Classical and Instrumental Conditioning. Lecture 8
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1 Classical and Instrumental Conditioning Lecture 8 1
2 Basic Procedure for Classical Conditioning CS (Bell) US (Meat Powder) CR (Salivation) UR (Salivation) 2
3 Acquisition Major Phenomena of Classical Conditioning CR to CS Reinforced by US Response Gains Strength Magnitude of CR Probability of CR 3
4 Acquisition: Trial 1 CS US CR Bell Food Drops of Saliva Time 4
5 Acquisition: Trial 5 CS US CR Bell Food Drops of Saliva Time 5
6 Acquisition: Trial 10 CS US CR Bell Food Drops of Saliva Time 6
7 Acquisition of a Conditioned Response CS ==> US 1 Probability of CR Positive Acceleration Trials Negative Acceleration The Sigmoidal (S-Shaped) Learning Curve is Also Known as an Ogive 7
8 Two Shapes to the Learning Curve Naïve Organism/ Complex Behavior Experienced Organism/ Simple Behavior Response Strength Response Strength Trials Trials 8
9 Acquisition Extinction Major Phenomena of Classical Conditioning No Reinforcement Response Loses Strength 9
10 Extinction: Trial 1 CS US CR Bell Food Drops of Saliva Time 10
11 Extinction: Trial 5 CS US CR Bell Food Drops of Saliva Time 11
12 Extinction: Trial 10 CS US CR Bell Food Drops of Saliva Time 12
13 Extinction of a Conditioned Response 1 CS ==> No US Probability of CR Trials 13
14 Major Phenomena of Classical Conditioning Acquisition Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Rest After Extinction Retest CS alone 14
15 Spontaneous Recovery After Extinction CS ==> No US 1 Acquisition Extinction Probability of CR Spontaneous Recovery (Rest) Further Extinction Trials 15
16 Re-Acquisition of Extinguished Response CS ==> US 1 Acquisition Extinction Re-Acquisition Probability of CR (Rest) Savings in Relearning Spontaneous Recovery 0 Trials 16
17 Extinction Below Zero Extinction Trials Continued After CR Disappears Entirely Reduced Spontaneous Recovery Less Savings in Relearning Slower Reacquisition 17
18 Acquisition Extinction Major Phenomena of Classical Conditioning Extinction Below Zero Spontaneous Recovery Re-Acquisition CS Reinforced by US Savings in Relearning 18
19 Implications of Savings and Spontaneous Recovery Conditioned Response Not Lost Rather, Inhibited or Suppressed In Line with Changing Circumstances Conditioned Stimulus No Longer Reinforced CR Can be Disinhibited In Line with Changing Circumstances CS Reinforced Once Again 19
20 Acquisition Extinction Major Phenomena of Classical Conditioning Spontaneous Recovery Re-Acquisition Generalization CS 0 vs. CS 1 CS n Generalization Gradient 20
21 The Generalization Gradient Probability of CR Lower 150cps 200cps 250cps Original CS Test Stimulus 300cps Higher 350cps 21
22 Major Phenomena of Classical Conditioning Acquisition Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Re-Acquisition Generalization Discrimination CS+ (Reinforced) CS- (Unreinforced) 22
23 Discrimination Learning CS+ ==> US CS- ==> No US Probability of CR cps 200 cps CS+ CS Trials 23
24 Review of Classical Conditioning Vocabulary Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response Phenomena Acquisition Reinforcement Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Savings in Relearning Generalization Generalization Gradient Discrimination 24
25 Sensory Preconditioning 1 CS1 CS2 Light Bell 2 CS2 US CR Bell Food Saliva 3 CS1 CR Light Saliva 25
26 Higher-Order Conditioning 1 CS1 US CR Bell Food Saliva 2 CS2 CS1 Light Bell 3 CS2 CR Light Saliva 26
27 Significance of Classical Conditioning Extends Control of Reflexes to Other Environmental Events Associations between Events Ubiquitous (Nervous System) Pavlov: All Learning is Classical Conditioning (?) Laws of Classical Conditioning are the Laws of Emotional Life 27
28 Thorndike s Puzzle Box 28
29 Thorndike s Results 29
30 Thorndike s Laws of Learning Law of Readiness Law of Effect Law of Exercise 30
31 Instrumental Conditioning (Operant Conditioning) Learn Adaptive Behavior Through Experience of Success, Failure Organism Operates on Environment Behavior Changes Environment Behavior Instrumental Obtains Desired State of Affairs Associations between Behaviors and Outcomes 31
32 B.F. Skinner s Operant Chamber 32
33 Instrumental Conditioning Procedure Phase 1: Baseline Behavior Phase 2: Acquisition Phase Phase 3: Discrimination Learning Phase 4: Extinction 33
34 Vocabulary of Instrumental Conditioning Conditioned Response (No URs) Conditioned Stimulus (No USs) Reinforcement Positive Negative (Not Punishment) Acquisition Extinction Generalization Discrimination 34
35 Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous Partial Intermittent Fixed Ratio (FR) Variable Ratio (VR) Fixed Interval (FI) Variable Interval (VI) Differential Reinforcement Of Low Rates (DRL) Of High Rates (DRH) 35
36 Intermittent Reinforcement 36
37 The Matching Law Herrnstein (1970) Concurrent VI Schedules Give Organism a Choice Key A: VI3 Key B: VI1 Response Rate is Proportional to the Frequency of Reinforcement Also Magnitude, Delay of Reinforcement Basic Principle of Microeconomics Supply and Demand Relative Value of Reinforcers 37
38 Significance of Instrumental Conditioning Voluntary Behaviors Come Under Control of Environmental Events Behavior-Outcome Associations Ubiquitous (Vertebrates) Thorndike, Skinner: All Learning is Instrumental/Operant Conditioning (?) Laws of Instrumental Conditioning Are the Laws of Adaptive Behavior Habits Incentives 38
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