The central role of T helper cells

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1 e central role of T helper s the expanding universe of lineages Cytometric analysis of T function Hyun-Dong Chang Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany CD8+ T Zelle CD4+ T Zelle CD80/86 CD28 TCR naive IL-13 IL-17A IL-17F 1 2 T-bet GATA-3 RORgt 9, 22, 3, Tr1, cytokine memory of T lymphocytes cytokine memory of T lymphocytes sequential cytokine expression in primary activation of s memory expression - rapid - simultaneous - only TcR-dependent IFNg IL-17 IFNg IL-17 CD80/86 MHCII CD80/86 MHCII MHCII CD28 naive TCR days CD28 naive TCR days memory TCR hours 1 instruction by interleukin 12 2 instruction by interleukin 4 17 instruction by TGF-b, IL-6, (IL-1) Richter et al. 1999, Löhning et al. 03, Chang et al instruction by interleukin 12 2 instruction by interleukin 4 17 instruction by TGF-b, IL-6, (IL-1) Richter et al. 1999, Löhning et al. 03, Chang et al. 07 Assenmacher et al. Eur J Immunol

2 memory reexpression of cytokines in s cytokine memory intraular cytokine staining reexpression of cytokines upon activation in the absence of instructing signals: + PMA/Ionomycin anti-/cd28 In vitro primed analysis of cytokines in Löhning et al. PNAS 03 or ex vivo isolated s 4-6 hours single s by intraular staining 1. Trapping cytokines in the 2. Crosslinking proteins Permeabilisation of plasma membrane for antibodymediated staining intraular cytokine staining (ICS) the expanding universe of lineages intranuclear transcription factor staining 1. whole blood / PBMC / tissue-resident s 2. in vitro stimulation with (peptide or protein) 6 hrs + costimulatory antibodies (e.g. CD28, CD49d) + secretion inhibitor Brefeldin A (or Monensin) peptide directly (no processing required) protein after 2 hrs (to allow processing of ) CD80/86 CD28 TCR naive 1 2 IL-13 T-bet GATA-3 often nuclear localization requires stronger detergents to permeabilize nuclear membrane commercial kits low expression level 3. detection of cytokine expressing s fixation 10- RT permeabilization 10 RT intraular staining with detection antibody RT 4. analysis 17 9, 22, 3, Tr1, IL-17A IL-17F 1 2 RORgt 2

3 cytometry of viable cytokine-secreting s procedure of the cytokine secretion assay ex vivo isolation of -secreting human - subsets FACS reanalysis 1/2 CBA analysis 1. whole blood / PBMC peripheral CD4 + -s 4hr PMA/Ionomycin 48h () secreted cytokine detection antibody 2. in vitro stimulation with peptide 3-6 hrs protein 6-16 hrs 3. detection (and isolation) of cytokine secreting s label with catch antibody 5 on ice FACS 48h () secreting CD45 bispecific affinity matrix allow s to secrete 45 at 37 C label with detection antibody 10 on ice (optional) enrichment by MACS 4. analysis -> culture 48h Manz et al. PNAS 1995; Löhning et al. PNAS 03; Chang et al. EJI 05; Lexberg et al. EJI 08 hypomethylation of IFNG in + memory s ex vivo expanded + - subsets have an unstable memory for expression no hypomethylation of IL10 in + memory -s 1 kb IFNG gene 100% 1 kb IL10 100% 75% 75% 50% 50% IFNg - - IFNg + + IFNg + - IFNg - Methylation index 0% 50% 100% + IFNg - - IFNg + + IFNg + - IFNg - Methylation index 0% 50% 100% Dong et al. JI 07 Dong et al. JI 07 Dong et al. JI 07 3

4 CD4 RORgt CD4 RORgt IFNg cytokine expression does not always correspond to lineage transcription factor expression cytokine expression depends on the medium enhanced cytokine expression in IMDM RPMI IMDM Intraular cytokine staining TF staining Intraular cytokine staining TF staining RPMI RPMI IMDM TNF IL-17A CD4 IL-17A Zimmermann et al. EJI 15 CD4 Zimmermann et al. EJI 15 2 Ca 2+ concentrations differ in RPMI and IMDM Ca 2+ concentrations are critical for cytokine expression cytokine vs transcription factor staining cytokine - direct functional read-out - (relatively) easy to perform - isolation of viable s (secretion assay) - dependent of experimental conditions Transcription factor - robust expression - independent of reactivation of the - better definition of lineage - fewer antiodies available - not always regulated on transcriptional level - may not be possible to combine with all surface markers or cytokines Zimmermann et al. EJI 15 4

