Southern Africa: HIV/AIDS and Crisis in the Context of Food Insecurity

Transcription

1 Southern Africa: HIV/AIDS and Crisis in the Context of Food Insecurity Presented by Regional Service Center (UNDP), Johannesburg (SA) Drought Risk and Development Policy Workshop, Nairobi (Kenya), January 31 February 2005, Nairobi (Kenya)

2 Outline What is the Crisis? Effect of HIV/AIDS on Farming Systems Evidence from Crisis Countries Effect of Production levels & Practices to HIV/AIDS Lessons & Challenges to Drylands Development

3 The Crisis -- Affected Countries & Overall Picture Six countries; namely Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe Estimated 15.3 million people; 25% of pop of affected countries Shortfall of percent Food insecurity predated HIV/AIDS; focus on Not all food insecure people were HIV+ve; nor were all HIV+ food insecure; but where the two shocks occurred at the same time, the outcome was severe

4 Status of HIV and Food Insecurity % of Adults HIV +ve (2001) % poor (US$1/ day) % U5s under wt. for age % HIV+ Women 2001 Orph ans Pop in need of Food 000 Lesotho Malawi Mozamb Swaziland * Zambia Zimbabwe S. Africa na Botswana na Ethiopia

5 Effect of HIV/AIDS on Farming Systems & Production Mediated through both the labor and savings channels Morbidity & mortality & caring for the sick Dissavings as well as divestment, resulting in Decreases in area planted Declines in crop yields Changes to cropping patterns Losses of agricultural knowledge Changes in crop-livestock mix

6 % Reduction in Crop Production for Households with no Active Adult - Zambia Cash Crop Income Tuber Production Cereal Production Malawi Zambia Zimbabwe -77 Insign. -24

7 % Difference of HH Cropping Pattern in Poor HHs with and without Chronically Ill Head - Zambia Head HH not Chron. ill Head HH Chron. ill Cash Crop Tuber Production Cereal Production

8 HIV/AIDS Proxy Indicators & Cereal Gap Morbidity Indicators (%) -- Zambia Difference in per capita Cereal Gap with Proxy Chronically Ill HH Head +26 Chronically ill Adult (15-59) +21 Mortality Indicators HH Member died in last 6 mts +8 Adult (15-59) died in last 6 mts. +9 Demographic Load Indicators Presence of Orphans -3.5 No Adult aged under

9 HIV/AIDS Proxy Indicators & Consumption Gap (%) Diff. Per capita Cons. Index Zambia Zimb. Malawi Morbidity Indicators Chronically Ill HH Head Chronically ill Adult (15-59) Mortality Indicators HH Member died in last 6 mts Adult (15-59) died in last 6 mts Demographic Load Indicators Presence of Orphans No Adult aged under

10 Annual Income for Affected and Unaffected Households Northern Province (SA) Affected Affected People Mean Y People Mean Y SA Rands SA Rands Agricultural Un- Non- Agricultural Other Total

11 Factors Agro-climatical Flooding Lack or erratic rainfall Malawi, Lesotho, Swaziland, Zambia & Zimbabwe Resources degradation Lesotho, Malawi Incidents in Zimbabwe land reform Historical food shortages compounded Sale of assets particularly cattle

12 Factors -- Others Deep and wide spread poverty Labor market constraints in SA, Malawi, Swaziland & Lesotho; Commercial farm workers in Zimbabwe Shift of production facilities from Swaziland & Lesotho to SA Cut in remittances Transport constraints inhibiting movement of food- Mozambique

13 Effect of production levels & practices to HIV/AIDS Both positive and negative effects On the positive side Assures food security directly and sale of cash crops -- assuring adequate food intake and maintaining stamina -- ensuring nutritionally satisfactory consumption On the negative side, Commercial agriculture (plantations) and agro-processing Post harvest phenomena seasonal high income induces high consumption of luxury products alcohol and commercial sex work

14 Lessons & Challenges for Drylands Development Prevalence of HIV in rural areas is low; although it may be rising very fast Rate of Incidence depends on the prevailing farming systems; small holder vs commercial agriculture Prevalence among pastoralists, main occupants of dry lands, even lower

15 Lessons & Challenges (con d) Pastoralists will not remain immune with the increasing members of their society embarking into other economic activities & taking urban residence Prevention of HIV will have to be integrated into programs targeting them; but it poses major challenges because of: Frequent movement of the people High level of illiteracy & beyond reach of mass media Design of Educational programs attuned to their culture and way of life

16 Notes * Swaziland, national poverty line used Children U5 wt for age ( )

17 Bibliography IFPRI, Renewal, HIV/AIDS and the Food Security Crisis, Call for Proposals Background Paper, July 2003, ONI, S.A., C.L. OBI, and Others, Economic Impact of HIV/AIDS on Rural Households, Small holder Agricltural Production and Orphans in the Northern Province, South Africa, Venda, South Africa, 2000 SADC, Towards Identifying Impacts of HIV/AIDS on Food Insecurity in Southern Africa and Implications for Response, May 2003 UNAIDS, Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic, July 2002 UNDP, Human Development Report 2004, 2004

18 Thank You