网络成瘾者的大脑异于常人吗? * ,,, (Shapira et al., 2003) (Johansson & Götestam, 2004), (Internet Addiction

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1 2012, Vol. 20, No. 12, Advances in Psychological Science DOI: /SP.J 网络成瘾者的大脑异于常人吗? * ( ;, ) 研究网络成瘾者的大脑是否异于常人的问题有助于对网络成瘾进行定性 诊断和治疗 近年来认知神经科学研究发现, 与正常人相比, 网络成瘾者的大脑主要存在四个方面的异常 :1 额叶和扣带回多部位存在结构性萎缩和功能退化, 导致其对上网行为的冲动控制出现障碍 2 海马功能障碍, 导致其认知功能特别是工作记忆能力下降 3 奖赏中枢功能代偿性增强, 可能与其多巴胺系统的功能异常有关 4 内囊后肢的神经纤维结构较密 活性较高, 可能与其长时间兴奋性操作键盘 鼠标或游戏手柄有关 目前的研究结果至少说明 : 网络成瘾者的大脑存在一些功能性的 与物质成瘾者类似的异常, 但这些异常是否由网络成瘾导致, 以及这些异常是结构性的, 还是持久性的, 则还需要进一步的研究来证实 网络成瘾 ; 脑结构 ; 脑功能 ; 异常 B845,,,,,, (Internet Addiction Disorder, IAD) (Pathological Internet Use, PIU) (Internet Dependent, ID) IAD Goldberg (1995) DSM-IV PIU Young (1996) DSM-IV ID Hall Parsons (2001),,, : * 2012 (12YJA190006) :, hjb@mail.ccnu.edu.cn (, ), (Shapira et al., 2003),,, (Johansson & Götestam, 2004),, 20,, 2008, (,,,, 2008), 5,, ERP MRI fmri PET, 2033

2 , 1 静息状态下的大脑异常 1.1 脑结构异常 Zhou (2011) (MRI) (voxel-based morphometry, VBM) Young, Bear Wolf 18, 15, (Dufour et al., 2008) (Chase, Eickhoff, Laird, & Hogarth, 2011; Contreras, Ceric, & Torrealba, 2007; Naqvi, Rudrauf, Damasio, & Bechara, 2007; Sutherland, McHugh, Pariyadath, & Stein, in press), (Naqvi & Bechara, 2009) Zhou (2011), Yuan (2007), (fractioanl anisotropy, FA),, 18,, ( ),, (Simmonds, Pekar, & Mostofsky, 2008), (Li, Huang, Constable, & Sinha, 2006; Li & Sinha, 2008) Yuan (2007), (Dong, Lu, Zhou, & Zhao, 2010; Ko et al., 2009, 2010), (Burgmans et al., 2009), (Ko et al., 2009), Yuan (2007),,, Han, Lyoo Renshaw (2012) MRI (12 ) (17 ),,, (Dong et al., 2010; Piras, Caltagirone, & Spalletta, 2010; Silton et al., 2010), Han (2012),,,,,,,

3 12 : 脑功能异常 Park (2010) (positron emission tomography, PET) 11, 9 PET Barratt (BIS-Ⅱ),,,,, PET, (Dimitropoulos, Tkach, Ho, & Kennedy, 2011; Grakalic, Panlilio, Quiroz, & Schindler, 2010), Park (2010), PET,,, (Piras et al., 2010; Sutherland et al., in press; Volkow & Fowler, 2000),, Park (2010),, (Kim et al., 2011) D2 PET, D2,, D2,,, Park (2010) (Verdejo-García & Bechara, 2009) Liu (2010) fmri, 19, Bear Wolf (2001) Young (1999),, ( ), Crockford, Goodyear, Edwards, Quickfall El-Guebaly (2005), Pelchat, Johnson, Chan, Valdez Ragland (2004), 2 非网络信息刺激诱发的脑功能异常 2.1 感知觉功能异常 (2007) (ERP),, 170ms (N170 ),, Nd170 ( ), He, Liu, Guo Zhao (2011) N170, Nd170 ( ), ( )

