International Short Summer Course of the Mouse July 29-31, 2013 At Nanjing University MRAC. The Mouse in the Immunology. Yuichi Obata RIKEN BRC

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1 International Short Summer Course of the Mouse July 29-31, 2013 At Nanjing University MRAC The Mouse in the Immunology Yuichi Obata RIKEN BRC 1

2 The 1 st Term: 2002~2006 The 2 nd Term: 2007~2011 The 3 rd Term: 2012~2016 In the fourth Science and Technology Basic Plan, the government mentioned promoting further the establishment of intellectual infrastructures implemented so far, it intends to do so in future from perspective of improving the quality of resources in response to diversified needs. MEXT is conducting the third term of the NBRP from FY 2012 to FY 2016 to continue to strategically organize bioresources. Core Facility Sub Facility 2

3 NBRP Core Facility Upgrading Program 29 Bioresources Mice Rats Japanese Macaques Medaka Fish Zebra Fish Xenopus Drosophila Silkworms C.elegans Chicken/Quail Paramecium Information Center Arabidopsis Rice Wheat Barley Tomato Chrysanthemum Lotus/Glycine (Soybean) Morning Glory Algae General Microbes Pathogenic Microbes Yeast E.coli/B.subtilis Cellular Slime Molds Human and Animal Cell Lines Genetic Materials Cord Blood Stem Cells 3

4 The 5 Year Plans of RIKEN BRC, Trust, Sustainability, Leadership Bioresource Infrastructure 1. Collection, Preservation & Distribution 2. Quality Control and Improvement 3. Backup 4. Training and Education, Public Relation 5. International Cooperation Key Technology Development Technologies for efficient production, preservation, distribution and quality control Bioresource Frontier Programs ips Cells Disease & Function Model Mouse Brachypodium Novel characterization technologies, databases and novel bioresources Visualizing Genes Health & Environment- Related Microbes Support both Academic and Output-oriented Researches Health, Food Production, Green Energy, Environment Promotion of Science, Technology & Innovation 4

5 For Sustainable Use of Irreplaceable Bioresources Deposit Deposit Individual Researches Mouse Strains, Cell Lines, and others. Bioresources from National Projects Genome Network Project Human cdna Protein 3000 Project cdna of Human, Animal, Microorganisms Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences Former Institute of Applied Microbiology IAM Culture Collection 3,191 Microbe Strains Tohoku University Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer All Human and Animal Cancer Cell Lines 4,000 Blood Specimens of Japanese and Mongoloids Deposit BRC Distribute to Researchers Free academic use of bioresources produced by research tools owned by commercial entities 5

6 FY RIKEN BioResource Center Classification of Users Domestic For-Profit 16.1% Overseas Academic 17.9% Overseas For-Profit 1.4% Total Number of Distribution 120,063 Items Domestic Univ. 46.3% RIKEN 9.8% Using our resources, users published 1,281 papers and obtained 109 patens in FY2012 Domestic Research Institutions 8.4% 16,000 Items/ year As of March 31,

7 Global Distribution of Research Materials Produced in Japan Since 2001, as of March, Countries Mouse 549 Institutions Plant 680 Institutions Cell 1,127 Institutions DNA 535 Institutions Microbe 794 Institutions Total 3,685 Institutions The RIKEN BRC Serves International Scientific Community 7

8 International Short Summer Course of the Mouse July 29-31, 2013 At Nanjing University MRAC The Mouse in the Immunology Yuichi Obata RIKEN BRC 8

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11 Inbred Mouse Strain: Genetically homogenous mice produced by brother-sister mating for over 20 consecutive generations Generation Probability of Homozygosity Probability of Genetic Fixation Probability of Purity Inbred mice ensure reproducibility of experimental results 11

12 Discovery of Major Histocompatibility Antigen Complex (MHC) The Nobel Prize 1980 Mouse: 1936 Human: 1958 Tumor Transplantation Skin Graft Accept Reject Mouse MHC (H-2) George D. Snell Human MHC (HLA) Jean Dausset Genetic control of rejection of transplanted tumor: C. C. Little & E. E. Tyzzer.1916 Genetic control of rejection of transplanted tumor and skin: C. C. Little, 1922 Genetic identification of Histocompatibility Antigens (H antigens): G. D, Snell Congenic Strain: G. D, Snell Peter A. Gorer Antibody against transplantation antigens Antigen II: 1936 H-2 Antigen

13 MHC A strain B strain Flowchart for MHC congenic mouse Backcrossing with B strain. F₁ Choose mouse with MHC derived A strain, backcrossing with B strain. F₂ Choose mouse with A strain MHC, backcrossing with B strain repeatedly over 12 generations. Breed female and male hetero-mouse of A strain MHC. Developed MHC congenic mouse with only MHC is derived A strain and all other genes derived B strain. 13

14 Gene structure of the Mouse MHC O M O A E K α α β LMP/TAP β β α β α D L H-2 class I class II class III class I Gene structure of the Human MHC HLA DP DN DM DO DQ DR β α α α β LMP/TAP β β α β β α B C A class II class III class I 14

15 Structure of the MHC class I gene Exon (bp) UT (79) (270) (276) (276) (114) (140) CHO CHO CHO C C C C Domain (Amino acid) L (26) α1 α2 α3 TM CYT (90) (92) (92) (38) (46) Antigen presentation Hyper variable region β₂microglobulin binding CD8 binding 15

