GRADE12. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

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1 REVISION SHEET GRADE12 BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which system coordinates the body s response to changes in its internal and external environment? a. lymphatic system b. nervous system c. excretory system d. reproductive system 2. The peripheral nervous system collects information about changes in internal body temperature using a. the brain. b. nerves and supporting cells. c. the spinal cord. d. eyesight. 3. What is the function of the central nervous system? a. to gather information b. to carry a response to glands and muscles c. to receive stimuli from the environment d. to process information and form a response 4. Which division of the nervous system speeds up your heart rate? a. somatic b. autonomic c. sensory d. brain and spinal cord 5. Neurons are classified by the a. direction in which they carry impulses. b. amount of metabolic activity that takes place. c. number of dendrites that branch out. d. number of impulses that they carry.

2 Figure Refer to Figure Which structure carries impulses to the cell body? a. I b. II c. III d. V 7. What begins when a neuron is stimulated by another neuron or by a stimulus in the environment? a. a threshold b. a resting potential c. an impulse d. a dendrite 8. When an impulse reaches the end of a neuron, it triggers the release of a. neurotransmitters. b. sodium ions. c. dendrites. d. receptors. 9. The 31 major nerves that branch out from the spinal cord connecting it to the rest of the body are the a. cranial nerves b. vertebrate nerves c. spinal nerves d. central nerves 10. For a person who writes with his or her left hand, the muscles involved in writing are controlled by a. the left hemisphere of the cerebrum. b. the right hemisphere of the cerebrum. c. both the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum. d. neither hemisphere of the cerebrum. 11. Place these events in the order in which they would occur in a person who uses an addictive drug. I. To maintain homeostasis, the brain reacts to a flood of dopamine by lowering the number of dopamine receptors.

3 II. The molecules of dopamine bind to receptors, causing feelings of pleasure. III. It becomes more difficult for the person to feel normal without the drug. IV. A flood of the neurotransmitter dopamine is released into the brain s synapse. a. I, III, II, IV b. II, IV, III, I c. II, I, III, IV d. IV, II, I, III 12. When exposed to addictive drugs, how does the brain react to excessive dopamine levels? a. It reduces the number of receptors for the neurotransmitter. b. It increases the number of receptors for the neurotransmitter. c. It increases the production of dopamine. d. It shuttles the dopamine to other areas of the brain. 13. Which of the following sensory receptors would lead you to squint in bright light? a. thermoreceptors b. mechanoreceptors c. photoreceptors d. chemoreceptors 14. The primary function of the sensory division of the peripheral nervous system is to transmit impulses a. from sense organs to the central nervous system. b. from the spinal cord to the brain. c. from the brain to the muscles. d. from one sense organ to another. 15. Which type of sensory receptor is responsible for smell and taste? a. photoreceptor b. thermoreceptor c. mechanoreceptor d. chemoreceptor 16. When you move your fingers to type a text message, you are using motor neurons of the a. somatic nervous system. b. sensory nervous system. c. autonomic nervous system. d. central nervous system. 17. Which organ does not have pain receptors? a. brain b. heart c. stomach d. bladder 18. Sensory cells in taste buds respond to which types of flavors? a. salty, bitter, sweet, sour, umami b. salty, spicy, juicy, sweet, tangy c. sour, tangy, spicy, bitter, sweet d. fatty, sweet, meaty, tangy, salty 19. Infections of the ear may cause inflammation. Inflammation that affects which structure would cause dizziness?

