Schedules of Reinforcement

Transcription

1 Schedules of Reinforcement MACE, PRATT, ZANGRILLO & STEEGE (2011) FISHER, PIAZZA & ROANE CH 4 Rules that describe how will be reinforced are 1. Every response gets SR+ ( ) vs where each response gets 0 2. Schedules are all possible arrangements between the extremes Rules that describe how responding will be reinforced are schedules of SR+ 1. Schedules in Context 1. The discriminated operant 2. Motivating operations Discriminative stimuli: set the occasion for a given response 4. Past history of SR+ or SR- ( Behavioral Mass for momentum concept) 1

2 Concurrently Available Operant Response Classes u CHOICE u The : R1 / R2 = SR +1 / SR+ 2 (approximately) u The effects of reinforcement schedules are NOT absolute Behavioral Dimensions Affected BY Schedules of Reinforcement u Ratio, Interval, & Time Contingencies u Ratio = u Interval = u Time = Behavioral Dimensions Affected BY Schedules of Reinforcement u These contingencies can effect: 1. ( Frequency; interresponse time (IRT) 2. ( specific patterns of responding) u Constant ( VI VR), Pausing, ( FR, FI) Suspension ( DRO), Celeration 3. ( Rate of deceleration following disruption) u Extinction, Satiation, SR+ for alternative, Punishment, Dark-Key SR+, distraction 2

3 BASIC ( Single )SCHEDULES u See table 4.1 for the basic schedules u : The number of responses to gain SR+ independent of time u Ratio: The Number of responses is constant ( e.g., FR5 = 5 Rsà Sr+) u Ratio: The Number of responses is variable ( VR 4 could be 2, 3 4,5 6,7,8 ) Also called Random Ratio schedules Ratio SCHEDULES u = every response and rate is low u As the number of responses required increases so does rate u : a period of time after reinforcer delivery with no responding (increases with Ratio value) u - responding stopping before the requirements are met u : increasing the ratio after some number of successful performances on a starting ratio or previous ratio Interval Schedules u A passage of time ( ) must elapse before responses are eligible for SR+ u : An additional passage of time, once the main interval has expired within which responding must occur to gain SR+ 3

4 Interval Schedules u Fixed Interval Schedules u The response after a fixed interval has passed gains SR+ u, a typical increase in rate of responding towards the end of the interval u Variable Interval schedules u The response after a variable length interval has passed gains SR+ EXTINCTION SCHEDULES u = discontinuation of SR+ after positive reinforcement u = discontinuation of SR+ after negative reinforcement u : an increase in responding early in EXT before rate decreases u Seen in about 40% of all cases u Side Effects of EXT- Bursting; increases in other behaviors, ( symptom substitution); aggression, elopement u Therefore we typically continue to provide reinforcement in applied settings for alternative acceptable behaviors Time Schedules u SR+ is delivered according to some interval schedule but of responding u Fixed Time ( ) or Variable time ( ) u Note ( (NCR) is a widely used term but is a misnomer 1. Can be used to gain an to increase motivation to respond 2. As a to show contingency effects of a SR+ for a given response 3. To u Rapid suppression of responding, reduce motivation for extreme acts, removes extinction burst 4

5 Theoretical Implications of Time Schedules 1. The response-reinforcer relationship is = one form of EXT 2. s change from baseline (from when target behavior was happening, to a by-the-clock distribution. 1. These the extant for the target behavior 2. Research on these accounts has been unclear 3. Other results have also demonstrated the cause of target reduction could be during FT Differential Reinforcement Schedules ( DRO,DRA,DRI,DRL ) u : refers to SR+certain conditions and EXT for others u These contingencies specify the dimensions of behavior that will and will not gain SR+ u They may also define whether certain antecedent stimuli ( Sds and S deltas) must be present when a behavior occurs or does not occur u Thus they involve Reinforcement ( positive and negative) and EXT u Response dimensions subject to SR+ or EXT are: forms or topographies of response, response rates, Periodicity of responding and duration of responding. u : Refers to gradual changes in antecedent stimuli currently controlling a response u : refers to reinforcement of successive approximations to a final response Combined Schedules of Reinforcement u Two or more Basic schedules are present and are referred to as schedules. u The 2 component schedules alternate, are available concurrently, or sequentially u Multiple & Mixed: At least 2 components alternate : Mult are signaled Mixed are not. u Concurrent &Conjoint schedules: Concurrent = at least schedules are available at the same time and, Conjoint u Chained and Tandem schedules: Two or more component schedules are. Initial link and terminal link are the two schedules. u Concurrent chained schedules involve with differing terminal link consequences 5

6 Combined Schedules of Reinforcement: What is Studied u. In a MULT schedule arrangement. Once responding is stable in each component, the increase or reduction of SR+ in the initial component will cause an opposite rate of responding change in the unchanged schedule ( see fig 4.2) u : studies of choice in concurrent schedules u : an analogy to Momentum in Physics. A body in motion. u The general idea is that behavior maintained with higher magnitude of reinforcement tends to resist extinction better than behavior maintained at lessor magnitudes of SR+. u Implications are that we can get behavior to occur by using HI P vs Low P demands and gradually insert lower P behaviors into Hi P sequences 6