5 CD154 CD69 Recognition of by B and T s Identification of -specific lymphocytes Antigen-reactive T cytometry B s: antibodies for direct binding of native : + affinity: up to M Direct: - staining with fluorescent or magnetic - mouse models: transfer of TCR transgenic s into congenic recipients proliferation (3-6 days stimulation) specific TCR recognition (no stimulation) Activation marker expression (4-18 hours stimulation) peptide-mhcmultimer intraular anti-brdu CFDA affinity-matrix immunofluorescence degranulation (4h stimulation) surface staining T s: T receptors for peptide/mhc complex Indirect: - cytometry of markers of reaction TCR + + affinity: M high avidity T s: - proliferation - costimulatory molecules - cytokine secretion - cytotoxicity B s: - antibody secretion - in vitro formation of plasma s BrdU CFDA MHC/Tetramer intraular Cytokine/ secreted Cytokine CD154,CD137 CD107a/b modified from: Scheffold/Kern J. Clin. Immunol. (6): (00) Activation marker expression identifies -specific conventional and regulatory CD4 + T s Frequencies of -specific CD4+ T s in human blood Antigen-reactive T enrichment (ARTE) Peripheral blood Magnetic labeling Tcon CD154 CD137 w/o 0.02% % 44 A. fumigatus 0.11% 43 0.% 77 -/+ Antigen 5-7h Antigenreactive T 13.6% 36 2x10 5 s 45.2% x10 7-1x10 9 PBMCs CD154 +/ CD137 + Enrichment 37.5% % 1525 access to ALL -reactive CD4 + T s (Teff + ) minimal manipulation in vitro independent of MHC restriction or defined epitopes Frentsch et al. & iel Nat. Med. 05; Schönbrunn et al. & iel J Immunol 12 from: Bacher & Scheffold Cytometry Part A 13 1x10 CD137 7 s Gated on CD4 + T s Petra Bacher Alexander Scheffold Bacher et al. J Immunol 13; Bacher & Scheffold Cytometry A 13; Bacher et al. Mucosal Immunol 14; Bacher et al. Cell 16 5

6 CD45RO CD45RO CD154 CD25 CD25 Foxp3 Increased sensitivity by magnetic selection of rare s from large samples Aspergillus fumigatus is a chronically encountered environmental phenotype of -specific *90.1% *88.7% *17.6% *74.2% Bacher et al. J Immunol 13 Invasive Infection? Immune control Ignorance Tolerance Healthy Neutrophil A. Fumigatus is an exent model to study tolerance versus hypersensitivity/immunity in humans IgE B DC Ag 2 Mast Hypersensitivity CD137 46% 53% 1% CCR7 Bacher et al. Mucosal Immunol 14 A. fumigatus-specific % CD137 + among CD25 + Foxp3 + CD127 Foxp3 Helios Cord blood Adult blood TSDR demethylation % Foxp3 TSDR Mi 100 Bi *among CD4+CD137+ CD154+CD137- CD137+CD154- Expansion of enriched confirms A. fumigatus-specificity -specific suppression by expanded A. fumigatus-specific the A. fumigatus-specific Tcon response in healthy donors A. fumigatus-specific Tcon 7.5% 26% C. albicans-specific Tcon 64% CCR7 Bacher et al. Mucosal Immunol 14 Bacher et al. Mucosal Immunol 14 - No effector cytokine production Bacher et al. Mucosal Immunol 14 6

7 CD154 CD4 Color 2 CD45RO frequency frequency A. fumigatus-specific memory s in healthy donors and allergic patients are directed against different s Divergent target specificity of A. fumigatus-specific regulatory T s and 2 effector s e human A. fumigatus-specific T response A. fumigatus-lysatereactive CD154 + T s Non-2 targets 2 targets 7.5% CCR7 Healthy Allergic 30% 26% 64% 63% 5.9% Bacher et al. Cell 16 2 weeks expansion % reactive CD4+ T s % reactive CD4+ T s A. fum lysate rscw4 ppcrf1 rpst1 ppshm2 ppsod3 rglit ppaspf22 rtpia single proteins ppgel1 ppcatb raspf2 rcpcb ppaspf3 rfg-gap Healthy < Non-2 targets Bacher et al. Cell 16 2 targets Allergic Non-2 targets 2 targets Frequency Z score A. fumigatus proteins Production Z score Healthy Allergy Invasive infection A. fumigatus A. fumigatus A. fumigatus DC DC DC Tmemory Antigens? crossreactive? Tnaive 2 Tmemory 1/2/17? Allergic patients lack recognizing 2 target s of A. fumigatus Bacher et al. Cell 16 Increased frequencies of fungus-reactive T s in patients with invasive fungal infections (IFI) Cytometric identification of Antigen-specific B and T lymphocytes by direct labelling (selected ic molecules) or reactive markers (complex s) Antigen 1 2 Single stimulation + sample barcoding Multiplex ARTE by barcoding of CD4 s 7 mix Magnetic enrichment via 1 column FACS analysis Magnetic enrichment (ARTE) of specific or reactive lymphocytes lowers threshold for detection and allows identification of subpopulations Specificity controls are necessary and essential!!! w/o Increased frequencies of reactive T s indicative for IFI? 2 CD4 Color Bacher et al. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 15 7

8 Acknowledgements Radbruch lab Andreas Radbruch Jakob Zimmermann Rudi Manz Max Löhning Jun Dong Flow Cytometry Core Facility Jenny Kirsch Toralf Kaiser Charité Scheffold Lab Alexander Scheffold Petra Bacher Petra Bacher Alexander Scheffold Labmanagers Heidi Schliemann Heidi Hecker-Kia Tuula Geske Miltenyi Biotec Mario Assenmacher Anne Richter SFB 633 8