4 a. semicircular canals b. oval window c. eardrum d. cochlea Figure Which structure in Figure 31 2 is commonly injured by people inserting cotton swabs or other objects into their ears? a. structure A b. structure B c. structure C d. structure D 21. Which structure in the ear contains tiny hairs that send nerve impulses to the brain, which processes them as sound? a. semicircular canals b. oval window c. eardrum d. cochlea

5 Figure In Figure 31 3, through which labeled structure does light first enter the eye? a. 1 b. 4 c. 5 d If the muscles in a person s irises are damaged, how is his or her eye sight directly affected? a. The person is not able to transfer impulses to the brain. b. The person s eye color changes. c. The person is not able to distinguish colors from each other. d. The person is not able to regulate the amount of light that enters the eye. 24. An example of an injury to the axial skeleton is a a. hockey player with a broken rib. b. construction worker with a fractured shoulder. c. skateboarder with a broken ankle. d. small child with a fractured wrist. 25. An internal wooden frame is to a house as _ to a body. a. a muscular system is b. a skeleton is c. blood vessels are d. an organ is 26. The main function of the skull is to a. produce blood cells. b. protect the heart and lungs. c. protect the brain. d. act like a lever for muscle attachment.

6 Figure In Figure 32 1, which structure contains Haversian canals? a. A b. B c. C d. D 28. In Figure 32 1, which structure is found near the end of long bones where force is applied? a. A b. B c. C d. D 29. What is the function of structure B in Figure 32 1? a. place for storing fat cells b. location for red blood cell production c. tough layer of connective tissue surrounding a bone d. latticework structure that adds strength to the bone 30. What is the skeleton of an embryo mainly composed of? a. bone b. cartilage c. bone marrow d. growth plates

7 Figure Which diagram in Figure 32 2 shows an example of a joint involved in lifting your arms above your head? a. Diagram A b. Diagram B c. Diagram C d. Diagram D 32. Which diagram in Figure 32 2 shows an example of a joint involved in kicking a soccer ball? a. Diagram A b. Diagram B c. Diagram C d. Diagram D 33. What do ligaments hold together in a joint? a. cartilage and bone b. muscles c. bone and muscle d. bones 34. What body part has a joint that works in a manner similar to a door? a. wrist b. thumb c. skull d. knee 35. Why is cartilage important?

8 a. It holds bones together at the joints. b. It acts as a cushion between bones and protects them as they move against each other. c. It contains a fluid that enables the surfaces of bones to slide over each other smoothly at the joints. d. It causes bones to fuse together as they grow. Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true. 1. Your nervous system receives information that a baseball is being thrown in your direction. After the information is processed by your brain, your central nervous system directly stimulates the muscles in your hands to catch the ball. _ 2. Myelin sheaths can be damaged by strokes or nutritional deficiencies. If a neuron has a damaged myelin sheath, impulses move faster through the axon than they would in a healthy neuron. _ 3. A resting potential is produced when the inside of the cell temporarily becomes more positive than the outside of the cell._ 4. Densely packed nerve cell bodies found in the cerebral cortex are called white matter. 5. Sensory receptors that alert your brain when it is cold outside are called thermoreceptors. _ 6. During brain surgery, patients are sometimes kept awake. This is possible because the brain does not contain chemoreceptors. 7. The hammer, anvil, and stirrup and the two tiny sacs located behind them help the body maintain its equilibrium. 8. Vision occurs when photoreceptors in the retina transmit impulses to the brain, which translates these impulses into images._ Completion Complete each statement. 1. The brain and the spinal cord make up the _ nervous system. 2. The myelin sheath that surrounds a single long axon leaves many gaps, called, where the axon membrane is exposed. 3. The feeling of anxiety you have before a big science exam is associated with the. 4. Addictive drugs produce changes in one particular group of synapses that use the neurotransmitter.

9 Figure The pathway illustrated in Figure 31 4 is called a(an). 6. The contains thermoreceptors that sense changes in blood temperature. 7. The are the sense organs that can distinguish both pitch and loudness in vibrations that move through air. 8. A person who has a low concentration of may have difficulty distinguishing one color from another. Short Answer 1. Explain the relationship between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. How do they work together to accomplish a task? 2. What is the role of myelin sheaths in the nervous system? 3. In patients with Alzheimer s disease, early damage to the synapses in the brain can lead to short-term memory loss. If the synapse between a neuron and another cell is damaged, how will it affect an impulse?