16 MHC Class I and II on the cell surface 16

17 Function of H-2? H-2 Restriction (1974) Virus Immunization Self Recognition? The Nobel Prize 1996 C57BL/6(H-2K b D b ) CBA(H-2K k D k ) Killer T Cell Killer T Cell Peter C. Doherty Rolf M. Zinkernagel H-2K b D b Virus infected cells H-2K k D k Virus infected cells 17

18 T Cell T Cell T Cell T Cell k T Cell b Antigen Receptor or Virus + H-2 Altered H-2 H-2 k H-2 b Virus Intimacy model Altered self model 18

19 Crystallization of MHC class I molecule P. J. Bjorkman: 1987 T Cell Receptor recognizes MHC (Self)+ peptide Antigen = Peptide (8-10 amino acids) binds to Class I Peptide (15-20 amino acids) binds to Class II 19

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21 The organization of the mouse T-cell receptor α- and β-chain genes α chain L Vx70-80 Jx61 C β chain L Vx52 D β1 Jx6 C β1 D β2 Jx7 C β2 The Organization and Gene Rearrangement of Immunoglobulin Genes (B-cell Receptors) The Nobel Prize 1987 Susumu Tonegawa 21

22 T-cell receptor α- and β-chain gene rearrangement and expression germline DNA recombination α V αn V α2 V α1 J α C α rearranged DNA α V α1 J α C α transcription splicing translation protein (T-cell receptor) transcription splicing translation α β rearranged DNA V β1 D β1 J β C β1 β recombination germline DNA β V βn V β1 D β1 J β C β1 D β2 J β C β2 22

23 The number of human T-cell receptor gene segments and the sources of T-cell receptor diversity compared with those of immunoglobulin. Element Immunoglobulin αβ receptors H κ+λ β α Variable segments (V) ~70 Diversity segments (D) D segments read in 3 frames rarely - often - Joining segments (J) 6 5(κ)4(λ) Joints with N and P nucleotides 2 (1) 2 1 Number of V gene pairs 3.4 x x 10 6 Junctional diversity ~3 x 10 7 ~2 x Total diversity ~10 14 ~

24 MHC Class I/II Molecules and Antigen Recognition Ordinary Cell Antigen Presenting Cell Antigen CD3 MHC I CD8 TCR B7 Antigen CD28 CD3 MHC II CD4 TCR Killer Cell T Helper Cell CD8T Cell CD4T Cell 24

25 % Thy-1 + cells lysed % Reduction of CMC Ly phenotype of killer T-cell population C57BL/6 (B6) mice killer T-cell population against BALB/c is relatively rich in Ly-2 (CD8a) and Ly-3 (CD8b), whereas relatively poor in Ly-1 (CD5) antigen B6 (C57BL/6) anti-balb/c Hiroshi Shiku Lloyd J. Old Thy-1 Ly-1.1 Ly-1.2Ly-2.2 Ly-3.2 Ly-2.1 TL Shiku, H. Bean, MA. et al J Exp Med 1975; 141: 227 ( CD5, CD8a, CD8b ) 25

26 Anti-Lyt-2 and anti-lyt-3 antisera block killing T cell activity In the absence of complement, selective blocking of effector cell cytotoxicity for allogeneic and semisyngeneic targets by anti-lyt-2 (CD8a) and anti-lyt-3 (CD8b) antisera, but not with anti-lyt-1 antiserum Anti-Lyt-1.2 B6 anti-balb/c leukemia, RLmale1 Anti-Lyt-2.2 In the absence of complement Anti-Lyt-3.2 Eiichi Nakayama Nakayama, E. Shiku, H. et al Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979; 76: 1977 Edward A. Boyse 26

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28 Immune Recognition Mechanisms Virus, etc. Killer T Cell Order Helper T Cell Order B Cell attack T Cell Antigen receptor Antigenic peptide MHC Class I Antibody production Infected cell ER Lysis Virus genes Bacteria, etc. Lysis Synthesis of viral or self proteins Synthesis Nucleus Nucleus Synthesis Antigen presenting cell 28

29 Positive and Negative Selection of T Cell in Thymus CD3 4 8 double-negative cells γ:δ+cd3+ CD4 8 CD3+pTα:β+4+8+ large active double-positive thymocytes Apoptosis >95% CD3+α:β+4+8+ small resting double-positive thymocytes <5% CD4+8 small resting single-positive thymocytes CD4 8+ Export to periphery 29

30 Thymus Proliferation and differentiation to double positive CD3 + thymocytes Positive Selection Double positive αβ CD3 low thymocytes TCR recognizes self MRC:self peptide complex Negative Selection Double positive αβ CD3 + thymocytes TCR recognizes self MRC:self peptide complex too well Mature self-restricted self-tolerant single positive T cells Periphery 30

31 Post-thymectomy autoimmune disease model Nude mouse Both effector and preventing cell populations are Thy-1 +, Lyt-1 +, Lyt-2 - (CD4) Thymectomy on day 3 (but not on day 0 or 7) after birth Effector cells: Lyt-1 +, Lyt-2 - (CD90 +, CD5 +, CD8 - ) Newborn mouse Preventing cells: Lyt-1 +, Lyt-2 - (ntreg) Yasuaki Nishizuka (Aichi Cancer Center) Nishizuka, Y. Sakakura, T. Science. 1969; 66: 753 Normal Adult mouse (Th1) Multiple organ-localized autoimmune diseases autoimmune diseases Shimon Sakaguchi (Osaka University) Sakaguchi, S. et al J Exp Med 1982; 156: 1565 J Exp Med 1982; 156:

32 Thank You for Your Attention! 32