and immune cells Dr Leanne Gardner Dr Carol Pridgeon Imperial College London
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1 and immune cells Dr Leanne Gardner Dr Carol Pridgeon Imperial College London
2 What causes this? _Resistente_S.aureus.htm feet_foot_nail_care.htm
3 Bacterial disease Staphylococcus aureus jpg/_ _mrsa_pfizer203.jpg MRSA _Resistente_S.aureus.htm
4 Bacterial disease Clostridium perfringens Cl_perfringens.htm Gangrene feet_foot_nail_care.htm
5 What causes this? projects/merck2/images/merck4.jpg photos/rubecdc002a.jpg
6 Viruses Varicella zoster STDHerpesViruses.jpg Chicken pox projects/merck2/images/merck4.jpg
7 Viruses Rubella gem_04_img0555.jpg German measles photos/rubecdc002a.jpg
8 What causes this? basal_cell_carcinoma1.jpg melanoma_images/cwdata/01%20advanced %20melanoma%20behind%20ear.jpg
9 Cancerous cells Melanoma genetics/images/sect2/9b.jpg Basal cell carcinoma melanoma_images/cwdata/01%20advanced %20melanoma%20behind%20ear.jpg basal_cell_carcinoma1.jpg
10 What protects us from these? Bacteria Virus Cancerous cells guide/bacecoli.gif UNS/images/rossmann.virus.jpeg genetics/images/sect2/9b.jpg
11 The immune system images/gs/es_0255.gif
12 White blood cell (Leukocyte)
13 Lymphocytes Destroyers T cells White blood cells Dendritic Cells B cells Phagocytes Eaters Macrophages Mast cells Eosinophils Natural Killer cells Neutrophils Basophils Images: Janeway et. Al. (2001) Immunobiology. 5th Edition. Garland Publishing, New York.
14 Blood processing in the lab
15 Blood processing in the lab
16 Components of the blood Plasma and serum White blood cells Red blood cells
17 How do white blood cells work?
18 Actions 1. Migrate - patrol the body for pathogens 2. Destroy -phagocytosis - cytotoxicity - antibody help
19 White blood cells migrate around the body If they are called into action, the white cells will move from blood to tissues Source: S. Rankin. Imperial College London
20 What makes white blood cells migrate? Chemicals called cytokines or chemokines Cells move along a chemical gradient Direction of cell migration Low concentration High concentration Chemical gradient
21 White blood cell migration Animation by Joshua Comley
22 Neutrophil migrating HC LUMEN Migration Pore Source: S. Rankin. Imperial College London
23 How do white blood cells destroy pathogens or cancerous cells?
24 Phagocytes eaters Macrophages Neutrophils Phagocytosis (eating pathogens) Once a neutrophil or macrophage has left the blood and migrated to site of an infection, they can phagocytose (eat) the bacteria or an infected cell Images: Janeway et. Al. (2001) Immunobiology. 5th Edition. Garland Publishing, New York.
25 Cytotoxicity (cyto = cell) Lymphocytes destroyers T cell Natural Killer cell Cytotoxic T cells and Natural Killer cells: recognise surface molecules that label virusinfected cells or cancerous cells for destruction destroy virus-infected cells or cancerous cells by releasing cytotoxic (cell destroying) chemicals Images: Janeway et. Al. (2001) Immunobiology. 5th Edition. Garland Publishing, New York.
26 Lymphocytes B cell Antibody help Image: Janeway et. Al. (2001) Immunobiology. 5th Edition. Garland Publishing, New York. Antibodies are produced by B cells Mark infected cells or pathogen for destruction Recruit other white blood cells to site to destroy pathogen
27 Example - Cut finger At the site of an infection, lots of white blood cells are attracted to remove pathogens and dead cells by phagocytosis Pus = dead white blood cells Google image
28 Summary White blood cells can protect us from disease causing bacteria, viruses and from cancerous cells They migrate through the body in the blood and tissues looking for pathogens These cells destroy pathogens in different ways: phagocytosis, cytotoxicity, producing antibodies to help killing
29 Unwanted immune responses Transplant rejection Autoimmunity Allergy
30 Transplant Rejection Google Images emtlist/images/human_heart.jpg Transplanted organ will be rejected because the body does not recognise it as part of itself T cells will attack the transplanted organ Lymphocytes T cell Image: Janeway et. Al. (2001) Immunobiology. 5th Edition. Garland Publishing, New York.
31 Autoimmune disease Sometimes the body will attack itself E.g. Rheumatoid arthritis, Multiple Sclerosis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Adv_Rheumatoid_Arthritis-2sm.jpg lupus_rash01_mmg.jpg
32 Autoimmune disease T cells and B cells are involved Multiple sclerosis - T cells attack the myelin sheath which protects nerves Lupus - B cells make antibodies that bind to DNA (multiple organ destruction)
33 Allergy The immune system can react to allergens found in our environment btuk/images/eczema_elbow.jpg Bee venom House dust mite Peanuts Grass pollen bumble-bee-top.jpg marketnews/images/peanuts.jpg archive/sem/large/pollen.gif
34 Lymphocytes B cell Allergy Mast cells B cells make antibodies that bind to allergens (house dust mite, bee venom, peanuts) Mast cells, eosinophils and basophils are activated by antibodies and release chemicals that cause allergic reactions: swelling runny nose (hayfever) eczema asthma Eosinophils Basophils Images: Janeway et. Al. (2001) Immunobiology. 5th Edition. Garland Publishing, New York.
35 Summary Everyday our immune system fights off thousands of bacteria and viruses Sometimes the immune system reacts to our own bodies, to substances that are NOT harmful (allergens) or to transplanted organs This is why we have scientists to research how we can control the immune response
36 What we do Leanne - T cells in Alzheimer s disease
37 T cell cultures
38 T cell cultures
39 What we do Carol - leukocytes in lung disease (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
40 Lung tissue
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