4 , He,, (2008), N100 P300,, 15, Oddball, N100, P300, N100, P 反应抑制功能异常, (Aron, 2007), (Young, 1996) Dong (2010) ERP, Go-NoGo, Go-NoGo, 200ms N2-NoGo, 12, Young O S, NoGo 25%, N2-NoGo, P3, P3 P300, Dong (2010), P300 P300,,, (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD) (Yen, Ko, Yen, Wu, & Yang, 2007; Yoo et al., 2004), Han (2009) (methylphenidate, MPH) ADHD 8, 8,,,,, 2.3 奖罚反应的脑功能异常,,, ( ),, Dong, Huang Du (2011) fmri, (probabilistic guessing task) 14, 13,, 10, 10,,, 3 网络信息诱发的大脑异常 3.1 网络游戏直接诱发多巴胺释放, PET (single photon emission computed tomography, SPECT) 11C 123I IBZM,

5 12 : 2037 D2 (Farde et al., 1992) Koepp (1998) 8 (36~46 ) ( ), D2 ( ),, 13%,,, (Ljungberg, Apicella, & Schultz, 1992), Koepp (1998),,, Weinstein (2010), D2 10.5%, D2 Weinstein (2010),,,,, ;, 3.2 网络游戏线索诱发的神经异常 (Field & Cox, 2008) Ko (2009) fmri, (DCIA-C) 10, 8, 6, 8, 11,,,, (Chase et al., 2011; Franken, 2003; Wilson, Sayette, & Fiez, 2004; Young, 1996), Ko (2009),, - Han, Kim, Lee, Min Renshaw (2010) 21, 6 1 (Lost SAGA), (10 ) (11 ) fmri,, (7 ),, 6,,, (Koob, 2008),, (relapse behavior) (Myrick et al., 2004; Park et al., 2007),, Han,, 6, (2008) fmri Young 20, 12 4,

6 ,,,,,, 4 结论和展望 Young, (Young, 1999),,, Young,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, ;,,,, (Jones & Bonci, 2005; Robinson & Kolb, 2004),,, ;,,, fmri PET, ERP, - -,,, ERP fmri

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9 12 : 2041 Wilson, S. J., Sayette, M. A., & Fiez, J. A. (2004). Prefrontal responses to drug cues: A neurocognitive analysis. Nature Neuroscience, 7(3), Yen, J. Y., Ko, C. H., Yen, C. F., Wu, H. Y., & Yang, M. J. (2007). The comorbid psychiatric symptoms of Internet addiction: Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, social phobia, and hostility. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(1), Yoo, H. J., Cho, S. C., Ha, J., Yune, S. K., Kim, S. J., Hwang, J., et al. (2004). Attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and internet addiction. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 58(5), Young, K. S. (1996). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. Paper presented at the the 104th annual convention of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada. Young, K. S. (1999). Internet addiction: symptoms, evaluation and treatment. In L. VandeCreek & T. L. Jackson (Eds.), Innovations in Clinical Practice: A Source Book (Vol. 17, pp ). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press. Yuan, Y. G., Zhang, Z. J., Bai, F., Yu, H., Shi, Y. M., Qian, Y., et al. (2007). White matter integrity of the whole brain is disrupted in first-episode remitted geriatric depression. Neuroreport, 18(17), Zhou, Y., Lin, F. C., Du, Y. S., Qin, L. D., Zhao, Z. M., Xu, J. R., et al. (2011). Gray matter abnormalities in Internet addiction: A voxel-based morphometry study. European Journal of Radiology, 79(1), Are the Internet Addicts Brain Different from the Normal Users? HE Jin-Bo; HONG Wei-Qi; BAO Yuan-Chun; LEI Yu-Ju (Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education; School of Psychology, Central China Normal University; Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Wuhan , China) Abstract: Studies on whether the brain of internet addicts are different from the normal users would contribute to defining, diagnosis and treatment of internet addiction. In recent years, cognitive neuroscience studies have suggested that, compared with normal users, internet addicts brain have four main abnormalities: a. frontal lobe and cingulated gyrus are atrophic and degradative, resulting in inability to control their internet use. b. Hippocampus is dysfunctional, resulting in the decline of cognitive ability, especially working memory. c. Compensation of the reward center is enhanced, which is probably related to dysfunction of dopaminergic system. d. Posterior limb of internal capsule of people with internet addiction becomes more dense and active, which may be related to the fact that IAD subjects spent too much time on computer games and their repetitive actions such as mouse clicking and keyboard typing. These studies, at least, indicate that there are abnormalities in function of addicts brain, which are similar to substance addicts. However, further researches are still needed to make sure whether these abnormalities are caused by internet addiction and whether these abnormalities are structural or chronic. Key words: Internet Addiction; brain structure; brain function; abnormality