10 Figure Figure 31 6 shows the cell membrane of a resting neuron. How do you know that the neuron is at rest? 5. Using what you know about neurotransmitters, explain why impulses always transmit across the synapse in only one direction. 6. How is the spinal cord like a major telephone line? 7. Why is a severe injury to the brain stem often fatal? 8. How does cocaine affect dopamine receptors in the brain? 9. What causes a drug user to keep increasing the amount of drug they abuse?

11 10. When you visit an amusement park or fair, your body is exposed to various stimuli. Describe how three sensory receptors are activated in this environment. 11. Sometimes during a physical examination, a doctor performs a knee-jerk reflex test on a patient. During this reflex test, a sharp rap on the knee causes the muscles in the leg to contract. Why is this test important? 12. Why does your mouth feel hot when you eat a jalapeno pepper? 13. Sometimes at the end of a television cooking show, the chef describes how the final product he or she made tastes. Why is it incorrect for him or her to refer only to the taste of food? 14. Describe the role of the cochlea in hearing. 15. Compare and contrast the functions of rods and cones. Science Skills

12 This diagram shows the structure of a synapse between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of a neighboring neuron. Figure Interpret Visuals In Figure 31 7, which structures release neurotransmitters? 2. Apply Concepts What causes neurotransmitters to be released in Figure 31 7? 3. Predict In Figure 31 7, in what direction will an impulse travel? 4. Apply Concepts Referring to Figure 31 7, after the neurotransmitters are released from the receptors on the receiving cell, what happens to the neurotransmitter molecules? 5. Apply Concepts If the axon in Figure 31 7 is part of a motor neuron, to what cells are the impulses being passed?

13 Alcohol is a legal drug that is classified as a depressant because it causes the brain to slow down heart rate and breathing rate, lower blood pressure, and relax muscles. Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is a measure of the amount of alcohol in the bloodstream. The following graphs illustrate how many alcoholic drinks consumed in one hour result in different levels of BAC in individuals of different masses. In some states, an adult driving with a BAC of 0.08% or higher is considered to be legally drunk. Figure Interpret Graphs An individual has a mass of 45 kg and has had one drink. According to Figure 31 8, how long would it take for his or her BAC to be 0.04% or lower? 7. Interpret Graphs A 48-kg adult has had four drinks in an hour. According to Figure 31 8, could this person drive legally after three hours? 8. Interpret Graphs Based on Figure 31 8, how is the mass of an individual related to BAC levels? 9. Interpret Graphs A 40-kg person and a 50-kg person each drink 4 drinks in 4 hours. Consult Figure Do they have the same BAC?

14 10. Apply Concepts A 58-kg person has two cocktails just before dinner and a glass of wine with dinner 30 minutes later. According to Figure 31 8, how long would the individual be in the Definitely illegal category? Figure Interpret Graphs What is the name of structure C in Figure 31 9? 12. Apply Concepts Referring to Figure 31 9, which lettered structure receives sensory information, such as the sound of a car, from the thalamus? 13. Applying Concepts Referring to Figure 31 9, which lettered structure is the control center for recognition and analysis of hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature? 14. Interpret Graphs In Figure 31 9, how do structures A and B work together? 15. Apply Concepts Referring to Figure 31 9, how does structure F act as a switchboard in the body?

15 REVISION SHEET GRADE12 Answer Section BIOLOGY MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. ANS: B REF: p ANS: B REF: p ANS: D REF: p ANS: B REF: p ANS: A REF: p ANS: A REF: p ANS: C REF: p ANS: A REF: p ANS: C REF: p ANS: B REF: p ANS: D REF: p ANS: A REF: p ANS: C REF: p ANS: A REF: p ANS: D REF: p ANS: A REF: p ANS: A REF: p ANS: A REF: p ANS: A REF: p ANS: D REF: p ANS: D REF: p ANS: C REF: p ANS: D REF: p ANS: A REF: p ANS: B REF: p ANS: C REF: p ANS: C REF: p ANS: D REF: p ANS: C REF: p ANS: B REF: p ANS: A REF: p ANS: B REF: p ANS: D REF: p ANS: D REF: p ANS: B REF: p. 927 MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE 1. ANS: F, peripheral nervous system

