can be used for the prevention of DEHP-toxicity. 6. Several molecular markers such as oxidative stress related genes are applicable to evaluate the toxicity.
15 Future projects DEHP 1) Lower doses, longer exposure 2) Optimize the prevention method Vitamins C & E Rare sugars other rare sugars 3) Mechanism What are the effective and responsible markers? Other possible mechanisms of the toxicity Other EDCs 1) Oxidative stress could be more or less the common etiological factor for other EDCs. 2) Markers related to oxidative stress can be standardized. 3) Prevention has to be considered.
16 Collaborators Kagawa University 1) Faculty of Medicine Department of Cell Physiology F. Yamaguchi Y. Watanabe M. Muneto Department of Hygiene and Public Health F. Jitsunari S. Suna Department of Urology I. Takenaka M. Ishihara Department of Anatomy Y. Takeuchi M. Itoh Department of Pharmacology M. Kimura 2) Rare Sugar Research Center K. Izumori N. Hatano Osaka City University Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pathology M. Inoue E. Kasahara F. Sato
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