16 REF: p. 896 p ANS: F, slower REF: p ANS: F, action potential REF: p ANS: F, gray matter REF: p ANS: T REF: p ANS: F, pain receptors REF: p ANS: F, semicircular canals REF: p ANS: T REF: p. 912 p. 913 COMPLETION 1. ANS: central REF: p ANS: nodes REF: p ANS: limbic system REF: p ANS: dopamine REF: p ANS: reflex arc REF: p ANS: hypothalamus REF: p ANS: ears REF: p ANS: cones REF: p. 913 SHORT ANSWER

17 1. ANS: The central nervous system processes information. The peripheral nervous system communicates information between the central nervous system and the rest of the body. The peripheral nervous system delivers information to the central nervous system, and also carries information from the central nervous system to the muscles and other internal organs. REF: p ANS: Impulses travel faster down axons that have myelin sheaths than they travel down axons without them. REF: p ANS: An impulse will not be able to pass from one cell to another. REF: p ANS: The neuron is at rest because the gated sodium and potassium channels are closed. Also, the concentration of K + ions is higher inside the cell than it is outside the cell. REF: p ANS: Impulses are always transmitted in one direction across the synapse because axons, not dendrites, release neurotransmitters. REF: p ANS: The spinal cord is the main communication link between the brain and the rest of the body, transmitting information, just as a telephone line carries many calls at once. REF: p ANS: The brain stem controls or is involved in some of the body s most important functions, including breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure regulation.these involuntary processes are essential to life, so the disruption of any of these processes can cause death. REF: p ANS: Cocaine causes dopamine to remain in the synapses for longer than normal. REF: p ANS: A drug user s brain reacts to excessive dopamine by reducing the number of receptors for the neurotransmitter. Because there are fewer receptors, larger amounts of the drug are required to produce the same high. REF: p ANS: Smells from food activate the chemoreceptors. Going on amusement rides activates mechanoreceptors. Photoreceptors are stimulated by the sunshine or flashing lights.

18 REF: p ANS: This test is important because it tests the operation of the reflex arc. It provides information about the general condition of the spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and muscles. REF: p ANS: The chemical substances that make jalapeno peppers taste hot actually bind to thermoreceptors in the mouth. REF: p ANS: It is incorrect because technically most of what we perceive as taste is actually the smell of food. REF: p ANS: Vibrations from the oval window cause waves in the fluid-filled cochlea. The waves cause the movement of hair cells that line the cochlea. These hair cells send nerve impulses to the brain. REF: p ANS: Both rods and cones are photoreceptors in the retina. Rods are sensitive to light but do not distinguish colors. Cones are less sensitive to light than rods, but cones respond to light of different colors. REF: p. 913 SCIENCE SKILLS 1. ANS: vesicles REF: p ANS: An impulse reaches the end of the axon of one neuron. REF: p ANS: The impulse will travel from the axon to the dendrite of the adjacent neuron, or from top to bottom in this picture. REF: p ANS: The neurotransmitters may be broken down by enzymes, or taken up and recycled by the axon terminal. REF: p ANS: muscle cells and glands REF: p. 900

19 6. ANS: two hours REF: p ANS: no REF: p ANS: Individuals with more mass can consume more alcoholic drinks in the same period of time and have a lower BAC than individuals with less mass. REF: p ANS: No. The 40-kg person has a BAC of 0.10% or higher, whereas the 50-kg person has a BAC of 0.05% to 0.09%. REF: p ANS: one hour REF: p ANS: spinal cord REF: p. 902 p ANS: structure A, the cerebrum REF: p ANS: structure D, hypothalamus REF: p ANS: Structure A, the cerebrum, provides a command such as to move a particular muscle, to structure B, the cerebellum, which in turn coordinates and balances the actions of the muscle. REF: p. 902 p ANS: Structure F is the brain stem and it regulates the flow of information between the brain and the body. REF: p. 903